Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun son dönemine damga vuran modernleşme sürecinde, iktidar mücadelesi veren gruplar arasındaki ideolojik ayrışma, mevcut literatürde yaygın olarak, Batıcılık, İslamcılık ve Türkçülük’ten oluşan üç farklı yönelime indirgenmektedir. Ancak Ziya Gökalp ve Yusuf Akçura'nın artık klasikleşmiş olan fikirlerinden hareketle formüle edilen bu modelin dönemin bürokratları arasındaki fiili ideolojik farklılığı yetkin biçimde açıklayamadığını iddia eden bu çalışma, alternatif bir üçlü modele dayalı yeni bir teorik çerçeve geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bunun için ise, çalışmada, Anthony D. Smith’e ait, çeşitli toplumlarda seçkinlerin modernleşme deneyimi karşısındaki ideolojik-stratejik farklılıklarını açıklamayı amaçlayan ve pek bilinmeyen teorik önerme yeniden değerlendirilerek, geç Osmanlı dönemi iktidar seçkinleri arasındaki ideolojik ve entelektüel ayrışma üzerine yapılmış olan klasik nitelikli ve güncel çeşitli çalışmaların ortaya koyduğu entelektüel birikim bağlamında yeniden formüle edilmektedir. Buna göre, seçkin grupları arasında taraftar bulan, modernleşmeye yönelik her türlü girişime karşı çıkarak İslamî geleneğe geri dönmeyi öneren ilk ideolojik yönelim, “gelenekçilik” olarak adlandırılabilir. İkincisi, ilkinin tam karşıtı olarak tanımlanabilecek, Batı’yı yakalamanın tek yolunun Batı’ya benzemek, yani Batı’yı birebir örnek alan bir modernleşme modeli izlemek olduğunu savunanların “Batıcılık” (Batıcı modernizm) stratejisidir. Üçüncü ve son yönelim ise, kültür ve medeniyet arasında bir ayrıma girişerek, İslamî gelenekle Batı’daki maddî gelişmeleri sentezlemek suretiyle modernleşmenin muhafazakâr bir versiyonunu hayata geçirmeyi idealize eden “muhafazakârlık”tan (muhafazakâr modernizm) oluşmaktadır.
The ideological divergence within the bureaucracy during the modernization process in the last period of the Ottoman Empire is mostly reduced to three different ideological orientations composed of Westernism, Islamism, and Turkism in the relevant literature. However, claiming that this model, which is formulated regarding the classical works of Gökalp and Akçura, could not adequately explain the actual ideological division between the bureaucrats of the period, this study aims to propose a new theoretical framework based upon an alternative tripartite model. For this, Anthony D. Smith’s infamous theoretical explanation about the ideological-strategic differences between the bureaucratic elites of various societies, which rise as a response to the experience of modernization, is re-evaluated and reformulated concerning the intellectual contribution revealed in classical and contemporary studies on the ideological and intellectual orientations within the late Ottoman elites. Accordingly, the first ideological orientation within the elite groups that fundamentally stood against any attempts in the name of modernization and advocated retaining the Islamic tradition could be entitled “traditionalism.” The second one, which could be named “Westernism” (Westernist modernism), asserted that the only way to capture Western civilization was following the same modernization path as the West, contrary to the previous orientation. “Conservatism” (conservative modernism), the third and final ideological orientation, made a distinction between the fields of culture and civilization and idealized to implement a conservative version of modernization by synthesizing Islamic tradition with the technical developments of the contemporary Western world.
Primary Language | English |
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Journal Section | Research Articles |
Authors | |
Early Pub Date | January 10, 2022 |
Publication Date | December 31, 2021 |
Submission Date | September 7, 2021 |
Published in Issue | Year 2021 Issue: 8 |
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