Bazı Serin İklim Çim Türlerinin Soğuk Yarı-Kurak İklimde Mevsimsel Kalitesi

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 4, 954 - 965, 20.09.2024

Onur İleri , Yasin Altay , Ali Koç

https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1386564

Abstract

Bu çalışmada bazı yaygın serin iklim çim türlerine ait çeşitlerin yarı-kurak iklim koşulları altında kışa dayanıklılık tesis olma hızı ve çim kalitesi özelliklerinin mevsimsel değişimleri incelenmiştir. Çok yıllık çim, kamışsı yumak, kırmızı yumak, rizomlu kırmızı yumak, narin kırmızı yumak ve çayır salkımotu türlerine ait 19 farklı çeşit 2014-2016 yılları arasında incelenerek 6 mevsimde veri toplanmıştır. Deneme şansa bağlı tam bloklar deneme deseninde üç tekerrürlü olarak tasarlanmıştır. Çim tesisinde tekstür, renk ve genel kalite değerlerini belirlemek için skor temelli gözlemler her mevsimin (2 yaz, 2 güz, 2 bahar) ortasında yapılmıştır. Elde edilen skor verileri parametrik olmayan testler kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular tüm çeşitlere ait çim kalite özelliklerinin farklı mevsimsel değişim gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Stravinsky (çok yıllık çim) ve Cardinal (kırmızı yumak) çeşitleri güz mevsiminde koyu yeşil renk özelliklerini büyük oranda kaybederlerken SR8600 (kamışsı yumak) çeşidi aynı mevsimde yeşil rengini korumuştur. Genel kalite yıl içerisinde bahardan güze doğru azalış eğilimde olurken Rosita çeşidi diğer kırmızı yumak çeşitlerine göre yüksek kaliteli tesis özelliğini korumuştur. Çayır salkımotu türüne ait Miracle ve Evora çeşitlerinin özellikle çok düşük kış dayanımı skorları nedeniyle yarı-kurak iklime adaptasyon yeteneklerinin çok düşük olduğu görülmüştür. Bu çeşitler aynı zamanda en yavaş tesis olmuşlardır. Stravinsky, Esquire, Kokomo, Grandslam2 (çok yıllık çim), Maximal (kırmızı yumak) ve Rosita (narin kırmızı yumak) çeşitleri bahar ve yaz mevsimi boyunca yüksek kaliteli tesis oluştururken güz ile birlikte görsel kalitede düşüşler tespit edilmiştir. Çayır salkım otu (Poa pratensis) türünün Forte ve Evora çeşitleri ise güz mevsiminde yüksek kalitede kalmışlardır ancak Evora çeşidinin kalitesi tesis sonrası 2. yılda düşüşe geçmiştir. Sonuçlar yıl boyu yüksek kalitede çim tesisi oluşturmak için bu çeşitlerin karışımlar halinde kullanılmasının daha uygun olduğunu göstermektedir. Evora çeşidi karışıma dahil edildiğinde 2. yıl üstten tohumlama yapılması gerekli görülmektedir. Karışımlarla tesis edilen çim alanların yarı-kurak iklimlerde yıl boyu yüksek kalitede tutulabilmesi için yeni tescil olan çeşitlerin de denenmesi faydalı olacaktır.

