Özel Gereksinimi Olan Bireylerin Uzun Vadeli Sporcu Gelişim (LTAD) Modelinde İncelenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 35 - 48, 30.12.2023

Duran Akbaş Dilara Erkan Işık Bayraktar

https://doi.org/10.56639/jsar.1375119

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Uzun Vadeli Sporcu Gelişimi modelinin, özel gereksinimi olan bireylerin spora katılımı ve spordaki gelişimi ile ilgili paradigmasını tanıtmaktır. Uzun Vadeli Sporcu Gelişim Modeli bireylerin kronolojik yaşlarına göre değil gelişimsel yaşlarına göre belirlenmiş yedi aşamalı bir modeldir. Bu aşamalar özel gereksinimi olan bireyler dahil bütün sporcuların spora başlamalarını, sürdürmelerini, uzmanlaşmalarını ve ömür boyu fiziksel aktiviteyi benimsemelerini içermektedir. Ayrıca modelin amaçları doğrultusunda belirlenmiş on temel anahtar üzerinden gelişimsel süreç tarif edilmiştir. Bahsi geçen modeli tanıtmak amacıyla konuya kaynaklık eden literatür derlenmiştir. Başta antrenörler olmak üzere tüm spor paydaşlarının, özel gereksinimi olan bireylerin spordaki gelişimleri hakkında bilgi ve beceri gelişimlerini destekleyecek kaynaklara yer verilmiştir. Bu sayede hem toplum sağlığını koruyan kapsayıcı bir spor ortamı oluşturmak hem de elit parasporcular yetiştirilmesine katkıda bulunmak hedeflenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, LTAD modeli, özel gereksinimi olan sporcuların sporla ilişkisini ve performansını geliştirmek için önemli bir çerçeve sunmaktadır. Doğru bir şekilde uygulandığında, bu model özel gereksinimi olan sporcuların spor aktivitelerine katılımlarını artırabilir, performanslarını optimize edebilir ve onlara uzun vadeli spor yapma alışkanlığı kazandırabilmektedir.

