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Examining the Health Experiences of Women Working in Flexible Production During the Pandemic Process: A Qualitative Study

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 52 - 63, 01.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.54061/jphn.1140420

Abstract

Objective: This study examine the health status of women in the flexible production process during the pandemic period.
Material and Method: In this study, the qualitative research method was preferred. Maximum variation, sampling method, was used to determine the study group. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview form with the in-depth interview technique and the interviews lasted for 15-20 minutes. Content analysis was used in the research. The study was carried out with 15 people until data repetition occurred.
Results: In the research, the category was determined and the categories are as follows: Changes in women's working life before and after the pandemic, economic problems during remote working, housework during the pandemic, being affected by the care of the elderly and children, the barriers of being a woman in business life during the pandemic and gender equality in business life before and after the pandemic.
Conclusion and Recommendations: It has been determined that women pay attention to protection measures during the pandemic period. It was found that women were tired and stressed due to housework and childcare, lost income due to full closure during the pandemic period, exposed to double standards in their workplaces. It is recommended that future research, including men, compare perceptions during the pandemic.

References

  • American Psychological Association. (2020, November 23). Women & Socioeconomic Status. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/women
  • Boca, Daniela, Noemi Oggero, Paola Profeta, and Maria Christina Rossi. (2021, June ). Did COVID-19 Affect The Division of Labor Within The Household? Evidence From Two Waves of The Pandemic in Italy. https://www.iza.org/en/publications/dp/14453/did-covid-19-affect-the-division-of-labor-within-the-household-evidence-from-two-waves-of-the-pandemic-in-italy
  • Başaran, M., & Aksoy, A. B. (2020). Parents' views on the family lives ın the corona-virus (COVID-19) outbreak process. The Journal of International Social Research, 13(71), 668–678.
  • Blundell, R., Costa Dias, M., Joyce, R., & Xu, X. (2020). COVID-19 and Inequalities. Fiscal Studies, 41(2), 291–319. Bosman, S. K. (2021). Working from home during a pandemic and its effect on gender equality: Work-family conflict and work-family guilt among working parents. [Unpublished Master's thesis]. University Utrecht, Netherlands.
  • Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920.
  • Chynoweth, S. K., Amsalu, R., Casey, S. E., & McGinn, T. (2018). Implementing sexual and reproductive health care in humanitarian crises. The Lancet, 391(10132), 1770–1771.
  • Conley, H., & Jenkins, S. (2011). Still “a good job for a woman”? Women teachers’ experiences of modernization in England and Wales. Gender, Work and Organization, 18(5), 488–507.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. SAGE Publications.
  • Göl-Güven, M., Alvan, G., Erbil, F., Özgünlü, M., Şeker, V. ve Uzunkök, B. (2020, Temmuz 16). Covid-19 pandemisinin aile yaşantısına yansımaları (Covid-19 Aile) rapor-1. https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/7cc36312-26f1-4303-a5b4-0d1598c91028/Covid19%20Aile%20Rapor1%20.pdf
  • Graneheim, U. H., & Lundman, B. (2004). Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: Concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Education Today, 24(2), 105–112.
  • Hammonds, C., Tomaskovic-devey, D., & Kerrissey, J. (2020). Stressed, Unsafe, and Insecure: Essential Workers Need A New, New Deal. UMass Amherst Labor Center.
  • Huang, L., Lei, W., Xu, F., Liu, H., & Yu, L. (2020). Emotional responses and coping strategies in nurses and nursing students during COVID-19 outbreak: A comparative study. PLoS ONE, 15(8 August), 1–12.
  • Kalateh Sadati, A., Zarei, L., Shahabi, S., Heydari, S. T., Taheri, V., Jiriaei, R., Ebrahimzade, N., & Lankarani, K. B. (2020). Nursing experiences of COVID-19 outbreak in Iran: A qualitative study. Nursing Open, 8(1), 72-79.
