Etnik Restoranlarda Marka Değeri Oluşturulması: İstanbul Örneği
Year 2020,
Volume: 19 Issue: 3, 1386 - 1401, 01.07.2020
Ömer Yavuz
,
Muammer Mesci
Abstract
Bu araştırmanın amacı, etnik restoranları yönetici perspektifinden değerlendirerek marka değeri algılarının belirlenmesidir. Nitel araştırma yönteminin kullanıldığı çalışmada araştırmanın verileri, görüşme tekniği ile elde edilmiş ve elde edilen veriler betimsel analiz aracılığı ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma evrenini İstanbul’da faaliyet gösteren etnik restoranlar oluşturmaktadır. Bu bağlamda İstanbul ilinde bulunan 15 farklı etnik restoran yöneticisi ile yüz yüze görüşme yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda etnik restoranların marka değerini yükseltmeleri için işletme reklamlarına odaklandıkları ve marka imajının müşteriler üzerindeki etkisini artırabilmeleri için özel gün promosyonları ve sosyal sorumluluk projelerinde rol alma gibi stratejiler izledikleri belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte müşterilerin markaya olan bağlılıklarının sürdürülebilirliği için yöneticilerin algılanan marka ve kalite standartlarını aynı seviyede tutmaya özen gösterdikleri sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
References
- Aaker, A. D. (1996). Managing Brand Equity. New York: The Free Press.
Aksatan, M. (2016) Etnik Temalı Restoranlarda Otantiklik: Yönetici ve Tüketici Bakış Açılarına Yönelik Karşılaştırmalı Bir Çalışma, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü s.38-65.
Aktepe, C. ve Şahbaz, R. P. (2010). Türkiye’nin En Büyük Beş Havayolu İşletmesinin Marka Değeri Unsurları Açısından İncelenmesi ve Ankara İli Uygulaması, C. Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 11 (2): 69-90.
Alkibay, S. (2005). Profesyonel Spor Kulüplerinin Taraftar İlişkileri Yoluyla Marka Değeri Yaratmaları Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı:23, 83-108
Angelo, R.M ve Vlademir, A.N. (2001). Hospitality Today: An Introduction. East Lansing: AH&MA Educational Institute Publication. Ankara.
Ball, S. ve Roberts, L. (2003). Restaurants. International Hospitality Industry: Structure, Characteristics and Issues (ss.30-58). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Batra, A. (2008). Foreign Tourists' Motivation and Information Source(s) Influencing Their Preference for Eating Out at Ethnic Restaurants in Bangkok. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration. 9(1): 1-17.
Beardsworth, A. ve Bryman, A. (1999), "Meat consumption and vegetarianism among young adults in the UK", British Food Journal, Vol. 101 No. 4, pp. 289-300.
Caldwell, C. ve Hibbert, S.A. (2002). The Influence of Music Tempo and Musical Preference on Restaurant. Psychology & Marketing. 19(11): 895–917.
Chhabra, D., Lee, W., Zhao, S. ve Scott, K. (2013). Marketing of Ethnic Food Experiences: Authentication Analysis of Indian Cuisine Abroad. Journal of Heritage Tourism. 8(2-3): 145-157.
Choi, S. ve Henneberry, D.M. (2000). Ethnic Food Marketing. Journal of Food Products Marketing. 5(4): 19-44.
Christopher, M. (1996). From Brand Values to Customer Value, Journal of Marketing Practice: Applied Marketing Science, 2 (1): 55-66.
Church, S., Gilbert, P., ve Khokhar, S., (2006). Synthesis report No 3: Ethnic groups and foods in Europe. Retrieved from http://thinkethnic.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Synthesis%20Report%203_Ethnic%20groups%20and%20foods%20in%20Europe.pdf
Clair, R.P., Holyoak, I.C., Hill, T.E., Rajan, P., Angeli, E.L., Carrion, M.L., Dillard, S. Kumar, R. ve Sastry, S. (2011). Engaging Cultural Narratives of the Ethnic Restaurant: Discursive Practices of Hybridity, Authenticity and Commoditization. Studies in Symbolic Interaction. 37: 135-161.
