Rus İlhakı Sonrasında Kırım Tatarlarına Yönelik İnsan Hakları İhlalleri: Toplanma ve Örgütlenme Hakları Üzerine Kapsamlı Bir Analiz

Year 2023, Volume: 22 Issue: 4, 1482 - 1502, 20.10.2023

Osman Ercan , Hakan Kolçak

https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1289244

Abstract

Kırım Tatarlarının çokkültürlü Kırım Yarımadası’ndaki yaşamları, 18. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Rus hâkimiyeti dolayısıyla siyasi ve sosyal açılardan sorunlu bir süreç olarak ilerlemiştir. İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında yaşadıkları büyük sürgün nedeniyle ağır hak ihlallerine maruz kalan Kırım Tatarlarının talihi, Sovyet dönemi boyunca da birçok hak yönünden mahrumiyetler içerisinde geçmiştir. Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasının ardından Ukrayna bünyesinde bazı hakları teslim edilen Tatarlar, 1996 Anayasası’nda tanınan ve düzenlenen özerklik haklarından istifade etmiştir. İnsan hakları açısından bazı sınırlılıklar içeriyor olsa da görece olumlu bu anayasal düzen, Rusya Federasyonu’nun 2014 yılının mart ayında Kırım’ı ilhak etmesi akabinde tekrardan sekteye uğramış ve Kırım Tatarları birtakım insan hakları ihlalleri ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bahse konu ihlalleri; mülkiyet hakkı, ifade hürriyeti, din hürriyeti ve çeşitli kolektif haklar yönünden irdeleyen çalışmalar yayımlanmıştır. Rus ilhakı sonrasında toplanma ve örgütlenme hakları bakımından kayıtlara geçen ihlallerin analizine yönelik olarak ise öğretide genel bir ihmalin varlığı söz konusudur. Çalışmamız, bu ihmalin ortadan kaldırılmasını hedeflemektedir. Bu bağlamda, Rus ilhakı sonrasında gerek sivil toplum kuruluşları gerek devlet kurumları tarafından düzenli bir şekilde yayımlanan insan hakları temalı raporlar irdelenmekte; toplanma ve örgütlenme haklarına yönelik Kırım’daki Rus yönetiminin ihlallere sebebiyet veren uygulamaları tespit edilmektedir. Söz konusu ihlallerin tespiti ile Tatar Türklerinin mevcut sorunlarına ilişkin bölgesel ve uluslararası farkındalığın artırılabileceği de çalışmamızda ayrıca ileri sürülmektedir.

Keywords

Tatarlar, Kırım, İnsan hakları ihlalleri, toplanma hakkı, örgütlenme hakkı

Supporting Institution

Yok

Project Number

Yok

Human Rights Violations towards the Crimean Tatars After the Russian Annexation: A Comprehensive Analysis on the Rights to Assembly and Association

Abstract

The lives of the Crimean Tatars on the multicultural Crimean Peninsula have been a politically and socially problematic process due to Russian domination since the second half of the 18th century. The Crimean Tatars were deprived of many rights during the Soviet period and subjected to deportation during World War II. Following the collapse of the former Soviet Union, the Crimean Tatars enjoyed several self-government rights, recognised by the Constitution of 1996, within the post-Soviet Ukraine. When the Russian Federation annexed Crimea in March 2014, the tide again turned against the Tatars, leading to numerous human rights violations following the annexation. Some of such violations concerning the right to property, freedom of expression, freedom of religion and various collective rights have been examined by some studies. However, those violations committed by the Russian authorities after the annexation concerning the rights to assembly and association have not been analysed completely, resulting in a research gap in the literature. This article seeks to fill the aforementioned gap. Such violations are identified through a comprehensive analysis of many human rights reports prepared by various non-governmental organisations and state organs. This study is ultimately expected to expand the regional and international awareness of Tatars’ problems.

