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Pediatric head and neck malignancies in sub-Saharan Africa

Year 2012, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 1 - 9, 10.10.2012

Abstract

Introduction
Cancers are relatively rare in children however recent reports suggest that malignancies are becoming a major source of pediatric deaths.
Method
Using the database of the cancer registry of the University College Hospital, Ibadan we reviewed all newly diagnosed cases of head and neck cancers in children under 19years old at the hospital between 1981 and 2008.
Results
A total of 1,021 cases of Head and Neck cancers were seen in children. The hospital based incidence of pediatric head and neck cancers is 36 cases per year. There were 627 males and 394 females [M:F ratio of 1.6:1] with mean ages of 8.21 and 7.70 years respectively. Boys were more affected than girls in all years of life while the peak age of onset for both sexes is the third year of life. The commonest anatomical site involved is the eye/orbit; other common sites were the nasopharynx, paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity and thyroid gland. Neural malignancies constitute the commonest malignancies seen (35.3%), other are lymphomas (33.1%), squamous cell carcinoma (9.1%) and soft tissue sarcoma (8.6%). Retinoblastoma is the commonest lesion seen among the patients with a slight male preponderance [M:F ratio of 1.2:1] Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is seen in all age groups but there is greater frequency in the older ages. The incidence of carcinomas is higher in the older age groups, relatively rare lesions like Hodgkins lymphoma and thyroid malignancies are almost exclusive to older children.
Conclusion
The pattern of head and neck malignancies in children in sub-Saharan Africa is changing; dominant lesions like lymphomas are being gradually replaced by other malignancies such as neural malignancies, soft tissue sarcomas and squamous cell carcinoma.

References

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  • 30.Brown BJ, Oluwasola AO. Childhood rhabdomyosarcoma in Ibadan, Nigeria: 1984–2003. Ann Trop Paediatr 2006;26:349–55.
  • 31.Raney RB, Hays DM, Tefft M, Triche TJ. Rhabdomyosarcoma and undifferentiated sarcomas. In: Pizzo PA, Poplack DG, eds. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1993:769–94.
  • 32.Akang EEU. Tumours of childhood in Ibadan, Nigeria (1973–1990). Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 1996;16:791–800. 33.Williams AO. Tumours of childhood in Ibadan, Nigeria. Cancer 1975;36:370–8.
  • 34.Onwasigwe CN, Aniebue PN, Ndu AC. Spectrum of paediatric malignancies in Eastern Nigeria (1989–1998). West Afr J Med 2002;21:31–3.
  • 35.Ekanem IA, Asindi AA, Ekwere PD, Ikpatt NW, Khalil MI. Malignant tumours in Calabar, Nigeria. Afr J Med Sci 1992;21:63–9.
  • 36.Crist W, Gehan EA, Ragab A, H., et al. The Third Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:610–30.
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  • 38.Maurer HM, Beltangady M, Gehan EA, et al. The Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study—I. A final report Cancer 1988;61:209–20.
  • 39.Chantada GL. Retinoblastoma: Lessons and challenges from developing countries. Ellsworth Lecture 2011. Ophthalmic Genet 2011;32:196–203.
  • 40.Kivela T. The epidemiological challenge of the most frequent eye cancer: retinoblastoma, an issue of birth and death. Br J Ophthalmol 2009;93:1129–31.
  • 41.Shields JA, Shields CL. Retinoblastoma. In: Shields CL, Shields JA, eds. Intraocular tumors- A text and Atlas. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, United States: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2007:294-318.
  • 42.Canturk S, Qaddoumi I, Khetan V, et al. Survival of retinoblastoma in less-developed countries: impact of socioeconomic and health-related indicators. Br J Ophthalmol 2010;94:1432–6
Year 2012, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 1 - 9, 10.10.2012

