Bir Hindi Sürüsünde Eş Zamanlı Koligranülomatozis ve Marek Hastalığı Üzerine Patolojik ve İmmunohistokimyasal İncelemeler

Abstract

Kanatlılarda hepatik granülomlara neden olan Koligranülomatozis ve önemli neoplastik hastalıklarından biri olan Marek, hindilerde nadiren salgınlara neden olan hastalıklardır. Bu çalışmada Konya bölgesinde ticari bir hindi işletmesinde ölen hindilerin post-mortem, histopatolojik, mikrobiyolojik ve immunohistokimyasal incelemeleri ışığında etiyolojik tanıları yapılmıştır. Post-mortem muayenede karaciğerde parankime yayılan çok sayıda 3-10 mm çapında gri-beyaz renkli odaklara rastlanıldı. Bağırsakların tüm sekmenlerinde mukuslu eksudat ve hiperemi belirlendi. Mikroskobik muayene için tüm dokular Hematoksilen-Eozin, seçilen bazı karaciğer dokuları ise Periodic acid-Schiff, Ziehl-Neelsen ve Giemsa ile boyandı. Karaciğerde, ortalarında eizonofilik bir nekrotik kitle bulunan tipik piyogranülom yapıları belirlendi. Ayrıca karaciğer, dalak ve bağırsaklarda (jejenum ve sekum) pleomorfik histiyosit ve lenfoid hücrelerin oluşturduğu tümör odakları gözlendi. Seçilen karaciğer ve bağırsak kesitlerine Marek hastalığı virüsüne spesifik primer antikorla yapılan immunohistokimyasal boyamalarda tümör hücrelerinde pozitif reaksiyon elde edildi. Ayrıca karaciğerde lezyonlu bölgelerden alınan swap ve örneklerde mikrobiyolojik ekim sonucu Escherichia coli izolasyonu gerçekleştirildi. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda, hindilerde hepatik granülomlara neden olabilecek diğer etiyolojik ajanlar da dışlanarak, bu hindi sürüsünde eş zamanlı olarak seyreden koligranülomatozis ve Marek hastalığı teşhisi konuldu. Bu hastalıkların birbiri ile etkileşim gösterebileceği ve iki hastalığın aynı anda gözlendiği olgularda ölüm vakalarının artabileceği sonucuna varıldı.

Keywords

• Koligranüloma (Hjarre’s hastalığı)
• Histopatoloji
• İmmunohistokimya
• Marek hastalığı
• Hindi

Pathological and Immunohistochemical Examinations on Co-Infection with Coligranulomatosis and Marek's Disease in a Turkey Flock

Abstract

Coligranulomatosis, which induces hepatic granulomas, and Marek's disease, one of the important neoplastic diseases in poultry, rarely causes outbreaks in turkeys. In this study, etiological diagnoses were performed in the light of post-mortem, histopathological, microbiological, and immunohistochemistry studies of turkeys that died in a commercial establishment in the region of Konya. In the post-mortem examination, many grey-white foci with a diameter of 3-10 mm, which sometimes spread from serosa to the parenchyma, were found in the liver. Mucous exudate and hyperemia were detected in all segments of the intestine. For microscopic examination, all tissues were stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin and some selected liver tissues with Periodic Acid-Schiff, Ziehl-Neelsen, and Giemsa. Typical structures of pyogranulomas with an eosinophilic necrotic core in the liver were identified. Tumor foci formed by pleomorphic histiocyte and lymphoid cells were also observed in the liver, spleen, and intestines (jejunum and cecum). In the selected liver and intestinal sections, a positive reaction was obtained in tumor cells in immunohistochemical staining with the primary antibody specific for Marek's disease virus. In addition, Escherichia coli isolation was performed microbiologically in swaps and samples taken from lesioned areas of the liver. As a result of the examinations, other etiological agents that may cause hepatic granulomas in the turkeys were excluded, and coligranulomatosis and Marek's disease were diagnosed simultaneously in this turkey flock. It was concluded that in cases in which these two diseases are observed simultaneously, the diseases might interact with each other, and casualties may increase.

