Enhancing the yield of emodin from Cassia alata L. leaves using ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction

Abstract

Emodin is a bioactive compound found in Cassia alata leaves, which has several pharmacological effects. However, the current extraction methods for these leaves produce a low yield of emodin. Deep eutectic solvent (DES), with their numerous advantages, could be a strategy to increase the yield of emodin during the extraction process. The objective of this research was to enhance the yield of emodin from the extraction of Cassia alata leaves using DES. After evaluating various DES combinations, the selected DES was found to be lactic acid:choline chloride (2:1). To determine optimal extraction conditions, response surface methodology with Box Behnken Design was employed. The results indicate that the highest total anthraquinone content was obtained at extraction temperature of 53°C, extraction time of 19 minutes, and a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:20 g/mL. Additionally, partial method validation was conducted for the quantification of emodin in Cassia alata leaves using LC-UV instrumentation. The validated method employed the following conditions: isocratic mobile phase of 2% acetic acid:methanol (30:70), flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, wavelength of 288 nm, and C-18 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 µm). The emodin and total anthraquinone content in the Cassia alata leaf extract using the selected DES were higher compared to ethanol extract using the same extraction method. In conclusion, the DES solvent (lactic acid:choline chloride in molar ratio 2:1) can be utilized as an alternative solvent in the extraction of Cassia alata leaves, which is more effective and efficient in enhancing emodin yield compared to conventional ethanol solvents.

Keywords

• Senna alata
• anthraquinone
• response surface methodology
• HPLC
• green extraction

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