Abstract

References

  • 1.Murphy SL. Deaths: final data for 1998. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2000;48:1-106.
  • 2.Ries LAG, Melbert D, Krapcho M, et al. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975-2004. 1999.
  • 3.Garfinkel L. Perspective on cancer prevention. Cancer J Clin 1995;45:5-9.
  • 4.Karabi D, Maitrayee C, Subhas G, Jaydip B. Childhood Cancer Burden in Part of Eastern India-Population Based Cancer Registry Data for Kolkata (1997-2004). Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev;11:1283-8.
  • 5.Yaris N, Mandiracioglu A, Büyükpamukcu M. Childhood Cancer in developing countries. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2004;21:237-53
  • 6.Boyle P, Levin B. Cancer control in low-resource environment. World cancer report. SEER 2007 ed. Lyon 29-31: IARC Press; 2007.
  • 7.2006 Population and Housing Census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. National Population Commission, 2006. http://www.population.gov.ng/images/stories/Priority%20 Tables%20Volume%20I-update.pdf.)
  • 8.da Lilly-Tariah OB, Somefun AO, Adeyemo WL. Current evidence on the burden of head and neck cancers in Nigeria. Head & Neck Oncology 2009;1.
  • 9.Amusa YB, Olabanji JK, Akinpelu VO, et al. Pattern of head and neck malignant tumours in a Nigerian teaching hospital–a ten year review. West Afr J Med 2004;23:280- 5.
  • 10.Nwawolo CC, Ajekigbe AT, Oyeneyin JO, Nwankwo KC, Okeowo PA. Pattern of head and neck cancers among Nigerians in Lagos West Afr J Med 2001;20:111-6.
  • 11.Adisa AO, Adeyemi B, F,, Oluwasola AO, Kolude B, Akang EE, Lawoyin JO. Clinico-pathological profile of head and neck malignancies at University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Head Face Med 2011;7.
  • 12.Ayadi OF, Adegbite EO, Ayadi FS. Structural Adjustment, Financial Sector Development and Economic Prosperity in Nigeria. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics 2008.
  • 13.Anyanwu JC. President Babangida's Structural Adjustment Programme and Inflation in Nigeria. Journal of Social Developmentt in Africa 1992;7:5-24.
  • 14. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. Putting Nigeria to Work A Strategy for Employment and Growth. Washington, DC; 2010.
  • 15.Albright JT, Topham AK, Reilly JS. Pediatric Head and Neck Malignancies US Incidence and Trends Over 2 Decades. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;128:655-9.
  • 16.Linet MS, Ries LAG, Smith MA, Tarone RE, Devesa SS. Cancer surveillance series: recent trends in childhood cancer incidences and mortality in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:1051-8.
  • 17.Narod SA SC, Lenoir GM. An estimate of the heritable fraction of childhood cancer. Br J Cancer 1991;63:993-9. 18.Zahm SH, Devesa SS. Childhood cancer: overview of incidence trends and environmental carcinogens. Environ Health Perspect 1995;103:177-84.
  • 19.Kirk O, Pedersen C, Cozzi-Lepri A, et al. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy Blood 2001;98:3406–12.
  • 20.Amégbor K, Darre T, Ayéna KD, et al. Cancers in togo from 1984 to 2008: epidemiological and pathological aspects of 5251 cases. J Cancer Epidemiol 2011;2011.
  • 21.Thorley-Lawson DA, Gross A. Persistence of the Epstein-Barr virus and the origins of associated lymphomas. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1328-37.
  • 22.de-The G, Geser A, Day NE, et al. Epidemiological evidence for causal relationship between Epstein-Barr virus and Burkitt’s lymphoma from Ugandan prospective study. Nature 1978;274:756-61.
  • 23.Burkitt D. A children’s cancer dependent on climatic factors. Nature 1962;194:232-4.
  • 24.Carpenter LM, Newton R, Casabonne D, et al. Antibodies against malaria and Epstein-Barr virus in childhood Burkitt lymphoma: a case-control study in Uganda Int J Cancer 2008;122:1319-23.
  • 25.Burkitt D. A sarcoma involving the jaws in African children. Br J Surg 1958;46:218-23.
  • 26.Parkin DM, Hamdi-Cherif M, Sita F, et al. Cancer in Africa:epidemiology and prevalence. Burkitt lymphoma. IARC Sci Publ 2003;153:324–8.
  • 27.Jaffe ES. The 2008 WHO classification of lymphomas: implications for clinical practise and translational research. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2009;1:523- 31
  • 28.Molyneux EM, Rochford R, Griffin B, et al. Burkitt's Lymphoma. Lancet 2012;379:1234-44.
  • 29.Ojesina AI, Akang EEU, Ojemakinde KO. Decline in the frequency of Burkitt’s lymphoma relative to other childhood malignancies in Ibadan. Ann Trop Paediatr 2002;22:159–63.
  • 30.Brown BJ, Oluwasola AO. Childhood rhabdomyosarcoma in Ibadan, Nigeria: 1984–2003. Ann Trop Paediatr 2006;26:349–55.
  • 31.Raney RB, Hays DM, Tefft M, Triche TJ. Rhabdomyosarcoma and undifferentiated sarcomas. In: Pizzo PA, Poplack DG, eds. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1993:769–94.
  • 32.Akang EEU. Tumours of childhood in Ibadan, Nigeria (1973–1990). Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 1996;16:791–800. 33.Williams AO. Tumours of childhood in Ibadan, Nigeria. Cancer 1975;36:370–8.
  • 34.Onwasigwe CN, Aniebue PN, Ndu AC. Spectrum of paediatric malignancies in Eastern Nigeria (1989–1998). West Afr J Med 2002;21:31–3.
  • 35.Ekanem IA, Asindi AA, Ekwere PD, Ikpatt NW, Khalil MI. Malignant tumours in Calabar, Nigeria. Afr J Med Sci 1992;21:63–9.
  • 36.Crist W, Gehan EA, Ragab A, H., et al. The Third Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:610–30.
  • 37.Maurer H, Gehan EA, Beltangady M, et al. Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study II. Cancer 1993;71:1904–22.
  • 38.Maurer HM, Beltangady M, Gehan EA, et al. The Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study—I. A final report Cancer 1988;61:209–20.
  • 39.Chantada GL. Retinoblastoma: Lessons and challenges from developing countries. Ellsworth Lecture 2011. Ophthalmic Genet 2011;32:196–203.
  • 40.Kivela T. The epidemiological challenge of the most frequent eye cancer: retinoblastoma, an issue of birth and death. Br J Ophthalmol 2009;93:1129–31.
  • 41.Shields JA, Shields CL. Retinoblastoma. In: Shields CL, Shields JA, eds. Intraocular tumors- A text and Atlas. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, United States: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2007:294-318.
  • 42.Canturk S, Qaddoumi I, Khetan V, et al. Survival of retinoblastoma in less-developed countries: impact of socioeconomic and health-related indicators. Br J Ophthalmol 2010;94:1432–6
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Original Articles
Authors