Keywords

LTAD, Uzun Vadeli Sporcu Gelişim Modeli, engelli, paralimpik sporcu, uzmanlaşma

References

• Abbassi, V. (1998). Growth and normal puberty. Pediatrics, 102, 507–511. doi:10.1542/peds.102.s3.507
• Abernethy, B., Baker, J. ve Côté, J. (2005). Transfer of pattern recall skills may contribute to the development of sport expertise. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19(6), 705–718. doi:10.1002/acp.1102
• Açıkada, C. ve Hazır, T. (2016). Uzun süreli sporcu gelişim programları: Hangi bilimsel temellere oturuyor? Spor Bilimleri Dergisi Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 27(2), 84–99. doi:10.17644/sbd.255156
• Balyi, I. (2001). Sport system building and long-term athlete development in british columbia. Development, 1–16. http://iceskatingresources.org/SportsSystemDevelopment.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Balyi, I. ve Hamilton, A. (2004). Long-term athlete development: trainability in childhood and adolesence. National Coaching Institute British Columbia & Advanced Training and Performance Ltd.
• Balyi, I. ve Way, R. (2005). The role of monitoring growth in Long-Term Athlete Development Canadian Sport for Life. Canadian Sport for Life, 1–30. http://lthd.fieldhockey.ca/files/CS4L Docs/Monitoring Growth.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Balyi, I., Way, R. ve Higgs, C. (2016a). Long-Term Athlete Development Model 2.1. Long-Term Athlete Development. doi:10.5040/9781492596318.ch001
• Balyi, I., Way, R. ve Higgs, C. (2016b). Uzun Vadeli Sporcu Gelişimi. (E. Pekünlü ve İ. Özsu, Ed.). Ankara: SporYayınevi ve Kitabevi.
• Bayraktar, I. (2019). Geleneksel yetenek seçimi mi, uzun dönem sporcu gelişimi mi? G. Hergüner (Ed.), Her Yönüyle Spor içinde (ss. 10–31). İstanbul: Güven Plus Grup A.Ş. Yayınları: 05/2019.
• Bhambhani, Y. ve Higgs, C. (2016). Training athletes with a physical disability. Canadian Sport for Life – Long-Term Athlete Development. Canadian Sport for Life. https://sportforlife.ca/portfolio-view/training-athletes-with-a-physical-disability/ adresinden erişildi.
• Blaine, J. D., Carlsson, A., Dawson, J., Deschênes, R., Kozak, D., Morrow, M., … Jurbala, P. (2012). Goalball Long-Term Athlete Development Model. Long-Term Athlete Development. Canadian Blind Sports Association.
• Boucher, M., Burke, S., Hutsebaut, J., Jurbala, P., Travers, S., Arseneau, L. ve Barbeau, L. (2013). Long-Term Development Para-Cycling Canada, (PARA-CYCLING), 24.
• Brant, R., Forsyth, J., Morris, A., Sauvé, A., Carey, A., Heise, D., … Grove, J. (2019). Indigenous Long-Term Participant Development Pathway 1.2. Indigenous Sport for Life içinde (ss. 1–80). Sport for Life Society. https://sportforlife.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/ILTPD_Sept2019_EN_web.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Brittain, I. (2006). Paralympic success as a measure of national social and economic development. International journal of eastern sport and physical education, 4(1), 38–47.
• Brittain, I. (2012). From Stoke Mandeville to Stratford: a history of the summer paralympic games. Common Ground Publishing. Champaign, Illionis: Common Ground Publishing.
• Carlsson, A. (2021). Long-Term Development. A. Carey, C. Trono, D. Mitchell, J. Grove, T. Laing ve S. O. Canada (Ed.), Becoming a Better Sports Coach içinde (ss. 245–259). Canadian Sport for Life–Long-Term Athlete Development. doi:10.4324/9781003195153-8
• Colin, H., Bluechardt, M., Balyi, I., Jurbala, P. ve Legg, D. (2021). Long-Term Development for All. Canadian Sport for Life – Long-Term Athlete Development. https://sportforlife.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/No-Accidental-Champions_2021.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Côté, J. (1999). The influence of the family in the development of talent in sport. Sport Psychologist, 13(4), 395–417. doi:10.1123/tsp.13.4.395
• Côté, J. ve Hancock, D. J. (2016). Evidence-based policies for youth sport programmes. International Journal of Sport Policy, 8(1), 51–65. doi:10.1080/19406940.2014.919338
• Cottingham, M., Richard, H., Hu, T., Biskynis, S., Sunku, R., Walters, G. ve Okanlami, O. (2023). Adapting to sport and country: Immigrant athletes with disabilities. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 58(4), 685–702. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/10126902231156275
• Davies, T., Wiens, L., Trono, C. ve Wilson, A. (2013). Long-Term Athlete Development. doi:10.5040/9781492596318
