Utilizing Sludge Derived from Treating Whey with Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) as Potential Food or Animal Feed

Year 2024, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 24 - 32, 30.06.2024

Yusuf Esen , Mustafa Akgün , Rövşen Guliyev

https://doi.org/10.63063/jsat.1393034

Abstract

Whey, which is the production waste of the dairy industry, poses a significant challenge in terms of environmental pollution and requires an effective and sustainable solution. In this research, the potential use in the food and feed industries of protein sludge obtained from the treatment of whey supplied from local cheese producers in Ardahan using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to reduce the environmental impact was evaluated. To recover MNP, adsorption-desorption cycles were repeated 10 times, and then the amount of MNP added initially and recovered were compared. Afterwards, total protein determination was made in the separated protein sludge using the Kjeldahl method. The analyzes showed an 85% recovery rate of MNPs and it was observed that 15% MNPs remained in the sludge. The residual 15% consisting of MNP (Fe3O4) was considered potentially dangerous for ingestion by humans or animals, therefore rendering it unfit for use as an addition in food or feed. Thus, achieving a 100% MNP recovery becomes crucial. While some research exists on the suitability of Fe3O4 for plant and animal nutrition, most studies focus on natural sources of iron rather than chemical sources like in this study. Moreover, research examining its safety for human consumption is limited. Hence, future investigations should concentrate on developing methods for complete MNP recovery to enable the utilization of the sludge as a protein source.

Keywords

Magnetic Nanoparticle, whey, treatment, protein source

Ethical Statement

No study requiring an ethics committee report was carried out.

Supporting Institution

Ardahan University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Office

Project Number

2020–008

Thanks

We would like to express our gratitude to Dr. Ömer SADAK, who made significant contributions to the study.

Peynir Altı Suyunun Manyetik Nanopartiküller (MNP'ler) ile Arıtımından Elde Edilen Çamurun Potansiyel Gıda veya Hayvan Yemi Olarak Kullanımı

Abstract

Süt sektörünün üretim atığı olan peynir altı suyu, çevresel kirlilik açısından önemli bir zorluk oluşturmakta, etkili ve sürdürülebilir bir çözüm gerektirmektedir. Bu araştırmada, Ardahan’daki yerel peynir üreticilerinden temin edilen peynir altı suyunun çevresel etkisini azaltmak için manyetik nanopartiküller (MNP'ler) kullanılarak arıtımından elde edilen protein çamurunun gıda ve yem endüstrilerinde potansiyel kullanımı değerlendirilmiştir. MNP’nin geri kazanımı için adsorbsiyon-desorpsiyon döngüleri 10 defa tekrarlanmış ve sonrasında başta katılan MNP miktarı ile geri kazanılan kıyaslanmıştır. Devamında ayrıştırılan protein çamurunda Kjeldahl yöntemiyle toplam protein tayini yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizler, MNP'lerin %85 geri kazanım oranını göstermiş olup çamurda %15 MNP kaldığı görülmektedir. Fe3O4'ten (Demir 2-3 oksit) oluşan geriye kalan %15, insan veya hayvan tüketimi için potansiyel olarak zararlı bulunarak gıda veya yem katkı maddesi kullanımına uygun olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu nedenle, %100 MNP geri kazanımının sağlanması önem kazanmaktadır. Fe3O4'ün bitki ve hayvan beslenmesi için uygunluğuna dair bazı araştırmalar olsa da çoğu çalışma, bizim araştırmamızdaki gibi kimyasal kaynaklar yerine doğal demir kaynaklarına odaklanmaktadır. Ayrıca, insan tüketimi için uygunluğu inceleyen araştırmalar sınırlıdır. Bu nedenle, çamurun bir protein kaynağı olarak kullanılabilmesi için gelecekteki araştırmaların, tam bir MNP geri kazanım yöntemi geliştirmeye odaklanması önerilmektedir.

Keywords

Manyetik Nanopartikül, peynir altı suyu, arıtma, protein kaynağı

Ethical Statement

Etik kurul raporu gerektiren bir çalışma yapılmamıştır.

Supporting Institution

Ardahan Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü

Project Number

2020–008

Thanks

Çalışmaya önemli katkılar sunan Dr. Ömer SADAK' a şükranlarımızı sunarız.

