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Pediatric Multiple sclerosis

Year 2013, Volume: 5 , - , 13.12.2013

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered as the major cause of acquired neurological insult in young adults and the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is an inflammatory disease characterized by multiple areas of demyelination, rupture of the blood-brain barrier and diffused disorder of the white matter. MS is relatively rare in childhood. However, 3-10% of children develop the first episode of MS before the 16th year of age. Diagnosis of MS in childhood requires clinical and laboratory data, that localize the demyelinating episodes of the CNS, helping to exclude other pathological conditions. The therapeutic options vary and mainly focus on the use of steroids and intravenous immunoglobulins, while recent data suggest the use of interferon. In this review, we present the latest bibliographic data concerning the epidemiological characteristics, the etiology, the clinical course, the available diagnostic methods and the main treatment options of MS.

References

  • Pirko I, Noseworthy JH. Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System. In: Goetz CG, editor. Textbook of Clinical Neurology 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2007.
  • Hanefeld F. Pediatric multiple sclerosis: a short history of a long story. Neurology. 2007;68(16 Suppl 2):S3-6.
  • Ghezzi A, Deplano V, Faroni J, Grasso MG, Liguori M, Marrosu G, et al. Multiple sclerosis in childhood: clinical features of 149 cases. Mult Scler. 1997;3(1):43-6.
  • Pinhas-Hamiel O, Barak Y, Siev-Ner I, Achiron A. Juvenile multiple sclerosis: clinical features and prognostic characteristics. J Pediatr. 1998;132(4):735-7.
  • Ghezzi A, Pozzilli C, Liguori M, Marrosu MG, Milani N, Milanese C, et al. Prospective study of multiple sclerosis with early onset. Mult Scler. 2002;8(2):115-8.
  • Simone IL, Carrara D, Tortorella C, Liguori M, Lepore V, Pellegrini F, et al. Course and prognosis in early-onset MS: comparison with adult-onset forms. Neurology. 2002;59(12):1922
  • Banwell B, Ghezzi A, Bar-Or A, Mikaeloff Y, Tardieu M. Multiple sclerosis in children: clinical diagnosis, therapeutic strategies, and future directions. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(10):887-902.
  • Renoux C, Vukusic S, Mikaeloff Y, Edan G, Clanet M, Dubois B, et al. Natural history of multiple sclerosis with childhood onset. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(25):2603-13.
  • Gorman MP, Healy BC, Polgar-Turcsanyi M, Chitnis T. Increased relapse rate in pediatric-onset compared with adult-onset multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(1):54-9.
  • Chitnis T, Glanz B, Jaffin S, Healy B. Demographics of pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis in an MS center population from the Northeastern United States. Mult Scler. 2009;15(5):627-31.
  • McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G, Goodkin D, Hartung HP, Lublin FD, et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2001;50(1):121-7.
  • Montalban X, Tintore M, Swanton J, Barkhof F, Fazekas F, Filippi M, et al. MRI criteria for MS in patients with clinically isolated syndromes. Neurology. 2010;74(5):427-34.
  • Sadovnick AD, Ebers GC. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis: a critical overview. Can J Neurol Sci. 1993;20(1):17-29.
  • Tintore M, Arrambide G. Early onset multiple sclerosis: the role of gender. J Neurol Sci. 2009;286(1-2):31-4.
  • Confavreux C, Hutchinson M, Hours MM, Cortinovis-Tourniaire P, Moreau T. Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis. Pregnancy in Multiple Sclerosis Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(5):285-91.
  • Cole GF, Stuart CA. A long perspective on childhood multiple sclerosis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1995;37(8):661-6.
  • Sadovnick AD, Dircks A, Ebers GC. Genetic counselling in multiple sclerosis: risks to sibs and children of affected individuals. Clin Genet. 1999;56(2):118-22.
  • Sadovnick AD AH, Rice GP, et al. A populationbased study of multiple sclerosis in twins: update. Ann Neurol. 1993;33:281-5.
  • Dyment DA, Ebers GC, Sadovnick AD. Genetics of multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3(2):104-10.
