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Driving Factors for Agricultural Graduates’ Involvement in Agribusiness Enterprise in Nigeria

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 2, 404 - 415, 13.03.2024

Ridwan Mukaila , Festus Eluwandedurojaye Awoyelu Chisom Francisca Emeakayı

https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1275608

Abstract

Eradicating the high level of youth unemployment remains a global challenge, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Youth involvement in agriculture, which could have lower unemployment, is low. Despite a high volume of literature on youth involvement in agriculture, agricultural graduates have received little research attention. Therefore, this study assessed agricultural graduate involvement in agribusiness enterprises to fill the research gap. Data were collected from 200 agricultural graduates who were randomly selected. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were methods of data analysis. The results revealed that, unlike other youths, agricultural graduates had a positive opinion about agriculture. Although about half were involved in agribusiness, almost all of them were willing to engage in it if supplied with production resources, especially land and capital for start-ups. Family land, access to credit, perceived benefits, attitudes, location, and gender significantly influenced agricultural graduates’ participation in agribusiness. To be self-employed and an employer, to be financially independent, to be food secure, due to access to land, due to access to credit, parental influence, satisfaction, and personal growth, and to continue the family business were the reasons why agricultural graduates became involved in agribusiness enterprises. On the other hand, lack of capital, lack of access to land, the risk involved in agriculture, poor agricultural pricing, poor agricultural support from the government, seeking a white-collar job, and peer influence were reasons why some agricultural graduates were not involved in agribusiness. Hence, agricultural graduates should be encouraged and supported with resources, especially arable land, and capital, by the government, development agencies, and financial institutions to ensure effective participation in agribusiness.

