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Dikey Tarımda Derin Akış ve Besleyici Film Tekniğinin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Year 2025, Volume: 22 Issue: 2, 362 - 372, 26.05.2025
https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1437386

Abstract

Geleneksel tarımdan farklı olarak dikey tarım sistemlerinde topraksız kültür yöntemleri kullanılmaktadır. Topraksız tarım için çeşitli katı ortam kültürleri veya su kültürü yöntemleri kullanmak mümkün olmaktadır. Yöntemlerin ve materyallerin seçimi, ekonomik uygunluk, erişilebilirlik, sürdürülebilirlik, kullanım ve yönetim kolaylığı gibi kriterlerin yanı sıra işletme maliyetleri, verimlilik ve kalite açısından değerlendirilerek yapılmalıdır. Bu tür yoğun üretim sistemlerinde, karlılığı yüksek tutmak için bir fabrika gibi planlamak, kurmak ve işletmek önemlidir. Dikey tarımda bitkilerin büyüme ve gelişmesi diğer tarım yöntemlerine göre daha hızlı olduğu için tüm hasat, ekim, sulama ve sistem bakım işlemlerinin hızlı bir şekilde yapılmasını gerektirir. Dolayısıyla bu sistemlerde hangi yöntem veya yöntemlerin daha verimli olduğu oldukça önemlidir. Dikey tarımın yaygınlaşması ve sürdürülebilir olması için farklı yöntemlere ve sistem analizlerine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, dikey tarım tesisleri için bir yöntem literatürü oluşturulmasına katkı sağlamaktır. Bu çalışmada, tamamen kapalı ve bilgisayar kontrollü bir laboratuvarda, iklim parametrelerinin kontrol edildiği koşullarda, Derin Akış Tekniği (DFT) ve Besleyici Film Tekniği (NFT) kullanılarak marul, roka, tere ve dereotu bitki türleri yetiştirilmiştir. Yetiştirilen bitkilerin gelişim durumları, verim özellikleri ve kalite parametreleri her iki sistem arasında karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu karşılaştırma yapılırken toplam taze ağırlık, bitki boyu ve eni, gövde çapı, yaprak sayısı, ıskarta sayısı ve uygun bitki türlerinde dallanma sayısı kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, iki farklı teknik kullanılarak kurulan dikey tarım sistemlerinin enerji verimliliği değerlendirilmiştir. NFT ve DFT sistemlerin enerji kullanım etkinliği sırasıyla 4.16 g kWh-1 ve 5.89 g kWh-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. DFT sistemi marul ve dereotu bitkilerinde toplam taze ağırlığı ve gövde çapını ortalama %5 oranında artırmıştır. DFT sisteminde daha fazla biyokütle üretildiği için Enerji Kullanım Etkinliği (EUE) %5 daha yüksek olarak hesaplanmaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma için etik kuruldan izin alınmasına gerek yoktur.