  • Sadovnick AD, Yee IM, Ebers GC, Canadian Collaborative Study G. Factors influencing sib risks for multiple sclerosis. Clin Genet. 2000;58(6):431-5.
  • Allen M, Sandberg-Wollheim M, Sjogren K, Erlich HA, Petterson U, Gyllensten U. Association of susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in Sweden with HLA class II DRB1 and DQB1 alleles. Hum Immunol. 1994;39(1):41-8.
  • Barcellos LF, Oksenberg JR, Begovich AB, Martin ER, Schmidt S, Vittinghoff E, et al. HLADR2 dose effect on susceptibility to multiple sclerosis and influence on disease course. Am J Hum Genet. 2003;72(3):710-6.
  • Dyment DA, Sadovnick AD, Ebers GC. Genetics of multiple sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet. 1997;6(10):1693-8.
  • Ligers A, Dyment DA, Willer CJ, Sadovnick AD, Ebers G, Risch N, et al. Evidence of linkage with HLA-DR in DRB1*15-negative families with multiple sclerosis. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;69(4):900-3.
  • Husain S, Yildirim-Toruner C, Rubio JP, Field J, Southern MSGC, Schwalb M, et al. Variants of ST8SIA1 are associated with risk of developing multiple sclerosis. PLoS ONE. 2008;3(7):e2653.
  • Banwell B, Krupp L, Kennedy J, Tellier R, Tenembaum S, Ness J, et al. Clinical features and viral serologies in children with multiple sclerosis: a multinational observational study. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(9):773-81.
  • Marrie RA, Wolfson C, Sturkenboom MC, Gout O, Heinzlef O, Roullet E, et al. Multiple sclerosis and antecedent infections: a case-control study. Neurology. 2000;54(12):2307-10.
  • Confavreux C, Suissa S, Saddier P, Bourdes V, Vukusic S, Vaccines in Multiple Sclerosis Study G. Vaccinations and the risk of relapse in multiple sclerosis. Vaccines in Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(5):319-26.
  • Mikaeloff Y, Caridade G, Assi S, Tardieu M, Suissa S, Society KsgotFN. Hepatitis B vaccine and risk of relapse after a first childhood episode of CNS inflammatory demyelination. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 4):1105-10.
  • Mikaeloff Y, Suissa S, Vallee L, Lubetzki C, Ponsot G, Confavreux C, et al. First episode of acute CNS inflammatory demyelination in childhood: prognostic factors for multiple sclerosis and disability. J Pediatr. 2004;144(2):246-52.
  • Hayes CE. Vitamin D: a natural inhibitor of multiple sclerosis. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2000;59(4):531-5.
  • Mikaeloff Y, Caridade G, Tardieu M, Suissa S, group Ks. Parental smoking at home and the risk of childhood-onset multiple sclerosis in children. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 10):2589-95.
  • Hedstrom AK, Sundqvist E, Baarnhielm M, Nordin N, Hillert J, Kockum I, et al. Smoking and two human leukocyte antigen genes interact to increase the risk for multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2011;134(Pt 3):653-64.
  • Venkateswaran S, Banwell B. Pediatric multiple sclerosis. Neurologist. 2010;16(2):92-105.
  • Ozakbas S, Idiman E, Baklan B, Yulug B. Childhood and juvenile onset multiple sclerosis: clinical and paraclinical features. Brain Dev. 2003;25(4):233-6.
  • Ruggieri M, Polizzi A, Pavone L, Grimaldi LM. Multiple sclerosis in children under 6 years of age. Neurology. 1999;53(3):478-84.
  • Tardieu M, Mikaeloff Y. Multiple sclerosis in children. Int MS J. 2004;11(2):36-42.
  • Patel Y, Bhise V, Krupp L. Pediatric multiple sclerosis. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 2009;12(4):238-45.
  • MacAllister WS, Krupp LB. Multiple sclerosisrelated fatigue. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2005;16(2):483-502.
  • Amato MP, Goretti B, Ghezzi A, Lori S, Zipoli V, Portaccio E, et al. Cognitive and psychosocial features of childhood and juvenile MS. Neurology. 2008;70(20):1891-7.
  • Banwell BL, Anderson PE. The cognitive burden of multiple sclerosis in children. Neurology. 2005;64(5):891-4.
  • MacAllister WS, Belman AL, Milazzo M, Weisbrot DM, Christodoulou C, Scherl WF, et al. Cognitive functioning in children and adolescents with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2005;64(8):1422-5.
  • Banwell B, Tremlett H. Coming of age: the use of immunomodulatory therapy in children with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2005;64(5):778-9.
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Year 2013, Volume: 5 , - , 13.12.2013