Keywords

Agribusiness enterprise Agricultural graduates Factors Participation Youth

References

  • Adeyanju, D., Mburu, J. and Mignouna, D. (2021). Youth agricultural entrepreneurship: assessing the impact of agricultural training programmes on performance. Sustainability, 13(4): 1697. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041697
  • Afande, F. O., Maina, W. N. and Maina, P. M. (2015). Youth engagement in agriculture in Kenya: challenges and prospects. Journal of Culture, Society and Development, 7: 4–19.
  • Akanbi, S.O., Mukaila, R. and Adebisi, A. (2022). Analysis of rice production and the impacts of the usage of certified seeds on yield and income in Cote d'Ivoire. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-04-2022-0066
  • Akrong, R. and Kotu, B. H. (2022). Economic analysis of youth participation in agripreneurship in Benin. Heliyon, 8: e08738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08738
  • Baah, C. (2015). Assessment of the youth in agriculture programme in Ejura-Sekyedumase District. (Ph.D. Thesis) University of Science and Technology, Ghana. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/6934 (Accessed Date: 04.06.2022).
  • Cheteni, P. (2016). Youth participation in agriculture in the Nkonkobe District Municipality, South Africa. Journal of Human Ecology, 55(3): 207-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2016.11907025
  • Daum, T. and Regina, B. (2017). The neglected governance challenges of agricultural mechanisation in Africa – Insights from Ghana. Food Security, 9(5): 959–979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-017-0716-9
  • Falola, A., Mukaila, R. and Abdulhamid, K. (2022b). Informal finance: its drivers and contributions to farm investment among rural farmers in Northcentral Nigeria. Agricultural Finance Review, 82(5): 942-959. https://doi.org/10.1108/AFR-08-2021-0116
  • Falola, A., Mukaila, R., Lawal, T. F. and Akinsuyi, M. A. (2022a). Commercialization of pigeon pea production: Its determinants and constraints. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 19(4): 840-849. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1113523
  • Fasakin, I. J., Ogunniyi, A. I., Bello, L. O., Mignouna, D., Adeoti, R., Bamba, Z., Abdoulaye, T. and Awotide, B. A. (2022). Impact of intensive youth participation in agriculture on rural households’ revenue: evidence from rice farming households in Nigeria. Agriculture, 12: 584. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050584
  • Fletschner, D. and Kenney, L. (2014). Rural Women’s Access to Financial Services: Credit, Savings, and Insurance. In: Quisumbing, A., Meinzen-Dick, R., Raney, T., Croppenstedt, A., Behrman, J., Peterman, A. (eds) Gender in Agriculture. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8616-4_8 (Accessed Date: 04.01.2023).
  • Gbigbi, T. M. (2022). Agricultural bank of credit intervention and the application of big push theory to beneficiaries from farmers: evidence from Nigeria. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 19(2): 237-247. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.867593
  • Geza, W., Ngidi, M., Ojo, T., Adetoro, A. A., Slotow, R. and Mabhaudhi, T. (2021). Youth participation in agriculture: a scoping review. Sustainability, 13(16): 9120. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169120
  • Gichimu, B. M. and Njeru, L. K. (2014). Influence of access to land and finances on Kenyan youth participation in agriculture: A review. International Journal of Development and Economic Sustainability, 2(3): 1 – 8.
  • Ibrahim, J. T., Mazwan, M. Z. and Mufriantie, F. (2021). Factors affecting rural youth interest in agriculture in Probolinggo District Indonesia. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education, 8(1): 59-66. https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0381.0801008
  • ILO (2020). Global Employment Trends for Youth 2020: Technology and the future of jobs. International Labour Office– Geneva: ILO. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_737648.pdf (Accessed Date: 03.12.2022).
  • Lindsjö, K., Mulwafu, W., Djurfeldt, A. A. and Joshua, M. K. (2021). Generational dynamics of agricultural intensification in Malawi: challenges for the youth and elderly smallholder farmers. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 19(5-6): 423-436. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2020.1721237
  • Liu, J., Wang, M., Yang, L., Rahman, S. and Sriboonchitta, S. (2020). Agricultural productivity growth and its determinants in South and Southeast Asian countries. Sustainability, 12(12): 4981. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124981
  • Mabe, F. N., Danso-Abbeam, G., Azumah, S. B., Amoh Boateng, N., Mensah, K. B. and Boateng, E. (2021). Drivers of youth in cocoa value chain activities in Ghana. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 11(4): 366-378. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-10-2019-0177
  • Magagula, B. and Tsvakirai, C. Z. (2020). Youth perceptions of agriculture: influence of cognitive processes on participation in agripreneurship. Development in Practice, 30(2): 234–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2019.1670138
  • Maritim, K. D. (2020). Assessment of factors influencing youth participation in agri-business in Kericho county, Kenya. (MSc. Thesis) Faculty of Business and Economics, Kenya Methodist University. http://repository.kemu.ac.ke/handle/123456789/934 (Accessed Date: 03.06.2022).
  • Mukaila R. (2022). Agricultural entrepreneurship among the youth: The case of youth involvement in rabbit production in Nigeria. International Entrepreneurship Review, 8(1): 35-46. https://doi.org/10.15678/IER.2022.0801.03
  • Mukaila, R., Obetta, A. E. and Ogbu, M.C. (2022). Profitability of melon processing among women in Enugu State, Nigeria. Journal of Tekirdag Faculty, 19(3): 620-631. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1049260
  • Mukasa, A. N., Woldemichael, A. D., Salami, A. O. and Simpasa, A. M. (2017). Africa’s agricultural transformation: identifying priority areas and overcoming challenges. Africa Economic Brief, 8(3): 1–16.
  • Mulema, J., Mugambi, I., Kansiime, M., Chan, H. T., Chimalizeni, M., Pham, T. X. and Oduor, G. (2021). Barriers and opportunities for the youth engagement in agribusiness: empirical evidence from Zambia and Vietnam. Development in Practice, 31 (5): 690-706. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2021.1911949
  • Muthomi, E. (2017). Challenges and opportunities for youth engaged in agribusiness in Kenya. (Ph.D. Thesis) United States International University-Africa. http://erepo.usiu.ac.ke/handle/11732/3273;jsessionid=95EE58AD1153FA1C1D7481ABE4A56B6A (Accessed Date: 03.01.2023).
  • National Bureau of Statistics (2022). Unemployment Statistics. https://nigerianstat.gov.ng. (Accessed Date: 03.01.2023).
  • Ng’atigwa, A. A., Hepelwa, A., Yami, M. and Manyong, V. (2020). Assessment of factors influencing youth involvement in horticulture agribusiness in Tanzania: a case study of Njombe region. Agriculture, 10(7): 287. https://doi.org10.3390/agriculture10070287
  • Ogunmodede, A. M., Ogunsanwo, M. O. and Manyong, V. (2020). Unlocking the potential of agribusiness in Africa through youth participation: an impact evaluation of N-power agro empowerment program in Nigeria. Sustainability, 12 (14): 5737. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145737
  • Osabohien, R., Wiredu, A. N., Nguezet, P. M. D., Mignouna, D. B., Abdoulaye, T., Manyong, V., Manyong, V., Bamba, Z. and Awotide, B. A. (2021). Youth participation in agriculture and poverty reduction in Nigeria. Sustainability, 13(14): 7795. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147795
  • Salleh B. M. and Njeru, L. K. (2005). Influence of access to land and finances on Kenyan youth participation in agriculture: A review. International Journal of Development and Economic Sustainability, 2 (3): 78-89. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJAEES/2015/15178
  • Thomas, K. A. and Eforuoku, F. (2016). Determinants of participation in youth-in-agriculture programme in Ondo state, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 20(2): 104-117. https://doi.org/10.4314/jae.v20i2.8
  • Twumasi, M. A., Jiang, Y. and Acheampong, M. O. (2019). Determinants of agriculture participation among tertiary institution youths in Ghana. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 11(3): 56–66.
  • Udemezue, J. C. (2019). Agriculture for all: Constraints to youth participation in Africa. Current Investigation in Agriculture and Current Research, 7 (2): 904-908. https://doi.org/10.32474/CIACR.2019.07.000256
  • Yami, M., Feleke, S., Abdoulaye, T., Alene, A. D., Bamba, Z. and Manyong, V. (2019). African rural youth engagement in agribusiness: achievements, limitations, and lessons. Sustainability, 11(1): 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010185
  • Yusoff, A., Ahmad, H. N. and Halim, A. H. (2016). Entrepreneurial orientation and agropreneurial intention among Malaysian agricultural students: The impact of agropreneurship education. Advance in Business-Related Scientific Research Journal, 7(1): 78-96.