Clemes, M.D., Gan, C. ve Sriwongrat, C. (2013). Consumers’ Choice Factors of an Upscale Ethnic Restaurant. Journal of Food Products Marketing. 19(5): 413-438.
Cowin, E. ve Matusitz, J. (2011). The Ongoing Transformation of the McDonald’s Logo: A Semiotic Perspective. Journal of Visual Literacy. 30(2): 20-38.
Czarniecka-Skubina, E. ve Nowak, D. (2014). Japanese Cuisine in Poland: Attitudes and Behaviour Among Polish Consumers. International Journal of Consumer Studies. 38:62.
Çetin, İ. (2017). Otel İşletmelerinde Marka Değeri ve Marka Yaratma, Detay Yayıncılık, 1. Baskı, s.93-95, Ankara.
Derya, T., (2003). Türk Yemekleri Sunan Restoranlarda Çağdaş Pazarlama Anlayışı Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
Ebster, C. ve Guist, İ. (2005). The Role of Authenticity in Ethnic Theme Restaurants. Journal of Foodservice Business Research. 7(2): 41-52.
Elitok, B. (2003). Hadi Markalaşalım. İstanbul.
Erdoğan, İ. (2007). Pozitivist Metodoloji: Bilimsel Araştırma Tasarımı İstatistiksel Yöntemler Analiz ve Yorum. Ankara: Erk Yayınları.
Fogarty, J.J. (2012). Expert Opinion and Cuisine Reputation in the Market for Restaurant Meals. Applied Economics. 44(31): 4115-4123.
Gaytan, M.S. (2008). From Sombreros to Sincronizadas: Authenticity, Ethnicity, and the Mexican Restaurant Industry. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. 37(3): 314-341.
Gilmore, J.H. ve Pine, B.J. (2007). Authenticity: What Customers Really Want. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press.
Grayson, K. ve Martinec, R. (2004). Consumer Perceptions of Iconicity and Indexicality and Their Influence on Assessments of Authentic Market Offerings. Journal of Consumer Research. 31(2): 296-312.
Hem, L.E. ve Iversen, N.M. (2004). How to Develop a Destination Brand Logo: A Qualitative and Quantitative Approach. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism. 4(2): 83-106.
Hyun, S.S. ve Kim, W. (2011). Dimensions of Brand Equity in the Chain Restaurant Industry. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly. 52(4): 429-437.
Jang, S., Ja, H. ve Park, K. (2012). Effects of Ethnic Authenticity: Investigating Korean Restaurant Customers in the U.S. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 31: 990-1003.
Josiam, B.M. ve Monteiro, P.A. (2004). Tandoori Tastes: Perceptions of Indian Restaurants in America. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 16(1): 18-26.
Kamakura, W. A. ve Russell, G. J. (1993). Meausuring Brand Value with Scanner Data, International Journal of Research Marketing, 10: 9-22.
Karaosmanoğulları, D. (2013). Globalised Cuisine, Non-National Identities and the Individual: Staging Turkishness in Turkish-Speaking Restaurants in London. Journal of Intercultural Studies. 34(4): 371-386.
Keller, K. L. (1993). An Application of Keller’s Brand Equity Model in A B2B Context, Qualitative Market Research: An Internatioanal Journal, 2 (1): 40-58.
Kılıç, S., Çağıran, H. (2005). Tüketicilerin Market Markalı Ürünleri Tercihinde Marka Değeri Algılamaları. Pazarlama Dünyası.
Kim, D., Magnini, V.P. ve Singal, M. (2011). The Effects of Customer Perceptions of Brand Personality in Casual Theme Restaurants. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 30: 448-458.
Kim, W.G. ve Moon, Y. J. (2009). “Customers’ Cognitive, Emotional and Actionable Response to the Services cape: A test of the Moderating Effect of the Restaurant Type”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, S. 28, s. 144-156.
Koç, E. (2015). Tüketici davranışı ve pazarlama stratejisi (6. Baskı), Seçkin, Ankara.