Keywords

Çeşit, Çim kalitesi, Çim türleri, Mevsimsel değişim, Serin iklim

Seasonal Quality of Some Cool-Season Turfgrass Species in Cold Semi-Arid Climate

Abstract

The study was carried out to determine winter hardiness, establishment speed, and seasonal variation in quality characteristics of some turf cultivars belonging to the common cool-season turf species in cold semi-arid climates. Nineteen different cultivars of perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, red fescue, Chewing’s fescue, slender creeping red fescue, and Kentucky bluegrass were examined for six seasons in 2014-2016 years. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The score-based measurements of turf texture, color, and general quality were taken in the middle of every season (2 summers, 2 springs, and 2 falls) for 2 years and the data were analyzed using non-parametric tests. Results showed that Stravinsky (perennial ryegrass) and Cardinal (red fescue) greatly lost their dark green color in autumn, while SR8600 (tall fescue) kept its satisfying green color. General quality decreased as the seasons proceeded, but Rosita (slender creeping red fescue) remained in high quality considering other red fescue species. Low adaptation ability was observed in Miracle and Evora cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass species due to their poor winter hardiness scores. These cultivars are also the slowest establishing among other cultivars. Results stated that Stravinsky, Esquire, Kokomo, Grandslam2 (perennial ryegrass), Maximal (red fescue), and Rosita (slender creeping red fescue) maintained high quality throughout summer and spring but decreased in autumn. However, Forte (tall fescue) and Evora (Kentucky bluegrass) presented better quality in autumn but the quality of Evora decreased in the next year. These cultivars should be used in a mixture to maintain high-quality turf through spring, summer, and autumn but Evora could require overseeding in some years. More and especially newly released cultivars should be tested to increase the turf quality of the mixtures.