Abstract

References

  • Pirko I, Noseworthy JH. Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System. In: Goetz CG, editor. Textbook of Clinical Neurology 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2007.
  • Hanefeld F. Pediatric multiple sclerosis: a short history of a long story. Neurology. 2007;68(16 Suppl 2):S3-6.
  • Ghezzi A, Deplano V, Faroni J, Grasso MG, Liguori M, Marrosu G, et al. Multiple sclerosis in childhood: clinical features of 149 cases. Mult Scler. 1997;3(1):43-6.
  • Pinhas-Hamiel O, Barak Y, Siev-Ner I, Achiron A. Juvenile multiple sclerosis: clinical features and prognostic characteristics. J Pediatr. 1998;132(4):735-7.
  • Ghezzi A, Pozzilli C, Liguori M, Marrosu MG, Milani N, Milanese C, et al. Prospective study of multiple sclerosis with early onset. Mult Scler. 2002;8(2):115-8.
  • Simone IL, Carrara D, Tortorella C, Liguori M, Lepore V, Pellegrini F, et al. Course and prognosis in early-onset MS: comparison with adult-onset forms. Neurology. 2002;59(12):1922
  • Banwell B, Ghezzi A, Bar-Or A, Mikaeloff Y, Tardieu M. Multiple sclerosis in children: clinical diagnosis, therapeutic strategies, and future directions. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(10):887-902.
  • Renoux C, Vukusic S, Mikaeloff Y, Edan G, Clanet M, Dubois B, et al. Natural history of multiple sclerosis with childhood onset. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(25):2603-13.
  • Gorman MP, Healy BC, Polgar-Turcsanyi M, Chitnis T. Increased relapse rate in pediatric-onset compared with adult-onset multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(1):54-9.
  • Chitnis T, Glanz B, Jaffin S, Healy B. Demographics of pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis in an MS center population from the Northeastern United States. Mult Scler. 2009;15(5):627-31.
  • McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G, Goodkin D, Hartung HP, Lublin FD, et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2001;50(1):121-7.
  • Montalban X, Tintore M, Swanton J, Barkhof F, Fazekas F, Filippi M, et al. MRI criteria for MS in patients with clinically isolated syndromes. Neurology. 2010;74(5):427-34.
  • Sadovnick AD, Ebers GC. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis: a critical overview. Can J Neurol Sci. 1993;20(1):17-29.
  • Tintore M, Arrambide G. Early onset multiple sclerosis: the role of gender. J Neurol Sci. 2009;286(1-2):31-4.
  • Confavreux C, Hutchinson M, Hours MM, Cortinovis-Tourniaire P, Moreau T. Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis. Pregnancy in Multiple Sclerosis Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(5):285-91.
  • Cole GF, Stuart CA. A long perspective on childhood multiple sclerosis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1995;37(8):661-6.
  • Sadovnick AD, Dircks A, Ebers GC. Genetic counselling in multiple sclerosis: risks to sibs and children of affected individuals. Clin Genet. 1999;56(2):118-22.
  • Sadovnick AD AH, Rice GP, et al. A populationbased study of multiple sclerosis in twins: update. Ann Neurol. 1993;33:281-5.
  • Dyment DA, Ebers GC, Sadovnick AD. Genetics of multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3(2):104-10.
  • Sadovnick AD, Yee IM, Ebers GC, Canadian Collaborative Study G. Factors influencing sib risks for multiple sclerosis. Clin Genet. 2000;58(6):431-5.
  • Allen M, Sandberg-Wollheim M, Sjogren K, Erlich HA, Petterson U, Gyllensten U. Association of susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in Sweden with HLA class II DRB1 and DQB1 alleles. Hum Immunol. 1994;39(1):41-8.
  • Barcellos LF, Oksenberg JR, Begovich AB, Martin ER, Schmidt S, Vittinghoff E, et al. HLADR2 dose effect on susceptibility to multiple sclerosis and influence on disease course. Am J Hum Genet. 2003;72(3):710-6.
  • Dyment DA, Sadovnick AD, Ebers GC. Genetics of multiple sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet. 1997;6(10):1693-8.
  • Ligers A, Dyment DA, Willer CJ, Sadovnick AD, Ebers G, Risch N, et al. Evidence of linkage with HLA-DR in DRB1*15-negative families with multiple sclerosis. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;69(4):900-3.