Kotler, P. (2000), Marketing Management (1. Ed.). S.44 New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Kwun, D.J.W. ve Oh, H. (2007). Consumers’ evaluation of brand portfolios. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26(1), 81–97.
Lego, C.K., Wood, N.T. McFee, S.L. ve Solomon, M.R. (2002). A Thirst for the Real Thing in Themed Retail Environments. Journal of Foodservice Business Research. 5(2): 61-74.
Leung, G. (2010). Ethnic Foods in the U.K. Nutrition Bulletin. 35: 226-234.
Liu, Y. ve Jang, S. (2009). Perceptions of Cinese Restaurants in the U.S.: What Affects Customer Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions? International Journal of Hospitality Management. 28: 338-348.
Liu, Y., Jang, S., ve Namkung, Y. (2011). Effects of Authentic Atmospherics in Ethnic Restaurants: Investigating Chinese Restaurants. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 23(5): 662-690.
Marangoz, M. (2007). Marka Değeri Algılamalarının Marka Yayılmaya Etkileri, Ege Akademik Bakış, 7 (2): 459-483.
Merriam, S.B. (2015). Nitel Araştırma Desen ve Uygulama İçin Bir Rehber. Çev. Selahattin Turan. Ankara: Nobel.
Möhring, M. (2014). Food for Thought: Rethinking the History of Migration to West Germany Through the Migrant Restaurant Business. Journal of Contemporary History. 49(1) 209-227.
Munoz, C.L. ve Wood, N.T. (2009). A Recipe for Success: Understanding Regional Perceptions of Authenticity in Themed Restaurants. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research. 3(3): 269-280.
North, A.C., Shilcock, A. ve Hargreaves, D.J. (2003). The Effect of Musical Style on Restaurant Customers’ Spending. Environment and Behavior. 35(5): 712-718.
Odabaşı, Y. ve Oyman, M., (2002). Pazarlama İletişimi, Media Cat, İstanbul, s. 375.
Özgüven, N. (2010). Marka Değeri: Global Markaların Değerlendirilmesi, Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2 (1): 141-148.
Pappu, R., Quester, P-G., ve Cooksey, R-W. (2005). “Consumer-Based Brand Equity: İmproving The Measurement-Empirical Evidence”. The Journal of Product and Brand Management. Cilt.14, Sayı.2/3, s. 143–154.
Park, C. S. ve Srinivasan, V. (1994). A Survey-Based Method for Measuring and Understanding Brand Equity and Its Extendibility, Journal of Marketing Research, 31 (2): 271-288.
Rio, A.B., Vazquez, R. ve Iglesias, V. (2001), “TheEffects Of Brand Associations On Consumer Response”, TheJournal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 18, Issue 4/5, Santa Barbara.
Robinson, T. (2007). PlainFare to Fusion: Ethnic Impacts on the Process of Maturity in Brisbane’s Restaurant Sector. Hospitality and Tourism Management. 14(1): 70-84.
Schulp, J.A. ve Tirali, I. (2008). Studies in Immigrant Restaurants I: Culinary Concepts of Turkish Restaurants in the Netherlands. Journal of Culinary Science & Technology. 6(2-3): 119-150.
Shabbir, J. ve Rehman, K. U. (2013). Impact of Perceptual Dimensions and Behavioral Dimentions on Brand Equity in Pakistan, Information Management and Business Review, 5 (7): 347-359.
Shapiro, S., Maclnnıs, D.J. ve Mani, G., (1999). Enchancing Brand Awarwnwss Through Brand Symbols. Advances in Customer Research. s.26.
Sharp, B. M. (1993). Managing Brand Extension. Journal of Consumer Marketing. Sayı:10.
Simms, C.D. ve Trott, P. (2006). The perceptions of the BMW Mini brand: The importance of historical associations and the development of a model. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 15(4), 228-238.
Sökmen, A. (2014) Yiyecek İçecek Hizmetleri Yönetimi ve İşletmeciliği, Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık. 7. Baskı.