Keywords

• Coligranuloma (Hjarre’s disease)
• histopathology
• immunohistochemistry
• Marek’s disease
• turkey

References

1. Barnes HJ NL., Vaillancourt JP., 2008. Colibacillosis. In: Saif YM FA, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Barnes HJ, Swayne DE, editor. Diseases of poultry, Iowa State University Press, Ames. . p. 691- 732.
2. Biggs PM., Nair V., 2012. The long view: 40 years of Marek's disease research and Avian Pathology. Avian Pathol, 41, 1, 3-9.
3. Blake-Dyke C., Baigent S., 2013. Marek's disease in commercial turkey flocks. Vet Rec, 173, 15, 376.
4. Calnek BW., Ubertini T., Adldinger HK., 1970. Viral antigen, virus particles, and infectivity of tissues from chickens with Marek's disease. J Natl Cancer Inst, 45, 2, 341-51.
5. Chauhan R., 2003. Bacterial diseases. Illustrated Special Veterinary Pathology International Book Distribution Co, UP, India.
6. Clarke LL., Beckstead RB., Hayes JR., et al., 2017. Pathologic and molecular characterization of histomoniasis in peafowl ( Pavo cristatus). J Vet Diagn Invest, 29, 2, 237-41.
7. Coles BH., 1985: Avian medicine and surgery, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
8. Davidson I., Malkinson M., Weisman Y., 2002. Marek's Disease in Turkeys. I. A Seven-Year Survey of Commercial Flocks and Experimental Infection Using Two Field Isolates. Avian Diseases, 46, 2, 314-21.