  • Karimi, Z., Feredouni, Z., Behnammoghadam, M., Alimohammadi, N., Mousavizadeh, A., Salehi, T., Mirzaee, M. S., & Mirzaee, S. (2020). The lived experience of nurses caring for patients with COVID-19 in Iran : A phenomenological study. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 13, 1271–1278.
  • Kaur, T., & Sharma, P. (2020). A study on working women and work from home amid coronavirus pandemic. Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, XII(V), 1400-1408.
  • Li, G., Tang, D., Song, B., Wang, C., Qunshan, S., Xu, C., Geng, H., Wu, H., He, X., & Cao, Y. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on partner relationships and sexual and reproductive health: Cross-sectional, online survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(8), 1–7.
  • Moreau, M. P., Osgood, J., & Halsall, A. (2008). Equal opportunities policies in english schools: Towards greater gender equality in the teaching workforce? Gender, Work and Organization, 15(6), 553–578.
  • Pasay-an, E. (2020). Exploring the vulnerability of frontline nurses to COVID-19 and its impact on perceived stress. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 15(5), 404.
  • Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. SAGE Publications. Plan International. (2021, March 18). How will COVID-19 affect girls and young women? Plan International. https://plan-international.org/emergencies/covid-19-faqs-girls-women
  • Ray, E. C., Perko, A., Oehme, K., Arpan, L., Clark, J., & Bradley, L. (2021). Freshmen anxiety and COVID-19: Practical implications from an online intervention for supporting students affected by health inequities. Journal of American College Health, 27, 1-10.
  • Reichelt, M., Makovi, K., & Sargsyan, A. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on gender inequality in the labor market and gender-role attitudes. European Societies, 23(1), 228-245.
  • Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., & Jinks, C. (2018). Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality & Quantity, 52(4), 1893–1907.
  • Sunar, D., & Fişek, G. O. (2005). Contemporary Turkish Families. Allyn & Bacon/Pearson.
  • Tan, P. L., & Lim, J. (2021, September 8). Changes In Working Women’s Self-Reported Levels of Stress, Fatigue, and Quality of Interpersonal Relationships During COVID-19: A Comparison of Essential and Non-Essential Workers in Singapore. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3775313
  • United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commisioner. (2021, March 18). UN Human Rights. No exceptions with COVID-19: Everyone has the right to life-saving interventions. United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commisioner. https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25746&LangID=E
  • Vicari, B., Zoch, G., & Bächmann, A. C. (2022). Childcare, work or worries? What explains the decline in parents' well-being at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany?. Journal of Family Research, 34(1), 310-332.
  • Wenham, C., Smith, J., & Morgan, R. (2020). COVID-19: The gendered impacts of the outbreak. The Lancet, 395(10227), 846–848.
  • World Trade Organization. (2020, August 3). The Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Women in Vulnerable Sectors and Economies. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/info_note_covid_05aug20_e.pdf
  • Wu, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, P., Zhang, L., Wang, G., Lei, G., Xiao, Q., Cao, X., Bian, Y., Xie, S., Huang, F., Luo, N., Zhang, J., & Luo, M. (2020). Psychological stress of medical staffs during outbreak of COVID-19 and adjustment strategy. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(10), 1962–1970.
  • Xiao, H., Zhang, Y., Kong, D., Li, S., & Yang, N. (2020). The effects of social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) in January and February 2020 in China. Medical Science Monitor, 26, 1–8.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Zamarro, G., Perez-Arce, F., & Prados, M. J. (July, 16, 2021). Gender Differences in the Impact of COVID-19. https://tinyurl.com/CESRGenderDiffs

Pandemi Sürecinde Esnek Üretimde Çalışan Kadınların Sağlık Deneyimlerinin İncelenmesi: Nitel Bir Çalışma

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 52 - 63, 01.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.54061/jphn.1140420