References

• G. Crini and E. Lichtfouse, “Advantages and disadvantages of techniques used for wastewater treatment,” Environ Chem Lett, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 145–155, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s10311-018-0785-9.
• A. Kotoupas, F. Rigas, and M. Chalaris, “Computer-aided process design, economic evaluation and environmental impact assessment for treatment of cheese whey wastewater,” Desalination, vol. 213, no. 1–3, pp. 238–252, Jul. 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.611.
• O. Y. S.Sözer, “Sığır Gübresi ve Peynir Altı Suyu Karışımlarından Biyogaz Üretimi Üzerine Bir Araştırma,” Journal, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 179–183, 2006.
• M. Rodgers, X.-M. Zhan, and B. Dolan, “Mixing Characteristics and Whey Wastewater Treatment of a Novel Moving Anaerobic Biofilm Reactor,” Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 2183–2193, Dec. 2004, doi: 10.1081/ESE-120039383.
• G. Güven, A. Perendeci, and A. Tanyolaç, “Electrochemical treatment of deproteinated whey wastewater and optimization of treatment conditions with response surface methodology.,” J Hazard Mater, vol. 157, no. 1, pp. 69–78, Aug. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.082.
• S. V. Kalyuzhnyi, E. P. Martinez, and J. R. Martinez, “Anaerobic treatment of high-strength cheese-whey wastewaters in laboratory and pilot UASB-reactors,” Bioresour Technol, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 59–65, Apr. 1997, doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(96)00176-9.
• A. Kurt, S. Çakmakçı, and A. Çağlar, Milk and Dairy Products Inspection and Analysis Methods Guide. Erzurum: Ataturk University, 1996.
• Anonim, “Ardahan İli Peynir Altı Suyu İşleme Tesisi Ön Fizibilite Raporu,” Ardahan, 2020.
• F. X. Wildenauer and J. Winter, “Anaerobic digestion of high-strength acidic whey in a pH-controlled up-flow fixed film loop reactor,” Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 367–372, Sep. 1985, doi: 10.1007/BF00582422.
• K. V. Lo and P. H. Liao, “Digestion of cheese whey with anaerobic rotating biological contact reactors,” Biomass, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 243–252, Jan. 1986, doi: 10.1016/0144-4565(86)90001-6.
• H. H. P. Fang, “Treatment of Wastewater from a Whey Processing Plant Using Activated Sludge and Anaerobic Processes,” J Dairy Sci, vol. 74, no. 6, pp. 2015–2019, Jun. 1991, doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78371-9.
• B. Farizoglu, B. Keskinler, E. Yildiz, and A. Nuhoglu, “Cheese whey treatment performance of an aerobic jet loop membrane bioreactor,” Process Biochemistry, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 2283–2291, Oct. 2004, doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2003.11.028.
• A. Amokrane, C. Comel, and J. Veron, “Landfill leachates pretreatment by coagulation-flocculation,” Water Res, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 2775–2782, Nov. 1997, doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00147-4.
• Z. Song, C. J. Williams, and R. G. J. Edyvean, “Treatment of tannery wastewater by chemical coagulation,” Desalination, vol. 164, no. 3, pp. 249–259, Apr. 2004, doi: 10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00193-6.
• R. J. Stephenson and S. J. B. Duff, “Coagulation and precipitation of a mechanical pulping effluent—I. Removal of carbon, colour and turbidity,” Water Res, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 781–792, Apr. 1996, doi: 10.1016/0043-1354(95)00213-8.
• G. E. Likens, “Acid rain and its effects on sediments in lakes and streams BT - Sediment/Water Interactions,” P. G. Sly and B. T. Hart, Eds., Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989, pp. 331–348.
• Y. Arıcı, “Tekstil Endüstrisinde Reaktif Boyarmaddelerden Kaynaklanan Rengin Fenton Prosesi ile Giderilmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi,İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul,” 2000.
• A. A. Tatsi, A. I. Zouboulis, K. A. Matis, and P. Samaras, “Coagulation–flocculation pretreatment of sanitary landfill leachates,” Chemosphere, vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 737–744, 2003, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00513-7.
• K. Cholkar, N. D. Hirani, and C. Natarajan, Emerging Nanotechnologies for Diagnostics, Drug Delivery, and Medical Devices. Elsevier, 2017. Accessed: Apr. 04, 2024. [Online]. Available:http://www.sciencedirect.com:5070/book/9780323429788/emerging-nanotechnologies-for-diagnostics-drug-delivery-and-medical-devices
• F. Keyhanian, S. Shariati, M. Faraji, and M. Hesabi, “Magnetite nanoparticles with surface modification for removal of methyl violet from aqueous solutions,” Arabian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 9, pp. S348–S354, Sep. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.04.012.