Keywords

Tatars, Crimea, human rights violations, the right to assembly, the right to association

Project Number

Yok

References

• Aydın, F. T. (2014). Crimean Tatars and Russia’s annexation of Crimea. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 13(3), 81-92.
• Aydın, F. T. ve Şahin, F. K. (2019). The politics of recognition of Crimean Tatar collective rights in the post-Soviet period: With special attention to the Russian annexation of Crimea. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 52(1), 39-50.
• Biersack, J. ve O’Lear, S. (2014). The geopolitics of Russia’s annexation of Crimea: Narratives, identity, silences, and energy. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 55(3), 247-269.
• Catala, A. (2015). Secession and annexation: The case of Crimea. German Law Journal, 16(3), 581-607.
• CHRG. (2015a). Monitoring review of the human rights situation in Crimea: July-August 2015. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2015b). Monitoring review of the human rights situation in Crimea: September 2015. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2015c). Monitoring review of the human rights situation in Crimea: October 2015. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2015d). Crimean human rights situation review: November 2015. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2016a). Crimean human rights situation review: February 2016. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2016b). Crimean human rights situation review: March 2016. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2016c). Crimean human rights situation review: April 2016. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2016d). Crimean human rights situation review: May 2016. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2016e). Crimean human rights situation review: June 2016. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2016f). Crimean human rights situation review: July 2016. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2016g). Crimean human rights situation review: August 2016. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2016h). Crimean human rights situation review: September 2016. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2016i). Crimean human rights situation review: October 2016. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2016j). Crimean human rights situation review: November 2016. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2016k). Crimean human rights situation review: December 2016. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2017a). Crimean human rights situation review: May 2017. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2017b). Crimean human rights situation review: July 2017. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2017c). Crimean human rights situation review: November 2017. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2018a). Crimean human rights situation review: January 2018. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2018b). Crimean human rights situation review: February 2018. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2018c). Crimean human rights situation review: October 2018. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2018d). Crimean human rights situation review: December 2018. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2019a). Crimean human rights situation review: March 2019. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2019b). Crimean human rights situation review: May 2019. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2019c). Crimean human rights situation review: June 2019. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2020a). Crimean human rights situation review: March 2020. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2020b). Crimean human rights situation review: April 2020. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• CHRG. (2020c). Crimean human rights situation review: May 2020. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office. CHRG. (2021). Human rights and international humanitarian law norms: Crimea 2020 situation review. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office. CHRG. (2022). Human rights and international humanitarian law norms: Crimea 2021 situation review. Kiev: CRHG Publication Office.
• Coynash, H. ve Charron, A. (2019). Russian-occupied Crimea and the state of exception: Repression, persecution, and human rights violations. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 60(1), 28-53.
• Cwicinskaja, N. (2019). Crimea and liability of Russia and Ukraine under the European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights. Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review, 9(1), 85-100.
• Davies, B. L. (2016). The Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774: Catherina II and the Ottoman Empire. London: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC.
• Dawson, J. I. (1998). Ethnicity, ideology and geopolitics in Crimea. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 30(4), 427-444.
• Demeshko, N. E. ve Irkhin, A. A. (2022). The Republic of Türkiye and Ukraine: Using the Crimean Tatar question in foreign policy after 2014. Vestnik Rossiskogo University International Relations Journal, 22(4), 755-770.
• DRL. (2014). Ukraine 2014 human rights report. Washington: DRL Publication Office.
• DRL. (2015). Ukraine 2015 human rights report. Washington: DRL Publication Office.
• DRL. (2016). Ukraine 2016 human rights report. Washington: DRL Publication Office.
• DRL. (2017). Ukraine 2017 human rights report. Washington: DRL Publication Office.
• DRL. (2018). Ukraine 2018 human rights report. Washington: DRL Publication Office.