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışma da pandemi döneminde esnek üretim sürecinde ki kadınların sağlık durumları incelenmiştir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu araştırmada nitel araştırma yönteminin tercih edilmiştir. Çalışma grubunun belirlenmesi için maksimum çeşitlilik örneklem yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Veriler, derinlemesine görüşme tekniğiyle yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılarak toplanmış ve görüşmeler 15-20 dakika sürmüştür. Araştırmada içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma, veri tekrarı oluşuncaya kadar 15 kişi ile yürütülmüştür.
Bulgular: Araştırmada kategori belirlenmiş olup kategoriler şu şekildedir: Pandemi öncesi ve sonrası kadınların çalışma hayatındaki değişimler, evden çalışma süresince ekonomik olarak yaşanan sorunlar, pandemi döneminde ev işleri, yaşlı ve çocuk bakımından etkilenme, pandemi döneminde kadın olmanın iş hayatındaki engelleri ve pandemi öncesi ve sonrası dönemde iş hayatında cinsiyet eşitliğidir.
Sonuç ve Öneriler: Kadınların pandemi döneminde korunma önlemine dikkat ettikleri, ev işleri, çocuk bakımına bağlı olarak yoruldukları ve stres yaşadıkları, pandemi döneminde tam kapanmaya bağlı olarak gelir kaybı yaşadıkları, iş yerlerinde çifte standarda maruz kaldıkları bulunmuştur. Gelecekte planlanan araştırmaların erkekleri de kapsayarak pandemi sırasındaki algıları karşılaştırması önerilmektedir