• Davis, R. W., Ferrara, M. S. ve Nelson, V. (1993). Training profiles of elite wheelchair track athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 7(3), 129–132. doi:10.1519/00124278-199308000-00001
• Deenik, J., Kruisdijk, F., Tenback, D., Braakman-Jansen, A., Taal, E., Hopman-Rock, M., … van Harten, P. (2017). Physical activity and quality of life in long-term hospitalized patients with severe mental illness: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 1–11. doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1466-0
• Degener, T. (2017). 10 Years of Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 35(3), 152–157. doi:10.1177/0924051917722294
• Dehgansai, N. (2016). The road to parasport expertise: Examining the existing parasport development literature and current wheelchair basketball players’ developmental trajectories. http://hdl.handle.net/10315/32741 adresinden erişildi.
• Dehghansai, N., Lemez, S., Wattie, N. ve Baker, J. (2017). Training and development of Canadian wheelchair basketball players. European Journal of Sport Science, 17(5), 511–518. doi:10.1080/17461391.2016.1276636
• Dieffenbach, K. D. ve Statler, T. A. (2012). More similar than different: The psychological environment of paralympic sport. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 3(2), 109–118. doi:10.1080/21520704.2012.683322
• Ericcson, A., Prietula, M. J. ve Cokely, E. T. (2007). The making of an expert engineer. Harvard Business Review, 1–558. doi:10.1201/b17434
• Ford, P., de Ste Croix, M., Lloyd, R., Meyers, R., Moosavi, M., Oliver, J., … Williams, C. (2011). The Long-Term Athlete Development model: Physiological evidence and application. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(4), 389–402. doi:10.1080/02640414.2010.536849
• Frogley, M., Frick, T., MacKay, M., Gittens, W., Ireland, C., Jones, C. ve Woloshyn, K. (2013). Wheelchair Basketball Athlete Development Model (C. 1). Wheelchair Basketball Canada. https://www.wheelchairbasketball.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/LTAD-Vol-1-Final-Lowres.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Haegele, J. A. ve Zhu, X. (2019). Physical activity, self-efficacy and health-related quality of life among adults with visual impairments. Disability and Rehabilitation, 43(4), 530–536. doi:10.1080/09638288.2019.1631397
• Hallat, M. (2019). Alpine Canada alpin para-alpin lon term athlete development. https://ltad.alpinecanada.org/uploads/documents/LTAD_Web.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Higgs, C., Bluechardt, M., Balyi, I., Way, R., Jurbala, P. ve Legg, D. (2013). Long-term Athlete Development For Athletes with Disabilities. (J. Grove, Ed.) (2. bs.). Canadian Sport Centres. http://sportforlife.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/NAC_ENGLISH_SCREEN_rev2013.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Higgs, C., Way, R., Vicki, H., Jurbala, P. ve Balyi, I. (2019). Long-Term Development in Sport and Physical Activity 3.0. (A. Carey, C. Trono, D. Mitchell, J. Grove, T. Laing ve S. O. Canada, Ed.). Canadian Sport for Life–Long-Term Athlete Development. doi:10.4324/9781003195153-8
• HİS. (2018). Herkes için spor. Herkes için Spor Federasyonu. https://his.gov.tr/herkes-icin-spor adresinden erişildi.
• Houlihan, B. ve Green, M. (2007). Comparative elite sport development: Systems, structures and public policy. Comparative Elite Sport Development: Systems, Structures and Public Policy. doi:10.4324/9780080554426
• Karadaş, B. ve Çetiner, H. (2022). Engelli spor politikaları kapsamında paralimpik oyunlara bakış. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 10(1), 135–155. doi:10.21325/jotags.2022.983
• Konar, N. ve Pepe, K. (2003). Rehabilitasyon - Engelliler sporu ve paralimpikler. İstanbul Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(3), 162–166.
• Liow, D. K. ve Hopkins, W. G. (1996). Training practices of athletes with disabilities. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 13(4), 372–381. doi:10.1123/apaq.13.4.372
• Lloyd, R. S., Cronin, J. B., Faigenbaum, A. D., Haff, G. G., Howard, R., Kraemer, W. J., … Oliver, J. L. (2016). National Strength and Conditioning Association Position Statement on Long-Term Athletic Development. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(6), 1491–1509.
• Lloyd, R. S. ve Oliver, J. L. (2012). The youth physical development model: A new approach to long-term athletic development. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 34(3), 61–72. doi:10.1519/SSC.0b013e31825760ea
