Cost-effective and Eco-friendly Synthesis of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Based on Oyster Shells as Adsorbent for Brilliant Black Dye

Asmaa M. Abdullah; Hasan Abd El-fattah; Amr Eldeeb; Mohammed Z. Thani

doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1782780

Cost-effective and Eco-friendly Synthesis of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Based on Oyster Shells as Adsorbent for Brilliant Black Dye

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HA) was successfully synthesized from oyster shell waste using a wet chemical precipitation method under magnetic stirring at varying durations (30 min, 1, 3, and 5 h). The synthesized HA samples were characterized to identify their crystalline structure, morphology, elemental composition, and functional groups. The results indicated that stirring time significantly influenced the phase purity and crystallinity of HA. Samples stirred for 30 min and 1 hour exhibited incomplete conversion, retaining traces of CaO, whereas those stirred for 3–5 h demonstrated complete transformation of CaO into hydroxyapatite with enhanced crystallinity and a well-defined apatite structure. The average crystallite and particle size of the prepared HAp at 3 h of stirring time were 18 and 34 ± 0.7nm, respectively. The synthesized HAp at 3-hour stirring time was then successfully applied for the adsorptive removal of Brilliant Black dye from aqueous solutions. To identify the optimal conditions, key parameters (initial concentration, pH, adsorbent dosage, and time) were tuned with a Box-Behnken design, which is part of the response surface methodology (RSM). In each experiment, a predetermined quantity of adsorbent was introduced into a brilliant black dye solution, where the pH was carefully adjusted using 0.1 M HCl or 0.1 M NaOH. The prepared mixtures were stirred for a predetermined time at room temperature, then centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 min. The results indicated that hydroxyapatite has a stronger adsorption capacity for brilliant black dye in aqueous solutions than calcite. The maximum adsorption of Brilliant black dye was obtained at the following optimized conditions of 62 min contact time, pH=5, 20 mg/L concentration, 0.045 g dosage and the maximum adsorption capacities obtained at these conditions is 93.52 %. Isotherm studies showed that the adsorption process followed the Languir model, as it is a strong fit for the experimental data.

Keywords

Thanks

The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical support provided by the Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University (Baghdad, Iraq) and the Department of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al- Azhar University (Cairo, Egypt).The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical support provided by the Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University (Baghdad, Iraq) and the Department of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al- Azhar University (Cairo, Egypt).

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Non-Metal Chemistry

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Asmaa M. Abdullah
0009-0003-6763-8244
Iraq

Hasan Abd El-fattah
0000-0002-2552-7912
Egypt

Amr Eldeeb ^*
0000-0002-4460-9315
Egypt

Mohammed Z. Thani
0000-0003-0463-8928
Iraq

Publication Date

June 2, 2026

Submission Date

September 13, 2025

Acceptance Date

February 23, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 2026 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1782780

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA45DH76JS

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

M. Abdullah, A., Abd El-fattah, H., Eldeeb, A., & Thani, M. Z. (2026). Cost-effective and Eco-friendly Synthesis of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Based on Oyster Shells as Adsorbent for Brilliant Black Dye. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, 2026(2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1782780

AMA

1.M. Abdullah A, Abd El-fattah H, Eldeeb A, Thani MZ. Cost-effective and Eco-friendly Synthesis of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Based on Oyster Shells as Adsorbent for Brilliant Black Dye. JOTCSA. 2026;2026(2):1-14. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1782780

Chicago

M. Abdullah, Asmaa, Hasan Abd El-fattah, Amr Eldeeb, and Mohammed Z. Thani. 2026. “Cost-Effective and Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Based on Oyster Shells As Adsorbent for Brilliant Black Dye”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026 (2): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1782780.

EndNote

M. Abdullah A, Abd El-fattah H, Eldeeb A, Thani MZ (June 1, 2026) Cost-effective and Eco-friendly Synthesis of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Based on Oyster Shells as Adsorbent for Brilliant Black Dye. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026 2 1–14.

IEEE

[1]A. M. Abdullah, H. Abd El-fattah, A. Eldeeb, and M. Z. Thani, “Cost-effective and Eco-friendly Synthesis of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Based on Oyster Shells as Adsorbent for Brilliant Black Dye”, JOTCSA, vol. 2026, no. 2, pp. 1–14, June 2026, doi: 10.18596/jotcsa.1782780.

ISNAD

M. Abdullah, Asmaa - Abd El-fattah, Hasan - Eldeeb, Amr - Thani, Mohammed Z. “Cost-Effective and Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Based on Oyster Shells As Adsorbent for Brilliant Black Dye”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026/2 (June 1, 2026): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1782780.

JAMA

1.M. Abdullah A, Abd El-fattah H, Eldeeb A, Thani MZ. Cost-effective and Eco-friendly Synthesis of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Based on Oyster Shells as Adsorbent for Brilliant Black Dye. JOTCSA. 2026;2026:1–14.

MLA

M. Abdullah, Asmaa, et al. “Cost-Effective and Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Based on Oyster Shells As Adsorbent for Brilliant Black Dye”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, vol. 2026, no. 2, June 2026, pp. 1-14, doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1782780.

Vancouver

1.Asmaa M. Abdullah, Hasan Abd El-fattah, Amr Eldeeb, Mohammed Z. Thani. Cost-effective and Eco-friendly Synthesis of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Based on Oyster Shells as Adsorbent for Brilliant Black Dye. JOTCSA. 2026 Jun. 1;2026(2):1-14. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1782780