Toward a Chemistry-Guided Framework for Nd(III)/Dy(III) Separation: Integrating Hydrometallurgy, Ionic Liquids, and Deep Eutectic Solvents

Mehmet Pişkin; Mustafa Yagımlı

doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1940881

Toward a Chemistry-Guided Framework for Nd(III)/Dy(III) Separation: Integrating Hydrometallurgy, Ionic Liquids, and Deep Eutectic Solvents

Abstract

Rare earth elements (REEs), particularly neodymium (Nd) and dysprosium (Dy), are indispensable for permanent magnets, electric vehicles, wind energy technologies, and other advanced energy systems. However, the efficient separation of Nd(III) and Dy(III) remains one of the most persistent challenges in hydrometallurgy because of their closely similar physicochemical properties, strong hydration, and comparable coordination behavior, which fundamentally limit the selectivity of conventional solvent extraction processes. This review critically evaluates recent advances in sustainable Nd(III)/Dy(III) separation by integrating conventional hydrometallurgical principles with emerging green solvent systems, including ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs), particularly hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs). Particular emphasis is placed on the molecular mechanisms governing lanthanide separation, including hydration thermodynamics, interfacial dehydration, ion pairing, hydrogen-bond organization, solvent structuring, and coordination stabilization. Unlike conventional descriptive reviews that primarily summarize extraction efficiencies and solvent compositions, this review proposes a chemistry-guided conceptual framework that interprets Nd(III)/Dy(III) solvent extraction as a sequential and energetically coupled process involving hydration thermodynamics, interfacial dehydration, and coordination chemistry. By explicitly linking solvent structure and molecular-level interactions with macroscopic extraction performance, the proposed framework establishes a unified mechanistic basis for understanding and rationally designing selective Nd(III)/Dy(III) separation across conventional and emerging solvent systems. The review also identifies key knowledge gaps, particularly regarding interfacial energetics, transient coordination processes, solvent structuring effects, and predictive thermodynamic modeling. Finally, future research directions are discussed to support the rational design of environmentally sustainable, mechanism-driven rare-earth separation technologies and the efficient recovery of critical elements from secondary resources.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This work was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul Gedik University (Project No. GDK202411-27).

Project Number

Project No. GDK202411-27

Ethical Statement

This study is a review article and does not involve any experimental work with human participants or animals. No ethical approval was required for this study. The manuscript is based entirely on previously published data, which has been properly cited and referenced. The authors declare that there are no ethical concerns related to this work.

Thanks

This work was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul Gedik University. Project number “GDK202411-27”. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul Gedik University under Project No. GDK202411-27.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Separation Science, Solution Chemistry, Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetics, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, F-Block Chemistry, Inorganic Green Chemistry

Journal Section

Review

Authors

Mehmet Pişkin ^*
0000-0002-4572-4905
Türkiye

Mustafa Yagımlı
0000-0003-4113-8308
Türkiye

Publication Date

July 31, 2026

Submission Date

April 30, 2026

Acceptance Date

July 31, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 2026 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1940881

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA84DF58HA

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Pişkin, M., & Yagımlı, M. (2026). Toward a Chemistry-Guided Framework for Nd(III)/Dy(III) Separation: Integrating Hydrometallurgy, Ionic Liquids, and Deep Eutectic Solvents. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, 2026(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1940881

AMA

1.Pişkin M, Yagımlı M. Toward a Chemistry-Guided Framework for Nd(III)/Dy(III) Separation: Integrating Hydrometallurgy, Ionic Liquids, and Deep Eutectic Solvents. JOTCSA. 2026;2026(2):1-10. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1940881

Chicago

Pişkin, Mehmet, and Mustafa Yagımlı. 2026. “Toward a Chemistry-Guided Framework for Nd(III) Dy(III) Separation: Integrating Hydrometallurgy, Ionic Liquids, and Deep Eutectic Solvents”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026 (2): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1940881.

EndNote

Pişkin M, Yagımlı M (July 1, 2026) Toward a Chemistry-Guided Framework for Nd(III)/Dy(III) Separation: Integrating Hydrometallurgy, Ionic Liquids, and Deep Eutectic Solvents. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026 2 1–10.

IEEE

[1]M. Pişkin and M. Yagımlı, “Toward a Chemistry-Guided Framework for Nd(III)/Dy(III) Separation: Integrating Hydrometallurgy, Ionic Liquids, and Deep Eutectic Solvents”, JOTCSA, vol. 2026, no. 2, pp. 1–10, July 2026, doi: 10.18596/jotcsa.1940881.

ISNAD

Pişkin, Mehmet - Yagımlı, Mustafa. “Toward a Chemistry-Guided Framework for Nd(III) Dy(III) Separation: Integrating Hydrometallurgy, Ionic Liquids, and Deep Eutectic Solvents”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026/2 (July 1, 2026): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1940881.

JAMA

1.Pişkin M, Yagımlı M. Toward a Chemistry-Guided Framework for Nd(III)/Dy(III) Separation: Integrating Hydrometallurgy, Ionic Liquids, and Deep Eutectic Solvents. JOTCSA. 2026;2026:1–10.

MLA

Pişkin, Mehmet, and Mustafa Yagımlı. “Toward a Chemistry-Guided Framework for Nd(III) Dy(III) Separation: Integrating Hydrometallurgy, Ionic Liquids, and Deep Eutectic Solvents”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, vol. 2026, no. 2, July 2026, pp. 1-10, doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1940881.

