Kamu Maliyesi Perspektifinden İklim Finansmanı: Küresel Yük Paylaşımı ve Mali Adalet

Abstract

İklim değişikliğiyle mücadele, yüksek finansman gereksinimi nedeniyle önemli bir küresel politika sorunudur. Temel tartışma, bu yükün ülkeler arasında nasıl paylaşılacağıdır. Mevcut sistemin gönüllü katkılara dayanması, adil yük paylaşımı sorununu gündemde tutmaktadır. Bu çalışma, küresel iklim finansmanını kamu maliyesi çerçevesinde incelemekte ve tarihsel sorumluluk, ekonomik kapasite ve iklim kırılganlığı olmak üzere üç temel kriteri bütünleştiren hibrit bir katkı modeli oluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmada senaryo analizi yöntemi kullanılarak söz konusu kriterlere verilen farklı normatif ağırlıkların ülkelerin göreli katkı konumlarını nasıl etkilediği değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışmada farklı ekonomik ve iklim özelliklerini temsil eden Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Çin, Türkiye ve Bangladeş örnek ülkeleri üzerinden ampirik bir uygulama yapılmıştır. Bulgular, tarihsel olarak yüksek emisyonlara sahip gelişmiş ekonomilerin tüm senaryolarda net katkı sağlayıcı konumda olduğunu, buna karşılık düşük emisyonlu ve yüksek kırılganlığa sahip ülkelerin iklim finansmanının potansiyel yararlanıcıları olarak ortaya çıktığını göstermektedir. Türkiye gibi orta gelirli ekonomiler ise kriterlere verilen ağırlıklara bağlı olarak değişebilen ara bir konumda yer almaktadır.

Keywords

• İklim finansmanı
• kamu maliyesi
• yük paylaşımı
• tarihsel sorumluluk
• iklim kırılganlığı

Climate Finance from a Public Finance Perspective: Global Burden Sharing and Fiscal Justice

Abstract

Climate change mitigation represents a major global policy challenge due to its high financing requirements. The central debate concerns how this financial burden should be shared among countries. The current system’s reliance on voluntary contributions keeps the issue of equitable burden sharing on the agenda. This study examines global climate finance within a public finance framework and aims to develop a hybrid contribution model that integrates three key criteria: historical responsibility, economic capacity, and climate vulnerability. Using a scenario analysis approach, the study evaluates how different normative weightings assigned to these criteria affect countries’ relative contribution positions. An empirical illustration is conducted using representative countries with diverse economic and climate characteristics, including the United States, China, Türkiye, and Bangladesh. The findings indicate that large economies with high historical emissions consistently appear as net contributors across all scenarios, while countries with low emissions and high climate vulnerability emerge as potential beneficiaries of climate finance mechanisms. Middle-income economies such as Türkiye occupy an intermediate position in which contribution status varies depending on the weighting assigned to responsibility, capacity, and vulnerability.

Keywords

• Climate finance
• public finance
• burden sharing
• historical responsibility
• climate vulnerability

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