Driving Factors for Agricultural Graduates’ Involvement in Agribusiness Enterprise in Nigeria

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 2, 404 - 415, 13.03.2024

Ridwan Mukaila , Festus Eluwandedurojaye Awoyelu Chisom Francisca Emeakayı

https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1275608

Abstract

Eradicating the high level of youth unemployment remains a global challenge, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Youth involvement in agriculture, which could have lower unemployment, is low. Despite a high volume of literature on youth involvement in agriculture, agricultural graduates have received little research attention. Therefore, this study assessed agricultural graduate involvement in agribusiness enterprises to fill the research gap. Data were collected from 200 agricultural graduates who were randomly selected. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were methods of data analysis. The results revealed that, unlike other youths, agricultural graduates had a positive opinion about agriculture. Although about half were involved in agribusiness, almost all of them were willing to engage in it if supplied with production resources, especially land and capital for start-ups. Family land, access to credit, perceived benefits, attitudes, location, and gender significantly influenced agricultural graduates’ participation in agribusiness. To be self-employed and an employer, to be financially independent, to be food secure, due to access to land, due to access to credit, parental influence, satisfaction, and personal growth, and to continue the family business were the reasons why agricultural graduates became involved in agribusiness enterprises. On the other hand, lack of capital, lack of access to land, the risk involved in agriculture, poor agricultural pricing, poor agricultural support from the government, seeking a white-collar job, and peer influence were reasons why some agricultural graduates were not involved in agribusiness. Hence, agricultural graduates should be encouraged and supported with resources, especially arable land, and capital, by the government, development agencies, and financial institutions to ensure effective participation in agribusiness.