References

  • Afriyanti, A., Kurniati, N., Efrita, E. and Mutmainnah, E. (2024). Pengembalian Investasi pada Usahatani Selada Hidroponik dengan Metode Deep Flow Technique (DFT) dan Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). Jurnal Ilmiah Agribisnis: Jurnal Agribisnis Dan Ilmu Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 9(4): 381–390.
  • Alfredo, R. D. (2023). Peruvian Hydroponics: Low-Cost Options to Produce Vegetables for South American Cities. In: Urban and Regional Agriculture, Eds: Droege, P., Academic Press, U.S.A.
  • Anpo, M., Fukuda, H. and Wada, T. (2019). Introduction: Artificial Light-Type Plant Factories—Outline and a Vision for the Future. In: Plant Factory Using Artificial Light, Eds: Anpo, M., Fukuda, H., and Wada, T., Elsevier, U.S.A.
  • Baran, M. F. and Gökdoğan, O. (2017). Determination of energy use efficiency of sesame production. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 14(3): 73–79.
  • Fitri, R., Perkasa, A. Y., Widjaja, H., Seanders, O. and Fauzi, R. (2024). Evaluation of urban farming system sustainability in central province of Jakarta, Indonesia. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 21(1): 256–264.
  • Fukuyama, T. (1990). Sugar contents, amino acid contents, and taste tests in muskmelon fruits cultivated under NFT, DFT, rockwool culture, kuntan culture, and soil culture. Environmental Control in Biology, 28(2): 61–69.
  • Gillani, S. A., Abbasi, R., Martinez, P. and Ahmad, R. (2023). Comparison of energy-use efficiency for lettuce plantation under nutrient film technique and deep-water culture hydroponic systems. Procedia Computer Science, 217: 11–19.
  • Indriani, D., Maharsih, I. K., Putranto, A. W., Wibisono, Y., Argo, B. D. and Lastriyanto, A. (2022). Case Study of DFT (Deep Flow Technique) - NFT (Nutrient Flow Technique) hydroponic planting patterns in first middle school students state 1 and 5 Karangploso Malang. Journal of Innovation and Applied Technology, 8(1): 1345-1351.
  • Lennard, W. A., and Leonard, B. V. (2006). A comparison of three different hydroponic sub-systems (gravel bed, floating and nutrient film technique) in an aquaponic test system. Aquaculture International, 14(6): 539–550.
  • Lennard, W. and Ward, J. (2019). A comparison of plant growth rates between an NFT hydroponic system and an NFT aquaponic system. Horticulturae, 5(2): 27.
  • Lubna, F. A., Lewus, D. C., Shelford, T. J. and Both, A. J. (2022). What you may not realize about vertical farming. Horticulturae, 8(4): 322.
  • Majid, M., Khan, J. N., Ahmad Shah, Q. M., Masoodi, K. Z., Afroza, B., and Parvaze, S. (2021). Evaluation of hydroponic systems for the cultivation of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., var. Longifolia) and comparison with protected soil-based cultivation. Agricultural Water Management, 245: 106572.
  • Manggala, B., Debra, M., Chaichana, C., Syahputra, W. N. H. and Lutfi, M. (2023). Effects of various hydroponic systems in increasing caisim (Brassica chinensis L.) productivity under LED grow light. International Journal on Food, Agriculture, and Natural Resources, 4(2): 53–58.
  • Mohammadi, A., Tabatabaeefar, A., Shahin, S., Rafiee, S. and Keyhani, A. (2008). Energy use and economical analysis of potato production in Iran a case study: Ardabil province. Energy Conversion and Management, 49(12): 3566–3570.
  • Niu, G. and Masabni, J. (2022). Hydroponics. In: Plant Factory Basics, Applications and Advances, Eds: Kozai, T., Niu, G., Masabni, J., Academic Press, USA.
  • Nurza, I. S. A. (2022). Cultivation of water spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir) production by using DFT and NFT. Journal of Social Research, 1(10): 1110–1115.
  • Pal, A., Nandy, A., Dey, S. and Singh, P. K. (2021). Optimizing energy use efficiency for agricultural sustainability. In: Energy and Environmental Security in Developing Countries, Eds: Asif, M., Springer, Germany. Resh, H. M. (2022). Hydroponic Food Production. CRC Press, Florida, U.S.A.
  • Şahin, G. and Kendirli, B. (2016). A New Agricultural Enterprise Model: Vertical Farms. International Geography Symposium, 13-14 October, P. 682–695, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Seyhan, T. G. (2023). Developing a robotic multi-shelf plant production system (Ph.D. Thesis) Ankara University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Vimolmangkang, S., Sitthithaworn, W., Vannavanich, D., Keattikunpairoj, S. and Chittasupho, C. (2010). Productivity and quality of volatile oil extracted from Mentha spicata and M. arvensis var. piperascens grown by a hydroponic system using the deep flow technique. Journal of Natural Medicines, 64(1): 31–35.