  • Husain S, Yildirim-Toruner C, Rubio JP, Field J, Southern MSGC, Schwalb M, et al. Variants of ST8SIA1 are associated with risk of developing multiple sclerosis. PLoS ONE. 2008;3(7):e2653.
  • Banwell B, Krupp L, Kennedy J, Tellier R, Tenembaum S, Ness J, et al. Clinical features and viral serologies in children with multiple sclerosis: a multinational observational study. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(9):773-81.
  • Marrie RA, Wolfson C, Sturkenboom MC, Gout O, Heinzlef O, Roullet E, et al. Multiple sclerosis and antecedent infections: a case-control study. Neurology. 2000;54(12):2307-10.
  • Confavreux C, Suissa S, Saddier P, Bourdes V, Vukusic S, Vaccines in Multiple Sclerosis Study G. Vaccinations and the risk of relapse in multiple sclerosis. Vaccines in Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(5):319-26.
  • Mikaeloff Y, Caridade G, Assi S, Tardieu M, Suissa S, Society KsgotFN. Hepatitis B vaccine and risk of relapse after a first childhood episode of CNS inflammatory demyelination. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 4):1105-10.
  • Mikaeloff Y, Suissa S, Vallee L, Lubetzki C, Ponsot G, Confavreux C, et al. First episode of acute CNS inflammatory demyelination in childhood: prognostic factors for multiple sclerosis and disability. J Pediatr. 2004;144(2):246-52.
  • Hayes CE. Vitamin D: a natural inhibitor of multiple sclerosis. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2000;59(4):531-5.
  • Mikaeloff Y, Caridade G, Tardieu M, Suissa S, group Ks. Parental smoking at home and the risk of childhood-onset multiple sclerosis in children. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 10):2589-95.
  • Hedstrom AK, Sundqvist E, Baarnhielm M, Nordin N, Hillert J, Kockum I, et al. Smoking and two human leukocyte antigen genes interact to increase the risk for multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2011;134(Pt 3):653-64.
  • Venkateswaran S, Banwell B. Pediatric multiple sclerosis. Neurologist. 2010;16(2):92-105.
  • Ozakbas S, Idiman E, Baklan B, Yulug B. Childhood and juvenile onset multiple sclerosis: clinical and paraclinical features. Brain Dev. 2003;25(4):233-6.
  • Ruggieri M, Polizzi A, Pavone L, Grimaldi LM. Multiple sclerosis in children under 6 years of age. Neurology. 1999;53(3):478-84.
  • Tardieu M, Mikaeloff Y. Multiple sclerosis in children. Int MS J. 2004;11(2):36-42.
  • Patel Y, Bhise V, Krupp L. Pediatric multiple sclerosis. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 2009;12(4):238-45.
  • MacAllister WS, Krupp LB. Multiple sclerosisrelated fatigue. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2005;16(2):483-502.
  • Amato MP, Goretti B, Ghezzi A, Lori S, Zipoli V, Portaccio E, et al. Cognitive and psychosocial features of childhood and juvenile MS. Neurology. 2008;70(20):1891-7.
  • Banwell BL, Anderson PE. The cognitive burden of multiple sclerosis in children. Neurology. 2005;64(5):891-4.
  • MacAllister WS, Belman AL, Milazzo M, Weisbrot DM, Christodoulou C, Scherl WF, et al. Cognitive functioning in children and adolescents with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2005;64(8):1422-5.
  • Banwell B, Tremlett H. Coming of age: the use of immunomodulatory therapy in children with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2005;64(5):778-9.
  • Wilejto M, Shroff M, Buncic JR, Kennedy J, Goia C, Banwell B. The clinical features, MRI findings, and outcome of optic neuritis in children. Neurology. 2006;67(2):258-62.
  • Pohl D, Rostasy K, Reiber H, Hanefeld F. CSF characteristics in early-onset multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2004;63(10):1966-7.
  • Dale RC dSC, Chong WK, Cox TC, Harding B, Neville BG. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis in children. Brain. 2000;13:2407–22.
  • Ghezzi A, Bergamaschi R, Martinelli V, Trojano M, Tola MR, Merelli E, et al. Clinical characteristics, course and prognosis of relapsing Devic's Neuromyelitis Optica. J Neurol. 2004;251(1):47-52. Zaffaroni M, Italian Devic's Study G. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in Devic's neuromyelitis optica. Neurol Sci. 2004;25 Suppl 4:S368-70.
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There are 98 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Anastasia Gkampeta

