Tarımsal Üretimde Kullanılan Atık Suyun Çevresel Değerlemesi

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 4, 1058 - 1068, 20.09.2024

Zuhal Karakayacı , Ebru Aydın

https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1446757

Abstract

Son yıllarda tüm dünyada nüfus artışı, hızlı kentleşme, sanayileşme ve iklim değişikliği gibi konular nedeniyle mevcut su kaynaklarının yeterliliği ile ilgili sorunlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Özellikle suyun en çok kullanıldığı tarımsal üretimde bu soruna çözüm olarak atık su kullanımı yaygınlaşmıştır. Atık suların içeriğinde bulunan maddeler nedeniyle çevreye zarar verebileceği göz önünde bulundurularak bu çalışmada çevresel bir değerleme yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, piyasası olmayan malların değerlemesinde kullanılan seyahat maliyeti yöntemi kullanılarak, tarımsal üretim söz konusu olduğundan bu yönteme farklı bir yaklaşım getirilmiş ve üretici rantına dayalı bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, atık su ve kuyu suyu ile yapılan tarımsal üretimler karşılaştırılarak, atık suyun çevresel değerlemesi hakkında 2 hipotez geliştirilmiştir; Birinci hipotez atık su ile yapılan tarımsal üretimin üretici rantı kuyu suyu ile yapılan üretimden daha düşük ise çevresel kirlilik vardır ve değeri iki rant arasındaki farktır. İkinci hipotez ise üreticinin atık su ile elde ettiği rantın yüksek olması durumunda, çevre kirliliğinin olumsuz etkilerine karşı bir hipotez olarak pozitif dışsallık oluşacağıdır. Araştırma alanında 125 üretici ile anket yapılarak toplam 314 parselin verileri analize dahil edilmiş ve regresyon analizi ile arz fonksiyonu oluşturularak üretici rantı hesaplanmıştır. Araştırma bulguları sonucunda atık su ile sulama yapılarak gerçekleştirilen tarımsal üretimden elde edilen üretici rantı (584.40$), kuyu suyu ile sulama yapılarak yapılan üretimin üretici rantından (553.44$) daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Bu durumda, sulanan atık suyun çevre kirliliğine değil, pozitif dışsallığa etki ettiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Atık suyun tarımsal üretimde kullanılması ekonomiye olumlu katkı sağlamış olsa da insan sağlığı üzerindeki zararlı etkileri göz önünde bulundurularak gerekli arıtma işlemlerinden sonra kullanılması faydalı olacaktır.

Keywords

Atık su, Çevresel değerleme, Tarımsal üretim, Üretici rantı

Environmental Valuation of Wastewater Used in Agricultural Production

Abstract

In recent years, problems related to the adequacy of existing water resources have arisen due to issues such as population growth, rapid urbanization, industrialization, and climate change. Especially in agricultural production where water is used the most, the use of wastewater has become widespread as a solution to this problem. Considering that wastewater may harm the environment due to the substances it contains, it is aimed to make an environmental valuation in this study. In this context, by using the travel cost method used in the valuation of goods without a market, a different approach was brought to this method, as agricultural production is concerned, and an evaluation was made based on producer surplus. In the study, by comparing the agricultural productions with wastewater and well water, 2 hypotheses have been developed about the environmental valuation of wastewater; First, if the producer surplus of agricultural production with wastewater is lower than that of production with well water, there is environmental pollution, and its value is the difference between the two rents. The second hypothesis is that if the producer's surplus with wastewater is high, positive externality will occur as a hypothesis against the negative effects of environmental pollution. By conducting a survey with 125 producers in the research area, the data of 314 parcels in total were included in the analysis, and the producer surplus was calculated by creating the supply function with the regression analysis. As a result of the research, the producer surplus (584.40$) obtained from the agricultural production made by irrigating with wastewater was found to be higher than the producer surplus (553.44$) of the production made by irrigating with well water. In this case, it was concluded that the wastewater irrigated did not affect the environmental pollution, but the positive externality. Although the use of wastewater in agricultural production has made a positive contribution to the economy, it will be beneficial to use it after the necessary treatment processes, considering its harmful effects on human health.