• G. Aygar, M. Kaya, N. Özkan, S. Kocabıyık, and M. Volkan, “Preparation of silica coated cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles for the purification of histidine-tagged proteins,” Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, vol. 87, pp. 64–71, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jpcs.2015.08.005.
• Y. Liu, Y. Wang, M. Yan, and J. Huang, “Selective Removal of Hemoglobin from Blood Using Hierarchical Copper Shells Anchored to Magnetic Nanoparticles,” Biomed Res Int, vol. 2017, pp. 1–11, 2017, doi: 10.1155/2017/7309481.
• O. Sadak, R. Hackney, A. K. Sundramoorthy, G. Yilmaz, and S. Gunasekaran, “Azo dye-functionalized magnetic Fe3O4/polyacrylic acid nanoadsorbent for removal of lead (II) ions,” Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag, vol. 14, p. 100380, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100380.
• R. Guliyev, M. Akgün, B. Sayın Börekçi, O. Sadak, and Y. Esen, “Modelling and process optimization of cheese whey wastewater treatment using magnetic nanoparticles,” Biomass Convers Biorefin, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s13399-022-02611-0.
• P. Nicolás, M. L. Ferreira, and V. Lassalle, “Magnetic solid-phase extraction: A nanotechnological strategy for cheese whey protein recovery,” J Food Eng, vol. 263, pp. 380–387, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.07.020.
• A. Ebrahimi, G. Najafpour, M. Mohammadi, and B. Hashemiyeh, “Biological treatment of whey in an UASFF bioreactor followed a three-stage RBC,” Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 175–182, 2010, doi: 10.2298/CICEQ100315025E.
• J.-C. Frigon, J. Breton, T. Bruneau, R. Moletta, and S. R. Guiot, “The treatment of cheese whey wastewater by sequential anaerobic and aerobic steps in a single digester at pilot scale,” Bioresour Technol, vol. 100, no. 18, pp. 4156–4163, Sep. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.03.077.
• S. S. Patil, N. V Ghasghse, A. P. Nashte, S. S. Kanase, and R. H. Pawar, “Anaerobic digestion treatment of cheese whey for production of methane in a two stage upflow packed bed reactor,” International Journal of Advanced Science, Engineering and technology, vol. 1, pp. 1–7, 2012.
• M. Govarthanan, C.-H. Jeon, Y.-H. Jeon, J.-H. Kwon, H. Bae, and W. Kim, “Non-toxic nano approach for wastewater treatment using Chlorella vulgaris exopolysaccharides immobilized in iron-magnetic nanoparticles,” Int J Biol Macromol, vol. 162, pp. 1241–1249, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.227.
• A. R. Prazeres, F. Carvalho, and J. Rivas, “Cheese whey management: A review,” J Environ Manage, vol. 110, pp. 48–68, Nov. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.05.018.
• J. Rivas, A. R. Prazeres, F. Carvalho, and F. Beltrán, “Treatment of Cheese Whey Wastewater: Combined Coagulation−Flocculation and Aerobic Biodegradation,” J Agric Food Chem, vol. 58, no. 13, pp. 7871–7877, Jul. 2010, doi: 10.1021/jf100602j.
• Ö. K. Oktay Yerlikaya Necati Akbulut, “Functional Properties of Whey And New Generation Dairy Products Manufactured With Whey (Turkish with English Abstract),” The Journal of Food, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 289–296, 2010.
• A. H. Dinçoğlu and M. Ardıç, “The Importance of Whey on Nutrition and Use Possibilities,” Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 54–60, 2012.
• M. Üçüncü, Süt ve mamulleri teknolojisi. Ege Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi, 2005.
• M. Metin, “Sütün Yapısı ve Özellikleri,” in Süt Teknolojisi, İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, 2009, pp. 7–10.
• TGK, Türk Gıda Kodeksi Takviye Edici Gıdalar Tebliği, Ankara. 2013.
• Y. Gao, Z. Luo, N. He, and M. K. Wang, “Metallic nanoparticle production and consumption in China between 2000 and 2010 and associative aquatic environmental risk assessment,” Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 15, no. 6, p. 1681, Jun. 2013, doi: 10.1007/s11051-013-1681-7.
• A. El-Nasr, H. M. El-Hennawy, A. M. H. El-Kereamy, A. Abou El-Yazied, and T. A. Salah Eldin, “Effect of Magnetite Nanoparticles (Fe3O4) as Nutritive Supplement on Pear Saplings 1,” Middle East J. Appl. Sci, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 777–785, 2015.
• N. Abbaspour, R. Hurrell, and R. Kelishadi, “Review on iron and its importance for human health,” J Res Med Sci, vol. 19, no. 2, p. 164, 2014, Accessed: Nov. 10, 2022. [Online]. Available: /pmc/articles/PMC3999603/
• O. Sadak, A. K. Sundramoorthy, and S. Gunasekaran, “Highly selective colorimetric and electrochemical sensing of iron (III) using Nile red functionalized graphene film,” Biosens Bioelectron, vol. 89, pp. 430–436, Mar. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.04.073.