Stewart, C. J. & Cash, W. B. (1985). Interviewing: Principles and Practices, W.C. Brown Publishers (Dubuque, Iowa), 4th Edition.
Sukalakamala, P. ve Boyce, J.B. (2007). Customer Perceptions for Expectations and Acceptance of an Authentic Dining Experience in Thai Restaurants. Journal of Foodservice. 18: 69-75.
Tavmergen, I.S. (2002). Turizm Sektöründe Kalite Yönetimi, Seçkin Kitabevi, Ankara 2002, s.22.
Thomson, M., Maclnnis, D. J., ve Park, C.W. (2005). Measuring the Strenght of Customers’ Emotional Attachments to Brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 1 s. 77-91.
Turgeon, L. ve Pastinelli, M. (2002). "Dünyayı Yeyin": Quebec Şehri Etnik Restoranlarında Sömürge Sonrası Karşılaşmalar. Amerikan Folklor Dergisi 115 (456), 247-268. Amerikan Folklor Topluluğu. Project MUSE veri tabanından 5 Nisan 2019 tarihinde alındı.
Uggla, H. (2004). “The Brand Association Base: A Conceptual Model For Strategically Leveraging Partner Brand Equity”. Journal of Brand Management, Cilt.12/2, sf. 105–123.
Uztuğ, F. (2002). Markan Kadar Konuş. İstanbul: Mediacat Yayınları
Ünal, S., Erciş, A., Güllülü, U., Bigili, B. ve Gödekmerdan, L., (2008). Sigorta Hizmetlerinde Marka Değeri ve Marka Güveni, 1. Baskı, Detay Yayıncılık, s.29, Ankara.
Virvilatie, R. ve Jucaityte, I. (2008). Brand Valuation: Viewpoint of Customer and Company, Engineering Economics, 56 (1): 111-119
Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
Yoo, B., Donthu, N. ve Lee, S. (2000). An Examination of Selected Marketing Mix Elements and Brand Equity, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28 (2): 195-211.
Zeithaml, V.A., (1988), “Consumer Perceptions of Price, Qualityand Value: A Meansend Model and Synthesis of Evidence”, Journal of Marketing 52 (July), No. s.3.
Ethnic Restaurants in Brand Value Creation: The Case of Istanbul
Year 2020,
Volume: 19 Issue: 3, 1386 - 1401, 01.07.2020
Ömer Yavuz
,
Muammer Mesci
Abstract
The aim of this research is to determine the perceptions of brand value by evaluating ethnic restaurants from a manager perspective. In the study in which qualitative research method was used, the data of the research were obtained by interview technique and the data obtained were analyzed through descriptive analysis. The research universe consists of ethnic restaurants operating in Istanbul. In this context, face to face interviews were held with 15 different ethnic restaurant managers in Istanbul. As a result of the research, it is determined that ethnic restaurants focus on business advertisements to increase brand value and follow strategies such as special day promotions and taking part in social responsibility projects in order to increase the impact of brand image on customers. In addition, it was concluded that managers take care to keep the perceived brand and quality standards at the same level for the sustainability of customers' loyalty to the brand.
References
- Aaker, A. D. (1996). Managing Brand Equity. New York: The Free Press.
Aksatan, M. (2016) Etnik Temalı Restoranlarda Otantiklik: Yönetici ve Tüketici Bakış Açılarına Yönelik Karşılaştırmalı Bir Çalışma, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü s.38-65.
Aktepe, C. ve Şahbaz, R. P. (2010). Türkiye’nin En Büyük Beş Havayolu İşletmesinin Marka Değeri Unsurları Açısından İncelenmesi ve Ankara İli Uygulaması, C. Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 11 (2): 69-90.
Alkibay, S. (2005). Profesyonel Spor Kulüplerinin Taraftar İlişkileri Yoluyla Marka Değeri Yaratmaları Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı:23, 83-108
Angelo, R.M ve Vlademir, A.N. (2001). Hospitality Today: An Introduction. East Lansing: AH&MA Educational Institute Publication. Ankara.