Comparative Analysis of Deep Flow and Nutrient Film Technique in Vertical Farming

Year 2025, Volume: 22 Issue: 2, 362 - 372, 26.05.2025
https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1437386

Abstract

Unlike traditional agriculture, vertical farming systems utilize soilless cultivation methods. Various solid media cultures or hydroponic methods can be employed for soilless farming. The selection of methods and materials should be based on criteria such as economic feasibility, accessibility, sustainability, ease of use and management, as well as operating costs, efficiency, and quality. In these intensive production systems, it is crucial to design, establish, and operate them like a factory to maintain high profitability. Since plant growth and development in vertical farming are faster compared to other agricultural methods, all harvesting, planting, irrigation, and system maintenance operations need to be carried out promptly. Therefore, determining which method or methods are more efficient in these systems is highly important. For the widespread adoption and sustainability of vertical farming, analyses of different methods and systems are necessary. The aim of this study is to contribute to the literature on methods for vertical farming facilities. In this study, lettuce, rocket, cress, and dill were cultivated under controlled climatic conditions in a fully enclosed and computer-controlled laboratory using the Deep Flow Technique (DFT) and Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). The growth performance, yield characteristics, and quality parameters of the plants grown were compared between the two systems. For this comparison, total fresh weight, plant height and width, stem diameter, leaf count, discarded leaf count, and branching (in applicable species) were used. Additionally, the energy efficiency of the vertical farming systems established using the two techniques was evaluated. The energy use efficiency (EUE) of the NFT and DFT systems was calculated as 4.16 g kWh⁻¹ and 5.89 g kWh⁻¹, respectively. The DFT system increased the total fresh weight and stem diameter in lettuce and dill plants by an average of 5%. Due to the higher biomass production in the DFT system, its EUE was calculated to be 5% higher.

Ethical Statement

There is no need to obtain permission from the ethics committee for this study.

References

  • Afriyanti, A., Kurniati, N., Efrita, E. and Mutmainnah, E. (2024). Pengembalian Investasi pada Usahatani Selada Hidroponik dengan Metode Deep Flow Technique (DFT) dan Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). Jurnal Ilmiah Agribisnis: Jurnal Agribisnis Dan Ilmu Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 9(4): 381–390.
  • Alfredo, R. D. (2023). Peruvian Hydroponics: Low-Cost Options to Produce Vegetables for South American Cities. In: Urban and Regional Agriculture, Eds: Droege, P., Academic Press, U.S.A.
  • Anpo, M., Fukuda, H. and Wada, T. (2019). Introduction: Artificial Light-Type Plant Factories—Outline and a Vision for the Future. In: Plant Factory Using Artificial Light, Eds: Anpo, M., Fukuda, H., and Wada, T., Elsevier, U.S.A.
  • Baran, M. F. and Gökdoğan, O. (2017). Determination of energy use efficiency of sesame production. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 14(3): 73–79.
  • Fitri, R., Perkasa, A. Y., Widjaja, H., Seanders, O. and Fauzi, R. (2024). Evaluation of urban farming system sustainability in central province of Jakarta, Indonesia. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 21(1): 256–264.
  • Fukuyama, T. (1990). Sugar contents, amino acid contents, and taste tests in muskmelon fruits cultivated under NFT, DFT, rockwool culture, kuntan culture, and soil culture. Environmental Control in Biology, 28(2): 61–69.
  • Gillani, S. A., Abbasi, R., Martinez, P. and Ahmad, R. (2023). Comparison of energy-use efficiency for lettuce plantation under nutrient film technique and deep-water culture hydroponic systems. Procedia Computer Science, 217: 11–19.
  • Indriani, D., Maharsih, I. K., Putranto, A. W., Wibisono, Y., Argo, B. D. and Lastriyanto, A. (2022). Case Study of DFT (Deep Flow Technique) - NFT (Nutrient Flow Technique) hydroponic planting patterns in first middle school students state 1 and 5 Karangploso Malang. Journal of Innovation and Applied Technology, 8(1): 1345-1351.
  • Lennard, W. A., and Leonard, B. V. (2006). A comparison of three different hydroponic sub-systems (gravel bed, floating and nutrient film technique) in an aquaponic test system. Aquaculture International, 14(6): 539–550.
  • Lennard, W. and Ward, J. (2019). A comparison of plant growth rates between an NFT hydroponic system and an NFT aquaponic system. Horticulturae, 5(2): 27.
  • Lubna, F. A., Lewus, D. C., Shelford, T. J. and Both, A. J. (2022). What you may not realize about vertical farming. Horticulturae, 8(4): 322.
  • Majid, M., Khan, J. N., Ahmad Shah, Q. M., Masoodi, K. Z., Afroza, B., and Parvaze, S. (2021). Evaluation of hydroponic systems for the cultivation of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., var. Longifolia) and comparison with protected soil-based cultivation. Agricultural Water Management, 245: 106572.
  • Manggala, B., Debra, M., Chaichana, C., Syahputra, W. N. H. and Lutfi, M. (2023). Effects of various hydroponic systems in increasing caisim (Brassica chinensis L.) productivity under LED grow light. International Journal on Food, Agriculture, and Natural Resources, 4(2): 53–58.
  • Mohammadi, A., Tabatabaeefar, A., Shahin, S., Rafiee, S. and Keyhani, A. (2008). Energy use and economical analysis of potato production in Iran a case study: Ardabil province. Energy Conversion and Management, 49(12): 3566–3570.
  • Niu, G. and Masabni, J. (2022). Hydroponics. In: Plant Factory Basics, Applications and Advances, Eds: Kozai, T., Niu, G., Masabni, J., Academic Press, USA.
  • Nurza, I. S. A. (2022). Cultivation of water spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir) production by using DFT and NFT. Journal of Social Research, 1(10): 1110–1115.
  • Pal, A., Nandy, A., Dey, S. and Singh, P. K. (2021). Optimizing energy use efficiency for agricultural sustainability. In: Energy and Environmental Security in Developing Countries, Eds: Asif, M., Springer, Germany. Resh, H. M. (2022). Hydroponic Food Production. CRC Press, Florida, U.S.A.
  • Şahin, G. and Kendirli, B. (2016). A New Agricultural Enterprise Model: Vertical Farms. International Geography Symposium, 13-14 October, P. 682–695, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Seyhan, T. G. (2023). Developing a robotic multi-shelf plant production system (Ph.D. Thesis) Ankara University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Vimolmangkang, S., Sitthithaworn, W., Vannavanich, D., Keattikunpairoj, S. and Chittasupho, C. (2010). Productivity and quality of volatile oil extracted from Mentha spicata and M. arvensis var. piperascens grown by a hydroponic system using the deep flow technique. Journal of Natural Medicines, 64(1): 31–35.
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural Machine Systems
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Temuçin Göktürk Seyhan 0000-0003-4622-6059