Vancouver

1.Mehmet Pişkin, Mustafa Yagımlı. Toward a Chemistry-Guided Framework for Nd(III)/Dy(III) Separation: Integrating Hydrometallurgy, Ionic Liquids, and Deep Eutectic Solvents. JOTCSA. 2026 Jul. 1;2026(2):1-10. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1940881

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Authors, editors, and reviewers must disclose any financial, professional, or personal relationships that could influence the objectivity of the publication process.

Authors should include a Conflict of Interest Statement in their manuscripts. If no conflicts exist, authors should state:

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Editors and reviewers with conflicts of interest will not participate in the editorial or peer-review process for the affected manuscript.

8. Plagiarism and Similarity Checks

All submitted manuscripts undergo similarity screening using plagiarism detection software before peer review.

Similarity reports are evaluated by the editorial team. A similarity score alone does not determine editorial decisions; editors assess the nature, extent, and context of any textual overlap.

Manuscripts containing plagiarism, duplicate publication, manipulated images, or other forms of publication misconduct will be rejected or, if already published, handled according to COPE recommendations.

9. Corrections, Retractions and Expressions of Concern

The journal follows COPE recommendations for post-publication corrections.

Corrections may be published when errors affecting the accuracy or clarity of a published article are identified.

Retractions are issued when findings are shown to be unreliable due to major errors or research misconduct, including fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, duplicate publication, or unethical research.

Expressions of Concern may be published when serious concerns arise regarding a published article but conclusive evidence is not yet available.

All corrections, retractions, and editorial notices are permanently linked to the original article to maintain the integrity of the scholarly record.

10. Copyright & Licensing

Authors retain copyright of their published work.

Articles published in JOTCSA are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.

This license permits users to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for non-commercial purposes, provided appropriate credit is given to the original authors and source, no modifications are made, and the license terms are respected.

Editor-in-Chief

Hasan KÜÇÜKBAY

Organic Chemistry

Section Editor: Analytical Chemistry

F. Zehra KÜÇÜKBAY

Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Spectrometry, Instrumental Methods, Separation Science

Section Editor: Biochemistry

ST

Sevim TUNALI

Medicinal and Biomolecular Chemistry (Other)

Simla OLĞAÇ

Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine

Section Editor: Computational Chemistry

Fatih Mehmet AVCU

Deep Learning, Supervised Learning, Machine Learning Algorithms, Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Spectrometry, Theoretical and Computational Chemistry

Houssem BOULEBD

Organic Chemical Synthesis, Free Radical Chemistry, Computational Chemistry

Tugba TAŞKIN TOK

Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bioinorganic Chemistry, Nanochemistry, Organic Chemistry, Natural Products and Bioactive Compounds, Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (Other), Medicinal and Biomolecular Chemistry, Biomolecular Modelling and Design

Section Editor: Crystallography

Sibel Demir KANMAZALP

Molecular Docking, Crystallography, Physical Organic Chemistry, Computational Chemistry, Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (Other)

Section Editor: Electrochemistry

Yücel KADIOGLU

Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Spectrometry, Instrumental Methods, Metabolomic Chemistry

Section Editor: Food Chemistry

Özge SÜFER

Food Sciences, Food Chemistry and Food Sensory Science, Grain Technology, Drying Technologies, Basic Food Processes

Section Editor: Forensic Chemistry

Orhan DESTANOĞLU

Analytical Spectrometry, Instrumental Methods, Quality Assurance, Chemometrics, Traceability and Metrological Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry (Other), Forensic Chemistry

Section Editor: Inorganic Chemistry

Dursun Ali KÖSE

Chemical Sciences, Inorganic Chemistry, Non-Metal Chemistry, Main Group Metal Chemistry, Bioinorganic Chemistry, F-Block Chemistry, Transition Metal Chemistry, Inorganic Green Chemistry, Solid State Chemistry, Crystallography, Metal Cluster Chemistry, Metal Organic Frameworks, Inorganic Chemistry (Other), Forensic Chemistry, Water Treatment Processes

Altuğ Mert SEVIM

Catalysis and Mechanisms of Reactions, Inorganic Chemistry, Transition Metal Chemistry, Inorganic Materials, Photovoltaic Devices (Solar Cells), Solar Energy Systems

Section Editor: Organic Chemistry

Davit JISHKARIANI

Nanochemistry, Supramolecular Chemistry, Organic Chemical Synthesis, Materials Science and Technologies

FC

Fabrizio CARTA

Characterisation of Biological Macromolecules, Biologically Active Molecules, Medicinal and Biomolecular Chemistry (Other), Health Sciences

Melike KALKAN

Analytical Spectrometry, Catalysis and Mechanisms of Reactions, Organic Chemistry

Hasan KÜÇÜKBAY

Organic Chemistry

Section Editor: Pharmaceutical chemistry

Anıl YILMAZ

Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Natural Products and Bioactive Compounds, Organic Chemical Synthesis, Medicinal and Biomolecular Chemistry (Other)

Manisha PATIL

Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Section Editor: Photochemistry

Baybars KÖKSOY

Photochemistry, Organic Chemistry

Mücahit ÖZDEMIR

Chemical Sciences, Inorganic Chemistry (Other)

Section Editor: Physical Chemistry

Sinem GOKTURK

Chemical Sciences, Analytical Spectrometry, Physical Chemistry, Solution Chemistry, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Reaction Kinetics and Dynamics, Physical Chemistry (Other)