• Pagan, R. (2018). Disability, life satisfaction and participation in sports. L. Vega ve W. Toscano (Ed.), Handbook of Leisure, Physical Activity, Sports, Recreation and Quality of Life içinde (ss. 343–364). Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75529-8
• Patatas, J. M., De Bosscher, V. ve Legg, D. (2018). Understanding parasport: an analysis of the differences between able-bodied and parasport from a sport policy perspective. International Journal of Sport Policy, 10(2), 235–254. doi:10.1080/19406940.2017.1359649
• Peake, R. ve Davies, L. (2020). Determining elite para-athletic development pathways: An investigation of Track and Field [abstract only]. 2020 North American Society for Sport Management Conference (NASSM 2020) içinde .
• Radtke, S. ve Doll-Tepper, G. (2014). A cross-cultural comparison of talent identification and development in Paralympic sports. Perceptions and opinions of athletes, coaches and officials. Berlin, Germany: Free University.
• Ray Allard, Bluechardt, M., Kishiuichi, G., McCrae, K., Jennifer Mactavish, Shirton, D., … Sheehan, C. (2007). Long-Term Athlete Development for Athletes with an Intellectual Disability. (S. Robertson, Ed.)Special Olympics Canada (2. bs.). Special Olympics Canada was. https://www.specialolympics.ca/sites/default/files/SOC LTAD - Dec 4 2007 - English - FINAL.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Reilly, J. J., Kelly, L., Montgomery, C., Williamson, A., Fisher, A., McColl, J. H., … Grant, S. (2006). Physical activity to prevent obesity in young children: Cluster randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 333(7577), 1041–1043. doi:10.1136/bmj.38979.623773.55
• Ruddell, J. L. ve Shinew, K. J. (2006). The socialization process for women with physical disabilities: The impact of agents and agencies in the introduction to an elite sport. Journal of Leisure Research, 38(3), 421–444. doi:10.1080/00222216.2006.11950086
• Simon, H. A. ve Chase, W. G. (1973). Skill in Chess. American Scientist, 61(4), 394–403. doi:10.1511/2011.89.106
• TMPK. (2020). Türkiye Milli Paralimpik Komitesi. Hareketin tarihçesi. Türkiye Milli Paralimpik Komitesi. http://www.tmpk.org.tr/kurulusu/ adresinden erişildi.
• Tomporowski, P. D., McCullick, B., Pendleton, D. M. ve Pesce, C. (2015). Exercise and children’s cognition: The role of exercise characteristics and a place for metacognition. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 4(1), 47–55. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2014.09.003
• Tuakli Wosornu, Y. A., Doolan, F. ve Lexell, J. (2019). Paralympic sport. S. Rocha Piedade, A. Imhoff, M. Clatworthy, M. Cohen ve J. Espregueira-Mendes (Ed.), The Sports Medicine Physician içinde (ss. 631–639). Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10433-7
• Türktemiz, H., Bayraktar, I. ve Çobanoğlu, H. O. (2020). Uzun Dönem Sporcu Gelişim Modelinin Yüzme Branşında İncelenmesi. Herkes için Spor ve Rekreasyon Dergisi, 1(January), 1–10.
• Vaeyens, R., Lenoir, M., Williams, A. M. ve Philippaerts, R. M. (2008). Talent Identification and Development Programmes in Sport Current Models and Future Directions. Sport Med, 38(9), 703–714. doi:10.2165/00007256-200838090-00001
• Valliant, P. M., Bezzubyk, I., Daley, L. ve Asu, M. E. (1985). Psychological impact of sport on disabled athletes. Psychological Reports, 25, 923–929.
• Van Koppenhagen, C. F., Post, M., De Groot, S., Van Leeuwen, C., Van Asbeck, F., Stolwijk-Swus̈te, J., … Lindeman, E. (2014). Longitudinal relationship between wheelchair exercise capacity and life satisfaction in patients with spinal cord injury: A cohort study in the Netherlands. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 37(3), 328–337. doi:10.1179/2045772313Y.0000000167
• Verellen, J. ve Molik, B. (2011). Adapted physical activity in rehabilitation. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 4(2), 34–45. doi:10.5507/euj.2011.007
• Wetterhahn, K. A., Hanson, C. ve Levy, C. E. (2002). Effect of participation in physical activity on body image of amputees. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 81(3), 194–201. doi:10.1097/00002060-200203000-00007
• WHO. (2011). World report on disability. Irish Medical Journal. Malta. doi:10.1111/j.1741-1130.2011.00320.x
• Williams, T. (1994). Disability sport socialization and identity construction. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 11, 14–31. doi:10.1123/apaq.11.1.14
• Zengin, S. ve Şentürk, İ. (2022). Paralimpik oyunların tarihsel gelişimi. ÇOMÜ Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 53–64. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/comusbd/issue/71126/1121402#article_cite adresinden erişildi.