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New Approaches in Peacebuilding: The Analysis of the Transformation From Liberal Peace to Hybrid Peace

Year 2023, Volume: 22 Issue: 3, 960 - 977, 28.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1311919

Abstract

This article aims to provide a new approach to peacebuilding processes from the perspective of "local turn" in Peace and Conflict Studies and International Relations (IR) in Türkiye. The concept of hybrid peace has not been sufficiently addressed in previous studies. This article thoroughly evaluates and analyzes the definition of hybrid peace, its development in the context of liberal peace, and the criticisms. Unlike traditional peacebuilding efforts, hybrid peace focuses more on local dynamics, cultural factors, and social structures. The first objective of this study is to explain emergence of hybrid peace through the transformation of various approaches and how it responds to criticisms of liberal peace. The study examines how hybrid peace emerged and how it can offer an alternative approach. However, hybrid peace is criticized. The second objective is to examine and evaluate criticisms directed towards this concept. The first original criticism identified by this study is the duality of actors involved in the peacebuilding process, and the second one is the duality of ownership of the peacebuilding process. The article firstly will discuss the liberal peace and its criticisms which will analyze the fundamental principles, explaining emergence of hybrid peace. Secondly, relationships between liberal peace and hybridization and how the processes of hybridization can evolve into different perspectives will be discussed with diverse examples which aims to demonstrate how hybrid peace offers a different approach. Consequently, this article is the first study written to explain hybrid peace and provide an analytical assessment of its development and criticisms.