Keywords

Wastewater, Environmental valuation, Agricultural production, Producer surplus

References

• Adalı, S. and Kılıç, M. Y. (2020). The use of treated wastewater in agricultural irrigation: the example of Iznik. International Journal of Biosystems Engineering, 1(1): 12-23.
• Ağızan S. and Bayramoğlu Z. (2021). Comparative investment analysis of agricultural irrigation systems. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 18(2): 222-233.
• Alobaidy A. H. M. J., Al-Sameraiy, M. A., Kadhem, A. J. and Majeed, A. A. (2010). Evaluation of treated municipal wastewater quality for irrigation. Journal of Environmental Protection, 2: 629-635.
• Ashraf, M., Imtiaz, M., Abid, M., Afzal, M. and Shahzad, S. M. (2013). Reuse of wastewater for irrigating tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) through silicon supplementation. Journal of Water Reuse Desalination, 3(2): 129-139.
• Becerra, C., Lopes, A., Vaz, I., Silva, E., Manaia, C. and Nunes, O. (2015). Wastewater reuse in irrigation: A microbiological perspective on implications in soil fertility and human and environmental health. Environment International, 75: 117-135.
• Çakmakcı, T. and Şahin, Ü. (2020). The effect of application of treated wastewater with different irrigation methods on macro-micro element and heavy metal accumulation in silage corn. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 17(1): 12-23. (In Turkish)
• Çay, R. D., Aşilioğlu, F. and Konyalı Dereli, C. (2020). Determination of recreation value of Edirne urban forest by travel cost method. Akademia Journal of Nature and Human Sciences, 6(1): 93-106.
• Christie, M., Fazey, I., Cooper, R., Hyde, T. and Kenter, J.O. (2012). An evaluation of monetary and non-monetary techniques for assessing the importance of biodiversity and ecosystem services to people in countries with developing economies. Ecological Economics, 83: 67-78.
• Cinemre, H. A., Ekberli, İ. and Ceyhan, V. (2008). Using Mathematics in Economic Analysis. Samsun: Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Agriculture Textbook (No: 61) (In Turkish)
• Danso, G., Drechsel, P., Wiafe-Antwi, T. and Gyiele, L. (2002). Income of farming systems around Kumasi. Urban Agriculture Magazine, 7: 5-6.
• Dinler, Z. (2016). Microeconomics. Ekin Press Distribution, 27th Edition, Bursa. (In Turkish)
• Direk, M., Güngör, L. and Acar, R. (2022). The importance, value and relationship of wastewater with agriculture. National Environmental Sciences Research Journal, 1(5): 8-15. (In Turkish)
• Drechsel, P., Scott, C. A., Raschid-Sally, L., Redwood, M. and Bahri, A. (2010). Wastewater Irrigation and Health: Assessing and Mitigating Risks in Low income Countries. London: Earthscan, UK.
• Grant, C. A. (2011). Influence of phosphate fertilizer on cadmium in agricultural soils and crops. Pedologist, 54:143–155.
• Gündoğmuş, M. E. and Kalfa, V. R. (2016). Determining the economic value of non-market assets. Journal of Life Economics, 3(4): 177-200. https://doi.org/10.15637/jlecon.163
• Huibers, F. P., Moscoso, O., Durân, A. and Van Lier, J. B. (2004). The Use of Wastewater in Cochabama, Bolivia: a Degrading Environment. In: Wastewater Use In Irrigated Agriculture: Confronting the Livelihood and Environmental Realities, 135-142 pp.
• Jaramillo, M. F and Restrepo, I. (2017). Wastewater reuse in agriculture: a review about its limitations and benefits. Sustainability, 9: 1734. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101734
• Kaya, G. (2002). Determining the value of forest resources in the framework of non-market products. (PhD. Thesis) Istanbul University. Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Forestry Engineering. Istanbul.
• Keraita, B. N., Jiménez, B. and Drechsel, P. (2008). Extent and implications of agricultural reuse of untreated, partly treated and diluted wastewater in developing countries. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 3:1-15.
• Khan, M. J., Jan, M. T. and Khan, K. (2013). Effect of organic and inorganic amendments on the heavy metal content of soil and wheat crop irrigated with wastewater. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 29(1):49-57.
• Koottatep, T., Polprasert, C. and Hadsoi, S. (2006). Integrated faecal sludge treatment and recycling through constructed wetlands and sunflower plant irrigation. Water Science and Technology, 54:155-164.
• Lindberg, K. and Lindberg, K. (1991). Policies for Maximizing Nature Tourism’S Ecological and Economic Benefits. World Resources Institute: Washington DC. USA.
• Mahmood, S. and Maqbool, A. (2006). Impacts of wastewater irrigation on water quality and on the health of local community in Faisalabad. Pakistan Journal of Water Resources, 10: 19-22.
• Matheyarasu, R., Bolan, N. and Naidu, R. (2016). Abattoir wastewater irrigation increases the availability of nutrients and influences on plant growth and development. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 227- 253.
• Raschid‐Sally, L., Carr, R. and Buechler, S. (2005). Managing wastewater agriculture to improve livelihoods and environmental quality in poor countries. Irrigation and Drainage, 54(1): 11-22.
• Rosemarin, A. (2004). The precarious geopolitics of phosphorous. Down to Earth, 30(33): 27-34.
• Saracoğlu, E. (2014). Reuse of treated waste water in agricultural irrigation – successful examples from Our Country and the World and application suggestions for Turkey. (Specialization Thesis) TR Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, General Directorate of Environmental Management, Department of Water and Soil Management, Ankara, Türkiye.
• Walker, C. and Lin, H. S. (2008). Soil property changes after four decades of wastewater irrigation: A landscape perspective. Catena, 73(1): 63-74.
• Wallach, R., Ben-Arie, O. and Graber, E. R. (2005). Soil water repellency induced by long-term irrigation with treated sewage effluent. Journal of Environmental Quality, 8: 1910-1920.
• Wang, Z., Chang, A. C., Wu, L. and Crowley, D. (2003). Assessing the soil quality of long-term reclaimed wastewater irrigated cropland. Geoderma, 114(3-4): 261-278.
• World Bank, (2022). World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water-in-agriculture , Access Date: 15/02/2023
• Yurtseven, E., Çakmak, B., Kesmez, D. and Polat, H. E. (2010). Reuse of Agricultural Wastewater in Irrigation, Agricultural Engineering VII. Technical Congress, 11-15 January, 135-154, Ankara, Türkiye. (In Turkish)