Keywords

Agribusiness enterprise Agricultural graduates Factors Participation Youth

References

  • Adeyanju, D., Mburu, J. and Mignouna, D. (2021). Youth agricultural entrepreneurship: assessing the impact of agricultural training programmes on performance. Sustainability, 13(4): 1697. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041697
  • Afande, F. O., Maina, W. N. and Maina, P. M. (2015). Youth engagement in agriculture in Kenya: challenges and prospects. Journal of Culture, Society and Development, 7: 4–19.
  • Akanbi, S.O., Mukaila, R. and Adebisi, A. (2022). Analysis of rice production and the impacts of the usage of certified seeds on yield and income in Cote d'Ivoire. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-04-2022-0066
  • Akrong, R. and Kotu, B. H. (2022). Economic analysis of youth participation in agripreneurship in Benin. Heliyon, 8: e08738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08738
  • Baah, C. (2015). Assessment of the youth in agriculture programme in Ejura-Sekyedumase District. (Ph.D. Thesis) University of Science and Technology, Ghana. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/6934 (Accessed Date: 04.06.2022).
  • Cheteni, P. (2016). Youth participation in agriculture in the Nkonkobe District Municipality, South Africa. Journal of Human Ecology, 55(3): 207-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2016.11907025
  • Daum, T. and Regina, B. (2017). The neglected governance challenges of agricultural mechanisation in Africa – Insights from Ghana. Food Security, 9(5): 959–979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-017-0716-9
  • Falola, A., Mukaila, R. and Abdulhamid, K. (2022b). Informal finance: its drivers and contributions to farm investment among rural farmers in Northcentral Nigeria. Agricultural Finance Review, 82(5): 942-959. https://doi.org/10.1108/AFR-08-2021-0116
  • Falola, A., Mukaila, R., Lawal, T. F. and Akinsuyi, M. A. (2022a). Commercialization of pigeon pea production: Its determinants and constraints. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 19(4): 840-849. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1113523
  • Fasakin, I. J., Ogunniyi, A. I., Bello, L. O., Mignouna, D., Adeoti, R., Bamba, Z., Abdoulaye, T. and Awotide, B. A. (2022). Impact of intensive youth participation in agriculture on rural households’ revenue: evidence from rice farming households in Nigeria. Agriculture, 12: 584. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050584
  • Fletschner, D. and Kenney, L. (2014). Rural Women’s Access to Financial Services: Credit, Savings, and Insurance. In: Quisumbing, A., Meinzen-Dick, R., Raney, T., Croppenstedt, A., Behrman, J., Peterman, A. (eds) Gender in Agriculture. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8616-4_8 (Accessed Date: 04.01.2023).
  • Gbigbi, T. M. (2022). Agricultural bank of credit intervention and the application of big push theory to beneficiaries from farmers: evidence from Nigeria. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 19(2): 237-247. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.867593
  • Geza, W., Ngidi, M., Ojo, T., Adetoro, A. A., Slotow, R. and Mabhaudhi, T. (2021). Youth participation in agriculture: a scoping review. Sustainability, 13(16): 9120. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169120
  • Gichimu, B. M. and Njeru, L. K. (2014). Influence of access to land and finances on Kenyan youth participation in agriculture: A review. International Journal of Development and Economic Sustainability, 2(3): 1 – 8.
  • Ibrahim, J. T., Mazwan, M. Z. and Mufriantie, F. (2021). Factors affecting rural youth interest in agriculture in Probolinggo District Indonesia. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education, 8(1): 59-66. https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0381.0801008
  • ILO (2020). Global Employment Trends for Youth 2020: Technology and the future of jobs. International Labour Office– Geneva: ILO. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_737648.pdf (Accessed Date: 03.12.2022).
  • Lindsjö, K., Mulwafu, W., Djurfeldt, A. A. and Joshua, M. K. (2021). Generational dynamics of agricultural intensification in Malawi: challenges for the youth and elderly smallholder farmers. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 19(5-6): 423-436. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2020.1721237
  • Liu, J., Wang, M., Yang, L., Rahman, S. and Sriboonchitta, S. (2020). Agricultural productivity growth and its determinants in South and Southeast Asian countries. Sustainability, 12(12): 4981. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124981