References

  • Anadolu Ajansı (2022). Balkan ülkeleri, Türkiye ile ekonomik ilişkileri geliştirmeyi amaçlıyor. Erişim tarihi: 20.05.2023, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/balkan-ulkeleri-turkiye-ile-ekonomik-iliskileri-gelistirmeyi-amacliyor/2677807#
  • Bargués-Pedreny, P. & Randazzo, E. (2018). Hybrid peace revisited: an opportunity for considering self-governance?. Third World Quarterly, DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2018.1447849.
  • Belloni, R. (2012). Hybrid peace governance: Its emergence and significance. Global Governance, 18(1), 21–38.
  • Boege, V., Brown, A., Clements, K. & Nolan, A. (2008). States emerging from hybrid political orders. Occasional Papers Series, The Australian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies (ACPACS).
  • Boutros-Ghali, B. (1992). An agenda for peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peacekeeping. United Nations Report, New York, 31 Aralık.
  • Campbell, S., Chandler, D. & Sabaratnam, M. (Ed.) (2011). A liberal peace? The problems and practices of peacebuilding, Zed Books, New York.
  • Chandler, D. (2015). Resilience and the ‘everyday’: Beyond the paradox of ‘liberal peace. Review of International Studies, (41) 1, 27-48.
  • Coşkun, E. R. (2022). Melez Barış. Baysal, B. (Ed.) Uluslararası ilişkilerde güvenlik. İstanbul, Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 227-236.
  • Diamond, L. (1995). Promoting democracy in the 1990s: Actors and instruments, issues and imperatives, Carnegie Corporation of New York.
  • Dillon, M. ve Reid, J. (2001). Global liberal governance: biopolitics, security and war. Millennium Journal of International Studies, 30(1), 41–66.
  • Doyle, M. W. (1983). Kant, liberal legacies, and foreign affairs: Part I, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 12 (3), 205–235.
  • Doyle, M. W. (1995). Liberalism and world politics revisited. Charles W. Kegley Jr. (Ed.), Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal challenge. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, s. 86-103.
  • Duffield, M. (2001). Global governance and the new wars: The merging of development and security. Zed Books, Londra.
  • Fanthorpe, R. (2006). On the limits of liberal peace: Chiefs and democratic centralization in post-war Sierra Leone. African Affairs, 105(418), 27-49.
  • Goldsmith, B. E. (2007). A liberal peace in Asia?. Journal of Peace Research, 44(1), 5–27.
  • Hegre, H. (2005). Development and the liberal peace. Nordic Journal of Political Economy, No: 31, 17–46. Helman, G. B. & Ratner, S. R. (1992). Saving failed states. Foreign Policy, 3-20.
  • Kant, I. (1949). Perpetual Peace. Friedrich C. J. (Ed.), The philosophy of Kant, Modem Library, New York, s. 453.
  • Mac Ginty, R. (2008). Indigenous peacemaking versus the liberal peace. Cooperation and Conflict, 43(2), 139–163.
  • Mac Ginty, R. (2011). International peacebuilding and local resistance: Hybrid forms of peace. Palgrave Macmillan, Londra.
  • Nadarajah, S. & Rampton, D. (2015). The limits of hybridity and the crisis of liberal peace. Review of International Studies, 41(1), 49-72.
  • Newman, E, Paris, R. & Richmond, O. P. (2009). Introduction. Newman E., Paris R. ve Richmond, O. P. (Ed.), New perspectives on liberal peacebuilding, United Nations, United Nations University Press, s.3-26.
  • Parekh, B. (1996). The cultural particularity of liberal democracy. Held, D. (Ed.), Prospects for democracy: North, South, East, West, Polity Press, Cambridge.
  • Paris, R. & Richmond, O. P. (Ed.) (2009). New perspectives on liberal peacebuilding. United Nations, United Nations University Press.
  • Paris, R. (2002). International peacebuilding and the “Mission Civilstrace”. Review of International Studies, 28.
  • Paris, R. (2004). At war’s end: Building peace after civil conflict, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Rampton, D. & Nadarajah S. (2016). A long view of liberal peace and its crisis, European Journal of International Relations, 23(2), 441-465.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2010). Resistant and post-liberal peace. Millenium Journal of International Studies, 38(33), 665-692.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2011). Post-colonial hybridity and human security. Chandler, D. & Hynek, N. (Ed.), Critical perspectives on human security, Routledge, Oxfordshire, s. 43-55.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2015). The dilemmas of a hybrid peace: Negative or positive. Cooperation and Conflict, 51(1), 50-68.
  • Spiro, D. E. (1994). The insignificance of the liberal peace, International Security, 19(2), 50–86.
  • Spivak, G. C. (1988), “Can the subaltern speak?”, Nelson C. ve Grossberg, L. (Ed.), Marxism and the interpretation of culture, Macmillan, Basingstoke s. 271-316.
  • Stamnes, E. (2010). Values, context and hybridity: How can the insights from the liberal peace critique literature be brought to bear on the practices of the UN peacebuilding architecture?. Working Paper: The Future of the Peacebuilding Architecture Project, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs and Centre for International Policy Studies, University of Ottawa.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı (TCDB) (2022a), Türkiye-Afrika İlişkileri. Erişim tarihi: 10.05.2023, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-afrika-iliskileri.tr.mfa
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı (TCDB) (2022b), Türkiye-Somali Siyasi İlişkileri. Erişim tarihi: 06.05.2023, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-somali-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa
  • Zartman, I. W. (1995). Collapsed states: The disintegration and restoration of legitimate Authority. Boulder CO, Lynne Rienner.

Barış İnşa Süreçlerinde Yeni Yaklaşımlar: Liberal Barıştan Melez Barışa Dönüşüm Analizi

Year 2023, Volume: 22 Issue: 3, 960 - 977, 28.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1311919