• DRL. (2019). Ukraine 2019 human rights report. Washington: DRL Publication Office.
• DRL. (2020). Ukraine 2020 human rights report. Washington: DRL Publication Office.
• DRL. (2021). Ukraine 2021 human rights report. Washington: DRL Publication Office.
• DRL. (2022). Ukraine 2022 human rights report. Washington: DRL Publication Office.
• Fabry, M. (2015). How to uphold the territorial integrity of Ukraine. German Law Journal, 16(3), 416-433.
• Gardner, H. (2015). Crimea, global rivalry, and the vengeance of history. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Gorbunova, Y. (2014). Human rights abuses in Crimea under Russia’s occupation. Security and Human Rights, 25(3), 328-340.
• Grant, T. D. (2015). Annexation of Crimea. American Journal of International Law, 109(1), 68-95.
• Gürseler, C. (2015). Rusya Federasyonu’nda azınlık politikaları ve Kırım Tatarları. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 12(46), 61-77.
• Harding, L. ve Walker, S. (2014, 16 Mart). Crimea votes to secede from Ukraine in ‘illegal’ poll. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/16/ukraine-russia-truce-crimea-referendum.
• HRW. (2015). World report 2015: Events of 2014. New York: HRW Publication Office.
• HRW. (2017). World report 2017: Events of 2016. New York: HRW Publication Office.
• HRW. (2018). World report 2018: Events of 2017. New York: HRW Publication Office.
• İnalcık, H. (2017). Kırım tarihi üzerine araştırmalar, 1441-1700. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
• Khrapunov, I. (2012). The Crimea in the early Iron Age: An ethnic history. Simferopol: Dolya Publishing House.
• Khvalkov, E. (2018). The colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea region: Evolution and transformation. New York: Routledge.
• Kireçci, M. A. ve Tezcan, S. (2016). The predicament of the Crimean Tatars, past and present. Bilig, 77, 1-26.
• Korostelina, K. (2015). Crimean Tatars from mass deportation to hardships in occupied Crimea. Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 9(1), 33-47.
• Krimmer, M. (2021). Protection of property rights in Crimea: The tools of international investment law compared to the mechanism of the European Convention on Human Rights. Review of Central and East European Law, 46(1), 131-146.
• Kurat, A. N. (1972) IV-XVIII yüzyıllarda Karadeniz kuzeyindeki Türk kavimleri ve devletleri. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
• Magocsi, P. R. (2015). Şu mübarek topraklar: Kırım ve Kırım Tatarları (F. Burak, çev.). Ferit Burak Aydar. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
• Marples, D. R. ve Duke, D. F. (1995). Ukraine, Russia, and the question of Crimea. Nationalities Papers: The Journal Nationalism and Ethnicity, 23(2), 261-289.
• Melvin, M. (2017). Sevastopol’s wars: Crimea from Potemkin to Putin. London: Osprey Publishing.
• Milner, T. (1855). The Crimea; its ancient and modern history: The khans, the sultans and the czars. London: Longman.
• Morkva, V. (2021). Rusya’nın 2014 ilhakı sonrası Kırım’da Kırım Tatar halkının durumu. Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi, 21(2), 375-397.
• Müllerson, R. (2014). Ukraine: Victim of geopolitics. Chinese Journal of International Law, 13(1), 133-145.
• Nuzov, I. (2016). National ratification of an internationally wrongful act: The decision validating Russia’s incorporation of Crimea. European Constitutional Law Review, 12(2), 353-376.
• O’Neill, K. (2017). Claiming Crimea: A history of Catherine the Great’s southern empire. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Özçelik, S. (2020). The Russian occupation of Crimea in 2014: The second sürgün (The Soviet genocide) of the Crimean Tatars. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 29-44.
• Rosefielde, S. (2017). The Kremlin strikes back: Russia and the West after Crimea’s annexation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Sarıkaya, G. (2017). Rusya’nın Kırım’ı ilhakından sonra Kırım Tatar Milli Meclisi ve Kırım Tatar Türklerine yönelik baskılar. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 14(55), 85-100.
• Sasse, G. (2001). The ‘new’ Ukraine: A state of regions. Regions & Federal Studies, 11(3), 69-100.
• Tierney, S. (2015). Sovereignty and Crimea: How referendum democracy complicates constituent power in multinational societies. German Law Journal, 16(3), 523-541.
• Tsybulenko, E. ve Platonova, A. (2019). Violations of freedom of expression and freedom of religion by the Russian Federation as the occupying power in Crimea. Baltic Journal of European Studies, 9(3), 134-147.
• Uehling, G. L. (2004). Beyond memory: The Crimean Tatars’ deportation and return. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Vasiliev, A. A. (1936). The Goths in the Crimea. Cambridge, Mass.: The Medieval Academy of America.
• Vidmar, J. (2015). The annexation of Crimea and the boundaries of the will of the people. German Law Journal, 16(3), 365-383.
• Williams, B. G. (1998). The Crimean Tatar exile in Central Asia: A case study in group destruction and survival. Central Asian Survey, 17(2), 285-317.
• Williams, B. G. (2002). Hidden ethnocide in the Soviet Muslim borderlands: The ethnic cleansing of the Crimean Tatars. Journal of Genocide Research, 4(3), 357-373.
• Williams, B. G. (2016). The Crimean Tatars from Soviet genocide to Putin’s conquest. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Wilson, G. (2016). Secession and intervention in the former Soviet space: The Crimean incident and Russian interference in its ‘near abroad’. Liverpool Law Review, 37, 153-175.
• Yeşilot, O. (2014). The Crimean crisis in the context of new Russian geopolitics. Insight Turkey, 16(2), 167-181.