Keywords

Cool-season, Cultivars, Seasonal variation, Turf quality, Turf species

References

• Aamlid, T. S., Nesheim, L., Pettersen, T., Enger, F. and Vesterbukt, P. (2012). Poa pratensis or Lolium perenne for establishment and overseeding of Scandinavian football (soccer) pitches. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B-Soil & Plant Science, 62(1): 32-43.
• Ahn, B. G. and Choi, J. S. (2013). Effect of turfgrasses to prevent soil erosion. Weed & Turfgrass Science, 2(4): 381-386.
• Alagoz, M. and Turk, M. (2017). Determination of turf performance of some perennial turf grasses and mixtures in Isparta ecological conditions. Suleyman Demirel University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 12(2): 30-39.
• Ayanoglu, H. and Orta, A. H. (2019). Irrigation scheduling of cool and warm season turfgrass irrigated with sub-drip irrigation method. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 16(3): 362-381.
• Balci, F. and Orta, A. H. (2018). The comparison of water distribution patterns of pop-up style sprinklers used in landscape irrigation. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty 15 (1): 26-37.
• Beard, J. B. (1973). Turfgrass Science and Culture, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Prentice Hall, London.
• Bell, G. E., Martin, D. L., Wiese, S. G., Dobson, D. D., Smith, M. W., Stone, M. L. and Solie, J. B. (2002). Vehicle‐mounted optical sensing: An objective means for evaluating turf quality. Crop Science, 42(1): 197-201.
• Bilgili, U. and Acikgoz, E. (2007). Effect of nitrogen fertilization on quality characteristics of four turf mixtures under different wear treatments. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 30(7): 1139-1152.
• Bilgili, U. and Acikgoz, E. (2011). Effects of slow-release fertilizers on turf quality in a turf mixture. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 16(2): 130-136.
• Bonos, S. A. and Huff, D. R. (2013). Cool‐season grasses: Biology and breeding. Turf Biology, Use and Management, 56: 591-660.
• Braun, R. C., Bremer, D. J. and Hoyle, J. A. (2021). Simulated traffic on turfgrasses during drought stress: I. Performance and recovery of turf canopies. Crop Science, 61(5): 2926-2938.
• Charif, K., Mzabri, I., Rimani, M., Boukroute, A., Kouddane, N. and Berrichi, A. (2021). Effect of the season on establishment of some turf grasses under the climatic conditions in eastern Morocco. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 15: 1835-2707.
• Chen, Y., Guo, Z., Dong, L., Fu, Z., Zheng, Q., Zhang, G., Qin, L., Sun, X., Shi, Z., Fahad, S., Xie, F. and Saud, S. (2021). Turf performance and physiological responses of native Poa species to summer stress in Northeast China. PeerJ, 9: e12252.
• Christians, N. E., Patton, A. J. and Law, Q. D. (2016). Fundamentals of Turfgrass Management. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New Jersey.
• Demiroglu, G., Geren, H., Kir, B., Avcioglu, R. (2010b). Performances of some cool season turfgrass cultivars in mediterranean environment: II. Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Festuca ovina L., Festuca rubra sp. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 15(2): 180-187.
• Demiroğlu, G., Soya H, Avcioğlu, R. and Geren, H. (2010a). An investigation on the adaptability of some new perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars in turf areas under coastal part of Aegean Region conditions. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Ege University, 47(1): 71-78.
• Gouveia, B. T., Rios, E. F., Nunes, J. A. R., Gezan, S. A., Munoz, P. R., Kenworthy, K. E., Unruh, J. B., Miller, G. L., Milla-Lewis, S. L., Schwartz, B. M., Raymer, P. L., Chandra, A., Wherley, B. G., Wu, Y., Martin, D. and Moss, J. Q. (2020). Genotype‐by‐environment interaction for turfgrass quality in bermudagrass across the southeastern United States. Crop Science, 60(6): 3328-3343.
• Gozukara, G., Acar, M., Ozlu, E., Dengiz, O., Hartemink, A. E. and Zhang, Y. (2022). A soil quality index using Vis-NIR and pXRF spectra of a soil profile. Catena, 211: 105954.
• Gul, I. (2015). A determination of turfgrass performance of some Kentucky bluegrass in Diyarbakir conditions. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpasa University, 32(2): 55-63.
• Hatfield, J. (2017). Turfgrass and climate change. Agronomy Journal, 109(4): 1708-1718.
• He, Y. and Huang, B. (2010). Differential responses to heat stress in activities and isozymes of four antioxidant enzymes for two cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass contrasting in heat tolerance. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 135(2): 116-124.
• Hulke, B. S., Watkins, E., Wyse, D. and Ehlke, N. (2007). Winter hardiness and turf quality of accessions of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) from public collections. Crop Science, 47(4): 1596-1602.
• Hull, R. J., Aim, S. R. and Jackson, N. (1994). Toward sustainable lawn turf. In: Leslie AR (editor). Handbook of Integrated Pest Management for Turf and Ornamentals. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
• Kara, E., Surmen, M. and Erdogan, H. (2020). Effects of mowing height and biogas digestate as a soil amendment on green quality of strong creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra var. rubra). Turkish Journal of Range and Forage Science, 1(2): 72-76.
• Kir, B., Avcioglu, R., Demiroglu, G. and Simic, A. (2010). Performances of some cool season turfgrass species in mediterranean environment: I. Lolium perenne L., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Poa pratensis L., and Agrostis tenuis Sibth. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 15(2): 174-179.