Adebolajo Adeyemo

Clement Okolo This is me

Publication Date October 10, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 4 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Adeyemo, A., & Okolo, C. (2012). Pediatric head and neck malignancies in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Pediatric Sciences, 4(4), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.17334/jps.27162
AMA Adeyemo A, Okolo C. Pediatric head and neck malignancies in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Pediatric Sciences. December 2012;4(4):1-9. doi:10.17334/jps.27162
Chicago Adeyemo, Adebolajo, and Clement Okolo. “Pediatric Head and Neck Malignancies in Sub-Saharan Africa”. Journal of Pediatric Sciences 4, no. 4 (December 2012): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.17334/jps.27162.
EndNote Adeyemo A, Okolo C (December 1, 2012) Pediatric head and neck malignancies in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Pediatric Sciences 4 4 1–9.
IEEE A. Adeyemo and C. Okolo, “Pediatric head and neck malignancies in sub-Saharan Africa”, Journal of Pediatric Sciences, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 1–9, 2012, doi: 10.17334/jps.27162.
ISNAD Adeyemo, Adebolajo - Okolo, Clement. “Pediatric Head and Neck Malignancies in Sub-Saharan Africa”. Journal of Pediatric Sciences 4/4 (December 2012), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.17334/jps.27162.
JAMA Adeyemo A, Okolo C. Pediatric head and neck malignancies in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Pediatric Sciences. 2012;4:1–9.
MLA Adeyemo, Adebolajo and Clement Okolo. “Pediatric Head and Neck Malignancies in Sub-Saharan Africa”. Journal of Pediatric Sciences, vol. 4, no. 4, 2012, pp. 1-9, doi:10.17334/jps.27162.
Vancouver Adeyemo A, Okolo C. Pediatric head and neck malignancies in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Pediatric Sciences. 2012;4(4):1-9.