Efterpi Pavlidou

Panagiotis Saravakos This is me

Evangelos Pavlou This is me

Publication Date December 13, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 5

Cite

APA Gkampeta, A., Pavlidou, E., Saravakos, P., Pavlou, E. (2013). Pediatric Multiple sclerosis. Journal of Pediatric Sciences, 5. https://doi.org/10.17334/jps.77737
AMA Gkampeta A, Pavlidou E, Saravakos P, Pavlou E. Pediatric Multiple sclerosis. Journal of Pediatric Sciences. February 2013;5. doi:10.17334/jps.77737
Chicago Gkampeta, Anastasia, Efterpi Pavlidou, Panagiotis Saravakos, and Evangelos Pavlou. “Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis”. Journal of Pediatric Sciences 5, February (February 2013). https://doi.org/10.17334/jps.77737.
EndNote Gkampeta A, Pavlidou E, Saravakos P, Pavlou E (February 1, 2013) Pediatric Multiple sclerosis. Journal of Pediatric Sciences 5
IEEE A. Gkampeta, E. Pavlidou, P. Saravakos, and E. Pavlou, “Pediatric Multiple sclerosis”, Journal of Pediatric Sciences, vol. 5, 2013, doi: 10.17334/jps.77737.
ISNAD Gkampeta, Anastasia et al. “Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis”. Journal of Pediatric Sciences 5 (February 2013). https://doi.org/10.17334/jps.77737.
JAMA Gkampeta A, Pavlidou E, Saravakos P, Pavlou E. Pediatric Multiple sclerosis. Journal of Pediatric Sciences. 2013;5. doi:10.17334/jps.77737.
MLA Gkampeta, Anastasia et al. “Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis”. Journal of Pediatric Sciences, vol. 5, 2013, doi:10.17334/jps.77737.
Vancouver Gkampeta A, Pavlidou E, Saravakos P, Pavlou E. Pediatric Multiple sclerosis. Journal of Pediatric Sciences. 2013;5.