• Macolino, S., Lucon, M., Scotton, M., Altissimo, A. and Ziliotto, U. (2003). Effect of simulated traffic on some turf quality parameters in construction systems of soccer pitches. I. International Conference on Turfgrass Management and Science for Sports Fields, 661: 53-57.
• Magni, S., Gaetani, M., Caturegli, L., Leto, C., Tuttolomondo, T. and La Bella, S. (2014). Phenotypic traits and establishment speed of 44 turf bermudagrass accessions. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B-Soil and Plant Science, 64(8): 722-733.
• Martiniello, P. and D’Andrea, E. (2006). Cool-season turf grass species adaptability in Mediterranean environments and quality traits of varieties. European Journal of Agronomy, 25(3): 234-242.
• Meyer, W. A., Hoffman, L. and Bonos, S. A. (2017). Breeding cool‐season turfgrass cultivars for stress tolerance and sustainability in a changing environment. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, 13(1): 3-10.
• Monteiro, J. A. (2017). Ecosystem services from turfgrass landscapes. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 26: 151-157.
• Morris, K. N. and Shearman, R. C. (1998). NTEP turfgrass evaluation guidelines, NTEP Turfgrass Evaluation Workshop, Beltsville, Maryland.
• Ozkan, S. S. and Kir, B. (2021). Effects of overseeding times on different warm-season turfgrasses: Visual turf quality and some related characteristics. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 16 (3): 1820.
• Pinnix, G. D., McCauley, R. K. and Miller, G. L. (2018). Air temperature effects on turfgrass colorant transfer. Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management, 4(1): 1-6.
• Pooya, E. S., Tehranifar, A., Shoor, M., Selahvarzi, Y. and Ansari, H. (2013). The use of native turf mixtures to approach sustainable lawn in urban landscapes. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 12(4): 532-536.
• Prokopiuk, K., Zurek, G. and Rybka, K. (2019). Turf covering for sport season elongation cause no stress for grass species as detected by Chl a fluorescence. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 41: 14-22.
• Rimi, F., Macolino, S. (2014). Mixing warm-season turf species with red fescue (Festuca rubra L. ssp. rubra) in a transition zone environment. European Journal of Horticultural Science, 79(3): 167-174.
• Roche, M. B. and Loch, D. S. (2005). Morphological and developemental comparison of seven greens quality hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy] cultivars. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, 10: 627-634.
• Russi, L., Annicchiarico, P., Martiniello, P., Tomasoni, C., Piano, E. and Veronesi, F. (2004). Turf quality and reliability in varieties of four turfgrass species in contrasting Italian environments. Grass and Forage Science, 59(3): 233-239.
• Salman, A., Avcioglu, R., Oztarhan, H., Cevheri, A. C. and Okkaoglu, H. (2011). Performances of different cool season turf grasses and some mixtures under Mediterranean environmental condition. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 13(4): 529-534.
• Salman, A., Kir, B. and Avcioglu, R. (2019). Effect of cutting heights on the turf and playing quality traits of some turf alternatives in a Mediterranean environment. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 24(2): 261-267.
• Sampoux, J. P., Baudouin, P., Bayle, B., Beguier, V., Bourdon, P., Chosson, J. F., De Bruijn, K., Deneufbourg, F., Galburn, C., Ghesquiere, M., Noel, D., Tharel, B. and Vigue, A. (2013). Breeding perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) for turf usage: an assessment of genetic improvements in cultivars released in Europe, 1974–2004. Grass and Forage Science, 68(1): 33-48.
• Sikorski, P., Winska-Krysiak, M., Chormanski, J., Krauze, K., Kubacka, K. and Sikorska, D. (2018). Low-maintenance green tram tracks as a socially acceptable solution to greening a city. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 35: 148-164.
• Steinke, K. and Stier, J. C. (2003). Nitrogen selection and growth regulator applications for improving shaded turf performance. Crop Science, 43(4): 1399-1406.
• Stier, J. C., Steinke, K., Ervin, E. H., Higginson, F. R., McMaugh, P. E. (2013). Turfgrass benefits and issues. Turfgrass Biology Use and Management, 56: 105-145.
• Valverde, F. J. and Minner, D. D. (2007). Determination of high-risk seeding times for Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue, and perennial ryegrass when established in autumn at LAT 40 Midwest, USA. II. International Conference on Turfgrass Science and Management for Sports Fields. 783: 67-76.
• Varoglu, H., Avcioglu, R. and Degirmenci, R. (2015). Turf Characteristic of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae), bluegrass (Poa pratensis), red fescue (Festuca rubra) and the British grass (Lolium perenne). Journal of Central Research Institute for Field Crops, 24(2): 85-95.
• Wolski, K., Czarnecki, J., Brennensthul, M. and Ptak, W. (2021). Color assessment of selected lawn grass mixtures. Grassland Science, 67(3): 198-206.
• Zar, J. H. (2013). Biostatistical Analysis. Pearson.
• Zhang, W., Chen, G., Wu, H., Xie, C., Wang, Z., Song, X., Wang, P., Ruan, X., Ding, L., Zhang, Y. and Liu, J. (2020). Evaluation of lawn color and chlorophyll concentration using hyperspectral index. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 615(1): 012127. IOP Publishing.
• Zuk, A. J., DeSutter, T. M., Zhang, Q. and Hafdahl, M. P. (2012). Kentucky bluegrass germination and early seedling growth under saline conditions. Applied Turfgrass Science, 9(1): 1-10.