Ball, S. ve Roberts, L. (2003). Restaurants. International Hospitality Industry: Structure, Characteristics and Issues (ss.30-58). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Batra, A. (2008). Foreign Tourists' Motivation and Information Source(s) Influencing Their Preference for Eating Out at Ethnic Restaurants in Bangkok. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration. 9(1): 1-17.
Beardsworth, A. ve Bryman, A. (1999), "Meat consumption and vegetarianism among young adults in the UK", British Food Journal, Vol. 101 No. 4, pp. 289-300.
Caldwell, C. ve Hibbert, S.A. (2002). The Influence of Music Tempo and Musical Preference on Restaurant. Psychology & Marketing. 19(11): 895–917.
Chhabra, D., Lee, W., Zhao, S. ve Scott, K. (2013). Marketing of Ethnic Food Experiences: Authentication Analysis of Indian Cuisine Abroad. Journal of Heritage Tourism. 8(2-3): 145-157.
Choi, S. ve Henneberry, D.M. (2000). Ethnic Food Marketing. Journal of Food Products Marketing. 5(4): 19-44.
Christopher, M. (1996). From Brand Values to Customer Value, Journal of Marketing Practice: Applied Marketing Science, 2 (1): 55-66.
Church, S., Gilbert, P., ve Khokhar, S., (2006). Synthesis report No 3: Ethnic groups and foods in Europe. Retrieved from http://thinkethnic.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Synthesis%20Report%203_Ethnic%20groups%20and%20foods%20in%20Europe.pdf
Clair, R.P., Holyoak, I.C., Hill, T.E., Rajan, P., Angeli, E.L., Carrion, M.L., Dillard, S. Kumar, R. ve Sastry, S. (2011). Engaging Cultural Narratives of the Ethnic Restaurant: Discursive Practices of Hybridity, Authenticity and Commoditization. Studies in Symbolic Interaction. 37: 135-161.
Clemes, M.D., Gan, C. ve Sriwongrat, C. (2013). Consumers’ Choice Factors of an Upscale Ethnic Restaurant. Journal of Food Products Marketing. 19(5): 413-438.
Cowin, E. ve Matusitz, J. (2011). The Ongoing Transformation of the McDonald’s Logo: A Semiotic Perspective. Journal of Visual Literacy. 30(2): 20-38.
Czarniecka-Skubina, E. ve Nowak, D. (2014). Japanese Cuisine in Poland: Attitudes and Behaviour Among Polish Consumers. International Journal of Consumer Studies. 38:62.
Çetin, İ. (2017). Otel İşletmelerinde Marka Değeri ve Marka Yaratma, Detay Yayıncılık, 1. Baskı, s.93-95, Ankara.
Derya, T., (2003). Türk Yemekleri Sunan Restoranlarda Çağdaş Pazarlama Anlayışı Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
Ebster, C. ve Guist, İ. (2005). The Role of Authenticity in Ethnic Theme Restaurants. Journal of Foodservice Business Research. 7(2): 41-52.
Elitok, B. (2003). Hadi Markalaşalım. İstanbul.
Erdoğan, İ. (2007). Pozitivist Metodoloji: Bilimsel Araştırma Tasarımı İstatistiksel Yöntemler Analiz ve Yorum. Ankara: Erk Yayınları.
Fogarty, J.J. (2012). Expert Opinion and Cuisine Reputation in the Market for Restaurant Meals. Applied Economics. 44(31): 4115-4123.
Gaytan, M.S. (2008). From Sombreros to Sincronizadas: Authenticity, Ethnicity, and the Mexican Restaurant Industry. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. 37(3): 314-341.
Gilmore, J.H. ve Pine, B.J. (2007). Authenticity: What Customers Really Want. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press.
Grayson, K. ve Martinec, R. (2004). Consumer Perceptions of Iconicity and Indexicality and Their Influence on Assessments of Authentic Market Offerings. Journal of Consumer Research. 31(2): 296-312.