Sinem Seyhan 0000-0002-2252-7335

Early Pub Date May 8, 2025
Publication Date May 26, 2025
Submission Date February 14, 2024
Acceptance Date April 14, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 22 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Seyhan, T. G., & Seyhan, S. (2025). Comparative Analysis of Deep Flow and Nutrient Film Technique in Vertical Farming. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(2), 362-372. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1437386
AMA Seyhan TG, Seyhan S. Comparative Analysis of Deep Flow and Nutrient Film Technique in Vertical Farming. JOTAF. May 2025;22(2):362-372. doi:10.33462/jotaf.1437386
Chicago Seyhan, Temuçin Göktürk, and Sinem Seyhan. “Comparative Analysis of Deep Flow and Nutrient Film Technique in Vertical Farming”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 22, no. 2 (May 2025): 362-72. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1437386.
EndNote Seyhan TG, Seyhan S (May 1, 2025) Comparative Analysis of Deep Flow and Nutrient Film Technique in Vertical Farming. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 22 2 362–372.
IEEE T. G. Seyhan and S. Seyhan, “Comparative Analysis of Deep Flow and Nutrient Film Technique in Vertical Farming”, JOTAF, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 362–372, 2025, doi: 10.33462/jotaf.1437386.
ISNAD Seyhan, Temuçin Göktürk - Seyhan, Sinem. “Comparative Analysis of Deep Flow and Nutrient Film Technique in Vertical Farming”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 22/2 (May 2025), 362-372. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1437386.
JAMA Seyhan TG, Seyhan S. Comparative Analysis of Deep Flow and Nutrient Film Technique in Vertical Farming. JOTAF. 2025;22:362–372.
MLA Seyhan, Temuçin Göktürk and Sinem Seyhan. “Comparative Analysis of Deep Flow and Nutrient Film Technique in Vertical Farming”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 22, no. 2, 2025, pp. 362-7, doi:10.33462/jotaf.1437386.
Vancouver Seyhan TG, Seyhan S. Comparative Analysis of Deep Flow and Nutrient Film Technique in Vertical Farming. JOTAF. 2025;22(2):362-7.