Review

Electrochemical Determination of Tricyclic Antidepressants: Mechanisms, Sensor Technologies, and Analytical Trends

Volume: 2026 Number: 2 July 31, 2026

Electrochemical Determination of Tricyclic Antidepressants: Mechanisms, Sensor Technologies, and Analytical Trends

Abstract

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) constitute an important class of psychotropic drugs widely prescribed for major depressive and anxiety disorders. Owing to their narrow therapeutic range and significant toxicity at elevated plasma concentrations, the precise quantification of TCAs in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids is essential for therapeutic drug monitoring. Spanning the period from the first electrochemical reports in 1984 to the most recent developments in 2025, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the electrochemical behavior of TCAs, emphasizing structure–reactivity relationships, oxidation mechanisms, and the evolution of electrode materials used for their voltammetric detection. Particular attention is given to advances in noble-metal, carbon-based, polymer-modified, nanocomposite, molecularly imprinted, and biofunctionalized electrodes, as well as emerging hybrid biosensing and microextraction-voltammetry platforms. The review further examines analytical performance relative to conventional techniques and highlights applications in pharmaceutical and biological matrices. Additionally, miniaturization, biocompatibility integration, sustainable sensor design, and machine learning-enhanced voltammetric data analysis have been explored to establish a roadmap for the future clinical translation of the TCA's electrochemical detection approach.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Electroanalytical Chemistry

Journal Section

Review

Publication Date

July 31, 2026

Submission Date

May 6, 2026

Acceptance Date

June 30, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 2026 Number: 2

APA
Mollahasanoğlu, E., & Ağın, F. (2026). Electrochemical Determination of Tricyclic Antidepressants: Mechanisms, Sensor Technologies, and Analytical Trends. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, 2026(2), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1945759
AMA
1.Mollahasanoğlu E, Ağın F. Electrochemical Determination of Tricyclic Antidepressants: Mechanisms, Sensor Technologies, and Analytical Trends. JOTCSA. 2026;2026(2):1-16. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1945759
Chicago
Mollahasanoğlu, Elif, and Fatma Ağın. 2026. “Electrochemical Determination of Tricyclic Antidepressants: Mechanisms, Sensor Technologies, and Analytical Trends”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026 (2): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1945759.
EndNote
Mollahasanoğlu E, Ağın F (July 1, 2026) Electrochemical Determination of Tricyclic Antidepressants: Mechanisms, Sensor Technologies, and Analytical Trends. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026 2 1–16.
IEEE
[1]E. Mollahasanoğlu and F. Ağın, “Electrochemical Determination of Tricyclic Antidepressants: Mechanisms, Sensor Technologies, and Analytical Trends”, JOTCSA, vol. 2026, no. 2, pp. 1–16, July 2026, doi: 10.18596/jotcsa.1945759.
ISNAD
Mollahasanoğlu, Elif - Ağın, Fatma. “Electrochemical Determination of Tricyclic Antidepressants: Mechanisms, Sensor Technologies, and Analytical Trends”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026/2 (July 1, 2026): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1945759.
JAMA
1.Mollahasanoğlu E, Ağın F. Electrochemical Determination of Tricyclic Antidepressants: Mechanisms, Sensor Technologies, and Analytical Trends. JOTCSA. 2026;2026:1–16.
MLA
Mollahasanoğlu, Elif, and Fatma Ağın. “Electrochemical Determination of Tricyclic Antidepressants: Mechanisms, Sensor Technologies, and Analytical Trends”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, vol. 2026, no. 2, July 2026, pp. 1-16, doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1945759.
Vancouver
1.Elif Mollahasanoğlu, Fatma Ağın. Electrochemical Determination of Tricyclic Antidepressants: Mechanisms, Sensor Technologies, and Analytical Trends. JOTCSA. 2026 Jul. 1;2026(2):1-16. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1945759