Abstract

Bu makale, Türkiye’deki Barış ve Çatışma Çalışmaları ve Uluslararası İlişkiler (Uİ) alanları bağlamında, “yerele dönüş” perspektifinden barış inşa süreçlerine yeni bir yaklaşım sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Melez barış (hybrid peace) kavramı, daha önce Türkiye'deki akademik çalışmalarda yeterince ele alınmamıştır. Bu nedenle, makalede melez barış kavramının tanımı, liberal barış sonrası gelişimi ve kavrama yönelik eleştirileri, akademik yazında oluşturulan kuramsal çerçeve üzerinden ayrıntılı bir şekilde değerlendirilip analiz edilmektedir. Melez barış, geleneksel barış inşa çalışmalarının aksine, yerel dinamiklere, kültürel faktörlere ve toplumsal yapıya daha fazla odaklanır. Bu çalışmanın birinci amacı, melez barışın hangi yaklaşımların dönüşümü ile ortaya çıktığını ve liberal barış eleştirilerine nasıl bir yanıt sunduğunu açıklamaktır. Bu bağlamda, melez barışın nasıl ortaya çıktığı ve liberal barış eleştirilerine karşı nasıl bir alternatif sunabileceği incelenmektedir. Ancak, melez barış kavramı, bazı eleştirilere maruz kalmış ve sorgulanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın ikinci amacı, bu kavrama yönelik eleştirilerin irdelenerek değerlendirmesidir. Çalışmanın ortaya koyduğu özgün iki önemli eleştirilerden birincisi barış inşa sürecine dahil olan aktörler ikiliği, ikincisi barış inşa sürecini sahiplenme ikiliğidir. Makalenin ilk bölümünde liberal barış kavramı ve eleştirileri ele alınacaktır. Bu bölüm, liberal barışın temel prensiplerini, etkinliğini ve eleştirilerini analiz ederek, melez barış kavramının ortaya çıkışını açıklayacaktır. İkinci aşamada ise, liberal barış ile melezleşme arasındaki ilişkiler ve melezleşme süreçlerinin farklı açılara nasıl evrilebileceği çeşitli örneklerle tartışılacaktır. Bu bölüm, melez barışın nasıl farklı bir perspektif sunduğunu ve nasıl alternatif bir yaklaşım olduğunu ortaya koymayı hedeflemektedir. Sonuç olarak, bu makale, melez barış kavramını tanımlamak, liberal barış sonrası gelişimi ve eleştirileri üzerine analitik bir değerlendirme yapmak amacıyla yazılmış ilk çalışmadır.