Hem, L.E. ve Iversen, N.M. (2004). How to Develop a Destination Brand Logo: A Qualitative and Quantitative Approach. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism. 4(2): 83-106.
Hyun, S.S. ve Kim, W. (2011). Dimensions of Brand Equity in the Chain Restaurant Industry. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly. 52(4): 429-437.
Jang, S., Ja, H. ve Park, K. (2012). Effects of Ethnic Authenticity: Investigating Korean Restaurant Customers in the U.S. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 31: 990-1003.
Josiam, B.M. ve Monteiro, P.A. (2004). Tandoori Tastes: Perceptions of Indian Restaurants in America. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 16(1): 18-26.
Kamakura, W. A. ve Russell, G. J. (1993). Meausuring Brand Value with Scanner Data, International Journal of Research Marketing, 10: 9-22.
Karaosmanoğulları, D. (2013). Globalised Cuisine, Non-National Identities and the Individual: Staging Turkishness in Turkish-Speaking Restaurants in London. Journal of Intercultural Studies. 34(4): 371-386.
Keller, K. L. (1993). An Application of Keller’s Brand Equity Model in A B2B Context, Qualitative Market Research: An Internatioanal Journal, 2 (1): 40-58.
Kılıç, S., Çağıran, H. (2005). Tüketicilerin Market Markalı Ürünleri Tercihinde Marka Değeri Algılamaları. Pazarlama Dünyası.
Kim, D., Magnini, V.P. ve Singal, M. (2011). The Effects of Customer Perceptions of Brand Personality in Casual Theme Restaurants. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 30: 448-458.
Kim, W.G. ve Moon, Y. J. (2009). “Customers’ Cognitive, Emotional and Actionable Response to the Services cape: A test of the Moderating Effect of the Restaurant Type”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, S. 28, s. 144-156.
Koç, E. (2015). Tüketici davranışı ve pazarlama stratejisi (6. Baskı), Seçkin, Ankara.
Kotler, P. (2000), Marketing Management (1. Ed.). S.44 New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Kwun, D.J.W. ve Oh, H. (2007). Consumers’ evaluation of brand portfolios. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26(1), 81–97.
Lego, C.K., Wood, N.T. McFee, S.L. ve Solomon, M.R. (2002). A Thirst for the Real Thing in Themed Retail Environments. Journal of Foodservice Business Research. 5(2): 61-74.
Leung, G. (2010). Ethnic Foods in the U.K. Nutrition Bulletin. 35: 226-234.
Liu, Y. ve Jang, S. (2009). Perceptions of Cinese Restaurants in the U.S.: What Affects Customer Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions? International Journal of Hospitality Management. 28: 338-348.
Liu, Y., Jang, S., ve Namkung, Y. (2011). Effects of Authentic Atmospherics in Ethnic Restaurants: Investigating Chinese Restaurants. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 23(5): 662-690.
Marangoz, M. (2007). Marka Değeri Algılamalarının Marka Yayılmaya Etkileri, Ege Akademik Bakış, 7 (2): 459-483.
Merriam, S.B. (2015). Nitel Araştırma Desen ve Uygulama İçin Bir Rehber. Çev. Selahattin Turan. Ankara: Nobel.
Möhring, M. (2014). Food for Thought: Rethinking the History of Migration to West Germany Through the Migrant Restaurant Business. Journal of Contemporary History. 49(1) 209-227.
Munoz, C.L. ve Wood, N.T. (2009). A Recipe for Success: Understanding Regional Perceptions of Authenticity in Themed Restaurants. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research. 3(3): 269-280.
North, A.C., Shilcock, A. ve Hargreaves, D.J. (2003). The Effect of Musical Style on Restaurant Customers’ Spending. Environment and Behavior. 35(5): 712-718.
Odabaşı, Y. ve Oyman, M., (2002). Pazarlama İletişimi, Media Cat, İstanbul, s. 375.
Özgüven, N. (2010). Marka Değeri: Global Markaların Değerlendirilmesi, Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2 (1): 141-148.