  • Mabe, F. N., Danso-Abbeam, G., Azumah, S. B., Amoh Boateng, N., Mensah, K. B. and Boateng, E. (2021). Drivers of youth in cocoa value chain activities in Ghana. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 11(4): 366-378. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-10-2019-0177
  • Magagula, B. and Tsvakirai, C. Z. (2020). Youth perceptions of agriculture: influence of cognitive processes on participation in agripreneurship. Development in Practice, 30(2): 234–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2019.1670138
  • Maritim, K. D. (2020). Assessment of factors influencing youth participation in agri-business in Kericho county, Kenya. (MSc. Thesis) Faculty of Business and Economics, Kenya Methodist University. http://repository.kemu.ac.ke/handle/123456789/934 (Accessed Date: 03.06.2022).
  • Mukaila R. (2022). Agricultural entrepreneurship among the youth: The case of youth involvement in rabbit production in Nigeria. International Entrepreneurship Review, 8(1): 35-46. https://doi.org/10.15678/IER.2022.0801.03
  • Mukaila, R., Obetta, A. E. and Ogbu, M.C. (2022). Profitability of melon processing among women in Enugu State, Nigeria. Journal of Tekirdag Faculty, 19(3): 620-631. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1049260
  • Mukasa, A. N., Woldemichael, A. D., Salami, A. O. and Simpasa, A. M. (2017). Africa’s agricultural transformation: identifying priority areas and overcoming challenges. Africa Economic Brief, 8(3): 1–16.
  • Mulema, J., Mugambi, I., Kansiime, M., Chan, H. T., Chimalizeni, M., Pham, T. X. and Oduor, G. (2021). Barriers and opportunities for the youth engagement in agribusiness: empirical evidence from Zambia and Vietnam. Development in Practice, 31 (5): 690-706. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2021.1911949
  • Muthomi, E. (2017). Challenges and opportunities for youth engaged in agribusiness in Kenya. (Ph.D. Thesis) United States International University-Africa. http://erepo.usiu.ac.ke/handle/11732/3273;jsessionid=95EE58AD1153FA1C1D7481ABE4A56B6A (Accessed Date: 03.01.2023).
  • National Bureau of Statistics (2022). Unemployment Statistics. https://nigerianstat.gov.ng. (Accessed Date: 03.01.2023).
  • Ng’atigwa, A. A., Hepelwa, A., Yami, M. and Manyong, V. (2020). Assessment of factors influencing youth involvement in horticulture agribusiness in Tanzania: a case study of Njombe region. Agriculture, 10(7): 287. https://doi.org10.3390/agriculture10070287
  • Ogunmodede, A. M., Ogunsanwo, M. O. and Manyong, V. (2020). Unlocking the potential of agribusiness in Africa through youth participation: an impact evaluation of N-power agro empowerment program in Nigeria. Sustainability, 12 (14): 5737. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145737
  • Osabohien, R., Wiredu, A. N., Nguezet, P. M. D., Mignouna, D. B., Abdoulaye, T., Manyong, V., Manyong, V., Bamba, Z. and Awotide, B. A. (2021). Youth participation in agriculture and poverty reduction in Nigeria. Sustainability, 13(14): 7795. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147795
  • Salleh B. M. and Njeru, L. K. (2005). Influence of access to land and finances on Kenyan youth participation in agriculture: A review. International Journal of Development and Economic Sustainability, 2 (3): 78-89. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJAEES/2015/15178
  • Thomas, K. A. and Eforuoku, F. (2016). Determinants of participation in youth-in-agriculture programme in Ondo state, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 20(2): 104-117. https://doi.org/10.4314/jae.v20i2.8
  • Twumasi, M. A., Jiang, Y. and Acheampong, M. O. (2019). Determinants of agriculture participation among tertiary institution youths in Ghana. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 11(3): 56–66.
  • Udemezue, J. C. (2019). Agriculture for all: Constraints to youth participation in Africa. Current Investigation in Agriculture and Current Research, 7 (2): 904-908. https://doi.org/10.32474/CIACR.2019.07.000256
  • Yami, M., Feleke, S., Abdoulaye, T., Alene, A. D., Bamba, Z. and Manyong, V. (2019). African rural youth engagement in agribusiness: achievements, limitations, and lessons. Sustainability, 11(1): 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010185
  • Yusoff, A., Ahmad, H. N. and Halim, A. H. (2016). Entrepreneurial orientation and agropreneurial intention among Malaysian agricultural students: The impact of agropreneurship education. Advance in Business-Related Scientific Research Journal, 7(1): 78-96.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural Economics (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ridwan Mukaila 0000-0001-8584-0858

