Research Article

An Evaluation of the Evil Characters in Shakespeare’s Four Principle Tragedies in terms of Machiavellian Principles

Volume: 18 Number: 3 July 2, 2019
TR EN

An Evaluation of the Evil Characters in Shakespeare’s Four Principle Tragedies in terms of Machiavellian Principles

Abstract

Deriving from Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli, the term ‘Machiavellian’ refers to a ruler type, whose features are described in Machiavelli’s work The Prince (1513). The character type is constructed in the Elizabethan and Jacobean revenge tragedy for evil characters. The study asserts that some Shakespearean tragedies also includes Machiavellian characters. William Shakespeare’s Othello, King Lear, Hamlet and Macbeth are regarded as his “four principle tragedies” (Hazlitt, 2009, p. 21) The study aims at examining Iago in Othello, Edmund, Regan, and Goneril in King Lear, King Claudius in Hamlet, the Macbeth couple in Macbeth in terms of Machiavellian principles and discuss to what extent they are Machiavellian within the context of the plays. The study takes Machiavelli’s The Prince as a guide to seeking the Machiavellian features in the characters in question. It reveals that some characters such as Iago and Edmund embrace the Machiavellian principles due to their high intelligence by combining them with the capability of responding to unexpected developments and manipulating truths for their own benefits. On the other hand, the other examined characters, such as Regan, Goneril, Claudius, and the Macbeth couple fail in the way of Machiavellianism even though they are also evil in nature. The study asserts that Shakespeare dissents from Machiavelli by showing that an evil ruler, who is a successful Machiavellian or not, fails sooner or later by leading to a social chaos in monarchy.

Keywords

References

  1. Grady, H. (2002). Shakespeare, Machiavelli, and Montaigne: Power and Subjectivity From Richard II to Hamlet. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
  2. Harbage, A. (1964). Shakespeare: The tragedies. Eaglewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
  3. Hazlitt, W. (2009). Characters of Shakespeare’s plays. J. H. Lobban (Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  4. Heilman, R. B. (1956). Magic in the web. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
  5. Machiavelli, N. (2009). The Prince. Trans. Marriot W. K. Toronto: Prohyptikon Publishing Inc.
  6. Meyer, E. (1897). Machiavelli and the Elizabethan drama. Weimar: Verlag Von Emil Felber.
  7. Raab, F. (1964). The English face of Machiavelli. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  8. Raatzsch, R. (2009). The Apologetics of evil: The Case of Iago. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Creative Arts and Writing

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

July 2, 2019

Submission Date

December 7, 2018

Acceptance Date

June 17, 2019

Published in Issue

Year 2019 Volume: 18 Number: 3

APA
Ayyıldız, N. E. (2019). An Evaluation of the Evil Characters in Shakespeare’s Four Principle Tragedies in terms of Machiavellian Principles. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(3), 1037-1049. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.493489
AMA
1.Ayyıldız NE. An Evaluation of the Evil Characters in Shakespeare’s Four Principle Tragedies in terms of Machiavellian Principles. GAUN-JSS. 2019;18(3):1037-1049. doi:10.21547/jss.493489
Chicago
Ayyıldız, Nilay Erdem. 2019. “An Evaluation of the Evil Characters in Shakespeare’s Four Principle Tragedies in Terms of Machiavellian Principles”. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 18 (3): 1037-49. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.493489.
EndNote
Ayyıldız NE (July 1, 2019) An Evaluation of the Evil Characters in Shakespeare’s Four Principle Tragedies in terms of Machiavellian Principles. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 18 3 1037–1049.
IEEE
[1]N. E. Ayyıldız, “An Evaluation of the Evil Characters in Shakespeare’s Four Principle Tragedies in terms of Machiavellian Principles”, GAUN-JSS, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 1037–1049, July 2019, doi: 10.21547/jss.493489.
ISNAD
Ayyıldız, Nilay Erdem. “An Evaluation of the Evil Characters in Shakespeare’s Four Principle Tragedies in Terms of Machiavellian Principles”. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 18/3 (July 1, 2019): 1037-1049. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.493489.
JAMA
1.Ayyıldız NE. An Evaluation of the Evil Characters in Shakespeare’s Four Principle Tragedies in terms of Machiavellian Principles. GAUN-JSS. 2019;18:1037–1049.
MLA
Ayyıldız, Nilay Erdem. “An Evaluation of the Evil Characters in Shakespeare’s Four Principle Tragedies in Terms of Machiavellian Principles”. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 18, no. 3, July 2019, pp. 1037-49, doi:10.21547/jss.493489.
Vancouver
1.Nilay Erdem Ayyıldız. An Evaluation of the Evil Characters in Shakespeare’s Four Principle Tragedies in terms of Machiavellian Principles. GAUN-JSS. 2019 Jul. 1;18(3):1037-49. doi:10.21547/jss.493489