Pappu, R., Quester, P-G., ve Cooksey, R-W. (2005). “Consumer-Based Brand Equity: İmproving The Measurement-Empirical Evidence”. The Journal of Product and Brand Management. Cilt.14, Sayı.2/3, s. 143–154.
Park, C. S. ve Srinivasan, V. (1994). A Survey-Based Method for Measuring and Understanding Brand Equity and Its Extendibility, Journal of Marketing Research, 31 (2): 271-288.
Rio, A.B., Vazquez, R. ve Iglesias, V. (2001), “TheEffects Of Brand Associations On Consumer Response”, TheJournal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 18, Issue 4/5, Santa Barbara.
Robinson, T. (2007). PlainFare to Fusion: Ethnic Impacts on the Process of Maturity in Brisbane’s Restaurant Sector. Hospitality and Tourism Management. 14(1): 70-84.
Schulp, J.A. ve Tirali, I. (2008). Studies in Immigrant Restaurants I: Culinary Concepts of Turkish Restaurants in the Netherlands. Journal of Culinary Science & Technology. 6(2-3): 119-150.
Shabbir, J. ve Rehman, K. U. (2013). Impact of Perceptual Dimensions and Behavioral Dimentions on Brand Equity in Pakistan, Information Management and Business Review, 5 (7): 347-359.
Shapiro, S., Maclnnıs, D.J. ve Mani, G., (1999). Enchancing Brand Awarwnwss Through Brand Symbols. Advances in Customer Research. s.26.
Sharp, B. M. (1993). Managing Brand Extension. Journal of Consumer Marketing. Sayı:10.
Simms, C.D. ve Trott, P. (2006). The perceptions of the BMW Mini brand: The importance of historical associations and the development of a model. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 15(4), 228-238.
Sökmen, A. (2014) Yiyecek İçecek Hizmetleri Yönetimi ve İşletmeciliği, Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık. 7. Baskı.
Stewart, C. J. & Cash, W. B. (1985). Interviewing: Principles and Practices, W.C. Brown Publishers (Dubuque, Iowa), 4th Edition.
Sukalakamala, P. ve Boyce, J.B. (2007). Customer Perceptions for Expectations and Acceptance of an Authentic Dining Experience in Thai Restaurants. Journal of Foodservice. 18: 69-75.
Tavmergen, I.S. (2002). Turizm Sektöründe Kalite Yönetimi, Seçkin Kitabevi, Ankara 2002, s.22.
Thomson, M., Maclnnis, D. J., ve Park, C.W. (2005). Measuring the Strenght of Customers’ Emotional Attachments to Brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 1 s. 77-91.
Turgeon, L. ve Pastinelli, M. (2002). "Dünyayı Yeyin": Quebec Şehri Etnik Restoranlarında Sömürge Sonrası Karşılaşmalar. Amerikan Folklor Dergisi 115 (456), 247-268. Amerikan Folklor Topluluğu. Project MUSE veri tabanından 5 Nisan 2019 tarihinde alındı.
Uggla, H. (2004). “The Brand Association Base: A Conceptual Model For Strategically Leveraging Partner Brand Equity”. Journal of Brand Management, Cilt.12/2, sf. 105–123.
Uztuğ, F. (2002). Markan Kadar Konuş. İstanbul: Mediacat Yayınları
Ünal, S., Erciş, A., Güllülü, U., Bigili, B. ve Gödekmerdan, L., (2008). Sigorta Hizmetlerinde Marka Değeri ve Marka Güveni, 1. Baskı, Detay Yayıncılık, s.29, Ankara.
Virvilatie, R. ve Jucaityte, I. (2008). Brand Valuation: Viewpoint of Customer and Company, Engineering Economics, 56 (1): 111-119
Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
Yoo, B., Donthu, N. ve Lee, S. (2000). An Examination of Selected Marketing Mix Elements and Brand Equity, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28 (2): 195-211.
Zeithaml, V.A., (1988), “Consumer Perceptions of Price, Qualityand Value: A Meansend Model and Synthesis of Evidence”, Journal of Marketing 52 (July), No. s.3.