Festus Eluwandedurojaye Awoyelu This is me 0000-0003-1482-0571

Chisom Francisca Emeakayı This is me 0009-0008-2655-8340

Early Pub Date March 5, 2024
Publication Date March 13, 2024
Submission Date April 3, 2023
Acceptance Date June 22, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 21 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Mukaila, R., Awoyelu, F. E., & Emeakayı, C. F. (2024). Driving Factors for Agricultural Graduates’ Involvement in Agribusiness Enterprise in Nigeria. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), 404-415. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1275608
AMA Mukaila R, Awoyelu FE, Emeakayı CF. Driving Factors for Agricultural Graduates’ Involvement in Agribusiness Enterprise in Nigeria. JOTAF. March 2024;21(2):404-415. doi:10.33462/jotaf.1275608
Chicago Mukaila, Ridwan, Festus Eluwandedurojaye Awoyelu, and Chisom Francisca Emeakayı. “Driving Factors for Agricultural Graduates’ Involvement in Agribusiness Enterprise in Nigeria”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 21, no. 2 (March 2024): 404-15. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1275608.
EndNote Mukaila R, Awoyelu FE, Emeakayı CF (March 1, 2024) Driving Factors for Agricultural Graduates’ Involvement in Agribusiness Enterprise in Nigeria. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 21 2 404–415.
IEEE R. Mukaila, F. E. Awoyelu, and C. F. Emeakayı, “Driving Factors for Agricultural Graduates’ Involvement in Agribusiness Enterprise in Nigeria”, JOTAF, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 404–415, 2024, doi: 10.33462/jotaf.1275608.
ISNAD Mukaila, Ridwan et al. “Driving Factors for Agricultural Graduates’ Involvement in Agribusiness Enterprise in Nigeria”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 21/2 (March 2024), 404-415. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1275608.
JAMA Mukaila R, Awoyelu FE, Emeakayı CF. Driving Factors for Agricultural Graduates’ Involvement in Agribusiness Enterprise in Nigeria. JOTAF. 2024;21:404–415.
MLA Mukaila, Ridwan et al. “Driving Factors for Agricultural Graduates’ Involvement in Agribusiness Enterprise in Nigeria”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 2, 2024, pp. 404-15, doi:10.33462/jotaf.1275608.
Vancouver Mukaila R, Awoyelu FE, Emeakayı CF. Driving Factors for Agricultural Graduates’ Involvement in Agribusiness Enterprise in Nigeria. JOTAF. 2024;21(2):404-15.
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