References

  • American Psychological Association. (2020, November 23). Women & Socioeconomic Status. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/women
  • Boca, Daniela, Noemi Oggero, Paola Profeta, and Maria Christina Rossi. (2021, June ). Did COVID-19 Affect The Division of Labor Within The Household? Evidence From Two Waves of The Pandemic in Italy. https://www.iza.org/en/publications/dp/14453/did-covid-19-affect-the-division-of-labor-within-the-household-evidence-from-two-waves-of-the-pandemic-in-italy
  • Başaran, M., & Aksoy, A. B. (2020). Parents' views on the family lives ın the corona-virus (COVID-19) outbreak process. The Journal of International Social Research, 13(71), 668–678.
  • Blundell, R., Costa Dias, M., Joyce, R., & Xu, X. (2020). COVID-19 and Inequalities. Fiscal Studies, 41(2), 291–319. Bosman, S. K. (2021). Working from home during a pandemic and its effect on gender equality: Work-family conflict and work-family guilt among working parents. [Unpublished Master's thesis]. University Utrecht, Netherlands.
  • Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920.
  • Chynoweth, S. K., Amsalu, R., Casey, S. E., & McGinn, T. (2018). Implementing sexual and reproductive health care in humanitarian crises. The Lancet, 391(10132), 1770–1771.
  • Conley, H., & Jenkins, S. (2011). Still “a good job for a woman”? Women teachers’ experiences of modernization in England and Wales. Gender, Work and Organization, 18(5), 488–507.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. SAGE Publications.
  • Göl-Güven, M., Alvan, G., Erbil, F., Özgünlü, M., Şeker, V. ve Uzunkök, B. (2020, Temmuz 16). Covid-19 pandemisinin aile yaşantısına yansımaları (Covid-19 Aile) rapor-1. https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/7cc36312-26f1-4303-a5b4-0d1598c91028/Covid19%20Aile%20Rapor1%20.pdf
  • Graneheim, U. H., & Lundman, B. (2004). Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: Concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Education Today, 24(2), 105–112.
  • Hammonds, C., Tomaskovic-devey, D., & Kerrissey, J. (2020). Stressed, Unsafe, and Insecure: Essential Workers Need A New, New Deal. UMass Amherst Labor Center.
  • Huang, L., Lei, W., Xu, F., Liu, H., & Yu, L. (2020). Emotional responses and coping strategies in nurses and nursing students during COVID-19 outbreak: A comparative study. PLoS ONE, 15(8 August), 1–12.
  • Kalateh Sadati, A., Zarei, L., Shahabi, S., Heydari, S. T., Taheri, V., Jiriaei, R., Ebrahimzade, N., & Lankarani, K. B. (2020). Nursing experiences of COVID-19 outbreak in Iran: A qualitative study. Nursing Open, 8(1), 72-79.
  • Karimi, Z., Feredouni, Z., Behnammoghadam, M., Alimohammadi, N., Mousavizadeh, A., Salehi, T., Mirzaee, M. S., & Mirzaee, S. (2020). The lived experience of nurses caring for patients with COVID-19 in Iran : A phenomenological study. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 13, 1271–1278.
  • Kaur, T., & Sharma, P. (2020). A study on working women and work from home amid coronavirus pandemic. Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, XII(V), 1400-1408.
  • Li, G., Tang, D., Song, B., Wang, C., Qunshan, S., Xu, C., Geng, H., Wu, H., He, X., & Cao, Y. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on partner relationships and sexual and reproductive health: Cross-sectional, online survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(8), 1–7.
  • Moreau, M. P., Osgood, J., & Halsall, A. (2008). Equal opportunities policies in english schools: Towards greater gender equality in the teaching workforce? Gender, Work and Organization, 15(6), 553–578.
  • Pasay-an, E. (2020). Exploring the vulnerability of frontline nurses to COVID-19 and its impact on perceived stress. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 15(5), 404.
  • Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. SAGE Publications. Plan International. (2021, March 18). How will COVID-19 affect girls and young women? Plan International. https://plan-international.org/emergencies/covid-19-faqs-girls-women
  • Ray, E. C., Perko, A., Oehme, K., Arpan, L., Clark, J., & Bradley, L. (2021). Freshmen anxiety and COVID-19: Practical implications from an online intervention for supporting students affected by health inequities. Journal of American College Health, 27, 1-10.
  • Reichelt, M., Makovi, K., & Sargsyan, A. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on gender inequality in the labor market and gender-role attitudes. European Societies, 23(1), 228-245.
  • Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., & Jinks, C. (2018). Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality & Quantity, 52(4), 1893–1907.
  • Sunar, D., & Fişek, G. O. (2005). Contemporary Turkish Families. Allyn & Bacon/Pearson.
  • Tan, P. L., & Lim, J. (2021, September 8). Changes In Working Women’s Self-Reported Levels of Stress, Fatigue, and Quality of Interpersonal Relationships During COVID-19: A Comparison of Essential and Non-Essential Workers in Singapore. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3775313
  • United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commisioner. (2021, March 18). UN Human Rights. No exceptions with COVID-19: Everyone has the right to life-saving interventions. United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commisioner. https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25746&LangID=E
  • Vicari, B., Zoch, G., & Bächmann, A. C. (2022). Childcare, work or worries? What explains the decline in parents' well-being at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany?. Journal of Family Research, 34(1), 310-332.
  • Wenham, C., Smith, J., & Morgan, R. (2020). COVID-19: The gendered impacts of the outbreak. The Lancet, 395(10227), 846–848.
  • World Trade Organization. (2020, August 3). The Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Women in Vulnerable Sectors and Economies. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/info_note_covid_05aug20_e.pdf
  • Wu, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, P., Zhang, L., Wang, G., Lei, G., Xiao, Q., Cao, X., Bian, Y., Xie, S., Huang, F., Luo, N., Zhang, J., & Luo, M. (2020). Psychological stress of medical staffs during outbreak of COVID-19 and adjustment strategy. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(10), 1962–1970.
  • Xiao, H., Zhang, Y., Kong, D., Li, S., & Yang, N. (2020). The effects of social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) in January and February 2020 in China. Medical Science Monitor, 26, 1–8.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Zamarro, G., Perez-Arce, F., & Prados, M. J. (July, 16, 2021). Gender Differences in the Impact of COVID-19. https://tinyurl.com/CESRGenderDiffs
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Public Health, Environmental Health
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mümin Savaş 0000-0001-9240-7833

Özkan Zanco 0000-0002-3392-3552

Ömer Ödek 0000-0002-6704-8178

Handan Zincir 0000-0002-1722-4647

Early Pub Date March 29, 2023
Publication Date April 1, 2023
Submission Date July 4, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Savaş, M., Zanco, Ö., Ödek, Ö., Zincir, H. (2023). Examining the Health Experiences of Women Working in Flexible Production During the Pandemic Process: A Qualitative Study. Halk Sağlığı Hemşireliği Dergisi, 5(1), 52-63. https://doi.org/10.54061/jphn.1140420