References

  • Anadolu Ajansı (2022). Balkan ülkeleri, Türkiye ile ekonomik ilişkileri geliştirmeyi amaçlıyor. Erişim tarihi: 20.05.2023, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/balkan-ulkeleri-turkiye-ile-ekonomik-iliskileri-gelistirmeyi-amacliyor/2677807#
  • Bargués-Pedreny, P. & Randazzo, E. (2018). Hybrid peace revisited: an opportunity for considering self-governance?. Third World Quarterly, DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2018.1447849.
  • Belloni, R. (2012). Hybrid peace governance: Its emergence and significance. Global Governance, 18(1), 21–38.
  • Boege, V., Brown, A., Clements, K. & Nolan, A. (2008). States emerging from hybrid political orders. Occasional Papers Series, The Australian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies (ACPACS).
  • Boutros-Ghali, B. (1992). An agenda for peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peacekeeping. United Nations Report, New York, 31 Aralık.
  • Campbell, S., Chandler, D. & Sabaratnam, M. (Ed.) (2011). A liberal peace? The problems and practices of peacebuilding, Zed Books, New York.
  • Chandler, D. (2015). Resilience and the ‘everyday’: Beyond the paradox of ‘liberal peace. Review of International Studies, (41) 1, 27-48.
  • Coşkun, E. R. (2022). Melez Barış. Baysal, B. (Ed.) Uluslararası ilişkilerde güvenlik. İstanbul, Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 227-236.
  • Diamond, L. (1995). Promoting democracy in the 1990s: Actors and instruments, issues and imperatives, Carnegie Corporation of New York.
  • Dillon, M. ve Reid, J. (2001). Global liberal governance: biopolitics, security and war. Millennium Journal of International Studies, 30(1), 41–66.
  • Doyle, M. W. (1983). Kant, liberal legacies, and foreign affairs: Part I, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 12 (3), 205–235.
  • Doyle, M. W. (1995). Liberalism and world politics revisited. Charles W. Kegley Jr. (Ed.), Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal challenge. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, s. 86-103.
  • Duffield, M. (2001). Global governance and the new wars: The merging of development and security. Zed Books, Londra.
  • Fanthorpe, R. (2006). On the limits of liberal peace: Chiefs and democratic centralization in post-war Sierra Leone. African Affairs, 105(418), 27-49.
  • Goldsmith, B. E. (2007). A liberal peace in Asia?. Journal of Peace Research, 44(1), 5–27.
  • Hegre, H. (2005). Development and the liberal peace. Nordic Journal of Political Economy, No: 31, 17–46. Helman, G. B. & Ratner, S. R. (1992). Saving failed states. Foreign Policy, 3-20.
  • Kant, I. (1949). Perpetual Peace. Friedrich C. J. (Ed.), The philosophy of Kant, Modem Library, New York, s. 453.
  • Mac Ginty, R. (2008). Indigenous peacemaking versus the liberal peace. Cooperation and Conflict, 43(2), 139–163.
  • Mac Ginty, R. (2011). International peacebuilding and local resistance: Hybrid forms of peace. Palgrave Macmillan, Londra.
  • Nadarajah, S. & Rampton, D. (2015). The limits of hybridity and the crisis of liberal peace. Review of International Studies, 41(1), 49-72.
  • Newman, E, Paris, R. & Richmond, O. P. (2009). Introduction. Newman E., Paris R. ve Richmond, O. P. (Ed.), New perspectives on liberal peacebuilding, United Nations, United Nations University Press, s.3-26.
  • Parekh, B. (1996). The cultural particularity of liberal democracy. Held, D. (Ed.), Prospects for democracy: North, South, East, West, Polity Press, Cambridge.
  • Paris, R. & Richmond, O. P. (Ed.) (2009). New perspectives on liberal peacebuilding. United Nations, United Nations University Press.
  • Paris, R. (2002). International peacebuilding and the “Mission Civilstrace”. Review of International Studies, 28.
  • Paris, R. (2004). At war’s end: Building peace after civil conflict, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Rampton, D. & Nadarajah S. (2016). A long view of liberal peace and its crisis, European Journal of International Relations, 23(2), 441-465.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2010). Resistant and post-liberal peace. Millenium Journal of International Studies, 38(33), 665-692.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2011). Post-colonial hybridity and human security. Chandler, D. & Hynek, N. (Ed.), Critical perspectives on human security, Routledge, Oxfordshire, s. 43-55.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2015). The dilemmas of a hybrid peace: Negative or positive. Cooperation and Conflict, 51(1), 50-68.
  • Spiro, D. E. (1994). The insignificance of the liberal peace, International Security, 19(2), 50–86.
  • Spivak, G. C. (1988), “Can the subaltern speak?”, Nelson C. ve Grossberg, L. (Ed.), Marxism and the interpretation of culture, Macmillan, Basingstoke s. 271-316.
  • Stamnes, E. (2010). Values, context and hybridity: How can the insights from the liberal peace critique literature be brought to bear on the practices of the UN peacebuilding architecture?. Working Paper: The Future of the Peacebuilding Architecture Project, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs and Centre for International Policy Studies, University of Ottawa.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı (TCDB) (2022a), Türkiye-Afrika İlişkileri. Erişim tarihi: 10.05.2023, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-afrika-iliskileri.tr.mfa
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı (TCDB) (2022b), Türkiye-Somali Siyasi İlişkileri. Erişim tarihi: 06.05.2023, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-somali-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa
  • Zartman, I. W. (1995). Collapsed states: The disintegration and restoration of legitimate Authority. Boulder CO, Lynne Rienner.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Political Science and International Relations
Authors

Efser Rana Coşkun 0000-0002-3703-8550

Publication Date July 28, 2023
Submission Date June 8, 2023
Acceptance Date July 19, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 22 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Coşkun, E. R. (2023). Barış İnşa Süreçlerinde Yeni Yaklaşımlar: Liberal Barıştan Melez Barışa Dönüşüm Analizi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(3), 960-977. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1311919