9. Deuchande R., Murphy A., Otter A., et al., 2012. Marek's disease in turkeys. The Veterinary record, 171, 602-.
10. Elmubarak AK., J. M. Sharma., R. L. Witter., K. Nazerian., and V. L. Sanger., 1981. Induction of lymphomas and tumor antigen by Marek’s disease virus in turkeys. Avian Diseases, 25, 911-26.
11. Friedhoff KT., Kuhnigk C., Müller I., 1991. Experimental infections in chickens withChilomastix gallinarum, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum, andTritrichomonas eberthi. Parasitology Research, 77, 4, 329-34.
12. Hamilton C., Conrad R., 1958. Extreme mortality in Hjarre's disease (Co-ligranuloma) in chickens. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 132, 2, 84.
13. Haridy M., Goryo M., Sasaki J., et al., 2009. Pathological and immunohistochemical study of chickens with co-infection of Marek's disease virus and chicken anaemia virus. Avian Pathology, 38, 6, 469-83.
14. Hjarre A., Wramby G., 1945. Undersokninger over en med specifika granulom forlopande honssjukdom orsakad av mukoida kolibacterier (koligranuloma). Skand Veterinartidskr, 35, 449-505.
15. Hughes K., Archer J., Constantino-Casas F., et al., 2016. Diagnostic investigation of Marek's disease in a turkey. Veterinary Record Case Reports, 4, 1, e000291.
16. Islam M., Fatema B., Faruk M., 2007. Hjarreâ s disease in chickens: clinical, pathological, microbiological and therapeutic findings. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 49-53.
17. Kemp RL., Reid WM., 1966. Staining Techniques for Differential Diagnosis of Histomoniasis and Mycosis in Domestic Poultry. Avian Diseases, 10, 3, 357-63.
18. Köküuslu C. Öİ., 1975. Evcil kanatlılarda gördüğümüz tümör çeşitleri. AÜ Vet Fak Derg, 22, 41-9.
19. Landman WJ., Molenaar RJ., Cian A., et al., 2016. Granuloma disease in flocks of productive layers caused by Tetratrichomonas gallinarum. Avian Pathol, 45, 4, 465-77.
20. Landman WJM., van Eck JHH., 2017. Coligranulomatosis (Hjarre and Wramby's disease) reconsidered. Avian Pathol, 46, 3, 237-41.
21. Liebhart D., Neale S., Garcia-Rueda C., et al., 2014. A single strain of Tetratrichomonas gallinarum causes fatal typhlohepatitis in red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) to be distinguished from histomonosis. Avian Pathol, 43, 5, 473-80.
22. Liebhart D., Hess M., 2018. Do we really need to reconsider coligranulomatosis (Hjärre and Wramby’s disease) in poultry? Avian Pathology, 47, 3, 225-6.
23. Luna LG., 1968. Routine Staining Prosedures. Manual of histologic staining methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. 3.ed ed. McGaw-Hill Book Company, United States of America. p. 32-44.
24. Nair V., Gimeno I., Dunn J., et al., 2020. Neoplastic Diseases. In: Swayne DE, editor. Diseases of poultry. John Wiley & Sons, USA. p. 548-715.
25. Nolan LK., Vaillancourt JP., Barbieri NL., et al., 2020. Colibacillosis. In: Swayne DE, editor. Diseases of Poultry. 1. John Wiley & Sons, USA. p. 770-830.
26. Noori M., Gharagozloo Mj., Azarabad H., 2011. Lymphoid Leucosis and Coligranoluma in a Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 5, 1, 5-8.
27. Pattison M., McMullin P., Bradbury JM., et al., 2008. Poultry diseases, Elsevier Health Sciences.
28. Patton CS., Patton S., 1996. Tetratrichomonas gallinarum encephalitis in a mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos). J Vet Diagn Invest, 8, 1, 133-7.
29. Paul PS., Sautter JH., Pomeroy BS., 1977. Susceptibility of turkeys to Georgia strain of Marek's disease virus of chicken origin. Am J Vet Res, 38, 10, 1653-6.
30. Pennycott TW., Venugopal K., 2002. Outbreak of Marek's disease in a flock of turkeys in Scotland. Vet Rec, 150, 9, 277-9.
31. Powell PC., Howes K., Lawn AM., et al., 1984. Marek's disease in turkeys: the induction of lesions and the establishment of lymphoid cell lines. Avian Pathol, 13, 2, 201-14.
32. Rahimi M., Siavash Haghighi ZM., 2014. An outbreak of visceral coligranuloma in a backyard chicken flock. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 23, 2, 381-4.
33. Ramesh G., Srinivas B., Mahesh B., et al., 2018. Occurrence of Hjarre’s disease (Coligranuloma) in adult layer chicken.
34. Richter B., Schulze C., Kämmerling J., et al., 2010. First report of typhlitis/typhlohepatitis caused by Tetratrichomonas gallinarum in three duck species. Avian pathology : journal of the WVPA, 39, 6, 499-503.
35. Sackett D., Richardson W., Rosenberg W., et al., 1997. Evidence based medicine: How to practice and teach evidence-based medicine, Churchill Livingstone Publications, New York, USA.
36. Schofield FW., 1947: Hjarre and Wramby Disease. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci, 11, 5, 141-3.
37. Supartika I., Toussaint M., Gruys E., 2006. Avian hepatic granuloma. A review. Veterinary quarterly, 28, 3, 82-9.
38. Trylich., 1966. Coligranuloma (Hjarre's Disease) in Turkeys. Can Vet J, 7, 2, 40-2.
39. Trylich C., Howell J., MacDonald DW., 1977. Avian coligranuloma: case histories. The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, 18, 2, 38-40.
40. Voelckel K., Bertram E., Gimeno I., et al., 1999. Evidence for Marek's disease in turkeys in Germany: detection of MDV-1 using the polymerase chain reaction. Acta virologica, 43, 2-3, 143-7.
41. Wen Y., Huang Q., Yang C., et al., 2018. Characterizing the histopathology of natural co-infection with Marek's disease virus and subgroup J avian leucosis virus in egg-laying hens. Avian Pathol, 47, 1, 83-9.
42. Yavuz O., Erer H., 2017. Immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical findings associated with Marek's disease virus in naturally infected laying hens. Biotech Histochem, 92, 7, 498-505.