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A Microcosm of American Exceptionalism: Eigth-Rocks in Ruby as Chosen People in Toni Morrison’s Paradise

Year 2023, Volume: 22 Issue: 4, 1247 - 1259, 20.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1336393

Abstract

American exceptionalism, which has been supposed to have a divine historiography, accentuates and represents various aspects of Americanness that manifest destiny and strong challenges. Its sense of independence and moral superiority stems from the mythos that prioritizes its uniqueness and responsibility as part of its formation process. This ideology, in particular, suggests that the prior history of these people is pointed toward the “New World” in order to build and glamorize their distinctive future. This study offers an overview of the connection between the ideology of American exceptionalism and the 8-rock families, as chosen people, in Toni Morrison’s novel Paradise. Morrison, in Paradise, portrays a black immigration movement that demands a long-term imperial settlement modeled by white American society. Facing the failure of Reconstruction, her characters strive to maintain their freedom and independence through self-imposed, forceful segregation. The assumption that grounds the study, therefore, is that the 8-rock families, the founders of Ruby Town, pattern the ideological formation of American exceptionalism, despite their coal-black skin color and inferior status in cultural paradigms, by adopting a policy of racial segregation. The solidification, as in the American case, implies that self-proclaimed New Founders are responsible for building an independent and superior community that embraces the doctrines of disenfranchisement and racism in America. In addressing this reciprocity and its outcomes, Morrison has confirmed that just like good things, discrimination and ideas of superiority are learned, and Ruby residents have learned to use their skin color as a tool of domination.

References

  • Benjamin, W. (1968). Illuminations. Arendt, H. (Ed.). Theses on the philosophy of history. New York: Harcourt.
  • Byers, T. B. (1997). A city upon a hill: American literature and the ideology of exceptionalism. American Studies in Scandinavia, 29 (2), 85-105.
  • Dalsgard, K. (2001). The one all-black town worth the pain: (African) American exceptionalism, historical narration, and the critique of nationhood in Toni Morrison’s Paradise. African American Review, 35 (2), 233-248.
  • Davidson, R. (2001). Racial stock and 8-rocks: communal historiography in Toni Morrison’s “Paradise”. Twentieth Century Literature, 47 (3), 355-373.
  • Gauthier, M. (2005). The other side of “Paradise”: Toni Morrison’s (un)making of myths history. African American Review, 39 (3), 395-414.
  • Griffith, J. R. (2011). In the end is the beginning: Toni Morrison’s post-modern, post-ethical vision of paradise. Christianity and Literature, 60 (4), 581-610.
  • Huntington, S. P. (2004). Who are we? The challenges to America’s national identity. Simon: New York.
  • Kearly, P. R. (2000). Toni Morrison’s Paradise and the politics of community. The Journal of American Culture, 23 (2), 9-16.
  • Krumholz, L. J. (2002). Reading and insight in Toni Morrison’s Paradise. African American Review, 36 (1), 21-34.
  • Morrison, T. (2017). Race. Vintage Minis: London.
  • Morrison, T. (1993). Playing in the dark: Whiteness and the literary imagination. Vintage Books: USA.
  • Morrison, T. (1998). Paradise. Knopf: New York.
  • Morrison T. (2019). Ötekilerin kökeni (Trans. Ceren Demirdöğdü). Sel Yayıncılık: İstanbul.
  • Read, A. (2005). “As if word magic had anything to do with the courage it took to be a man”: Black masculinity in Toni Morrison’s “Paradise”. African American Review, 39 (4), 527-540.
  • Romero, C. (2005). Creating the beloved community: Religion, race, and nation in Toni Morrison’s “Paradise”. African American Review, 39 (3), 415-430.
  • Ruland, R &Bradbury, M. (1992). From puritanism to postmodernism: A history of American literature. Penguin: New York.
  • Schur, R. L. (2004). Locating Paradise in the post-civil rights era: Toni Morrison and critical race theory. Contemporary Literature, 45 (2), 276-299.
  • Storace, P. (1998). The scripture of utopia. New York Review of Books. 64-69.
  • Strehle, S. (2013). “I am a thing apart”: Toni Morrison, a mercy, and American exceptionalism. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, 54 (2), 109-123.
  • Sweeney, M. (2004). Racial house, big house, home: Contemporary abolitionism in Toni Morrison’s Paradise. Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism, 4 (2), 40-67.
  • Vermillion, M. (2014). The uses of tragedy: A thousand acres and American exceptionalism. Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory, 25 (2), 151-173.
  • Widdowson, P. (2001). The American dream refashioned: History, politics and gender in Toni Morrison’s Paradise. Journal of American Studies, 35 (2), 313-335.

A Microcosm of American Exceptionalism: Eigth-Rocks in Ruby as Chosen People in Toni Morrison’s Paradise

Year 2023, Volume: 22 Issue: 4, 1247 - 1259, 20.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1336393

Abstract

İlahi bir tarih yazımına sahip olduğu varsayılan Amerikan İstisnacılığı, kader ve güçlü meydan okumalar ortaya koyan Amerikanlığın çeşitli yönlerini vurgular ve temsil eder. Bağımsızlık ve ahlaki üstünlük duygusu, oluşum sürecinin bir parçası olarak benzersizliğini ve sorumluluklarını önceleyen mitostan kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu ideoloji, özellikle, bu insanların geçmiş tarihinin, kendilerine özgü geleceklerini inşa etmek ve yüceltmek amacıyla "Yeni Dünya’ya” doğru yönlendirildiğini öne sürmektedir. Bu çalışma, Toni Morrison'un Cennet adlı romanında Amerikan İstisnacılığı ideolojisi ile seçilmiş insanlar olarak 8-kayalı aileler arasındaki bağlantıya genel bir bakış sunmaktadır. Morrison bu romanında, beyaz Amerikan toplumu tarafından modellenen uzun vadeli emperyal bir yerleşim talep eden siyahi bir göç hareketini tasvir etmektedir. Yeniden Yapılanma'nın başarısızlığıyla yüzleşen karakterleri, özgürlüklerini ve bağımsızlıklarını kendi kendilerine dayattıkları, çoğunlukla zora dayalı, ayrımcılıkla korumaya çalışırlar. Bu nedenle, çalışmaya temel oluşturan varsayım, Ruby kasabasının kurucuları olan 8-kayalı ailelerin, kömür karası ten renklerine ve kültürel paradigmalardaki aşağı statülerine rağmen ırk ayrımcılığı politikasını benimseyerek Amerikan İstisnacılığının ideolojik oluşumunu örnekledikleridir. Amerikan örneğinde olduğu gibi bu katılaşma, kendini Yeni Kurucular olarak ilan edenlerin, Amerika'nın haklarından mahrum bırakma tavrı ve ırkçılık doktrinlerini benimseyen bağımsız ve üstün bir topluluk inşa etmekle sorumlu olduklarını ima eder. Bu karşılıklılığı ve sonuçlarını ele alan Morrison, tıpkı iyi şeyler gibi ayrımcılık ve üstünlük fikirlerinin de öğrenildiğini ve Ruby sakinlerinin ten renklerini bir tahakküm aracı olarak kullanmayı öğrendiklerini doğrulamıştır.

References

  • Benjamin, W. (1968). Illuminations. Arendt, H. (Ed.). Theses on the philosophy of history. New York: Harcourt.
  • Byers, T. B. (1997). A city upon a hill: American literature and the ideology of exceptionalism. American Studies in Scandinavia, 29 (2), 85-105.
  • Dalsgard, K. (2001). The one all-black town worth the pain: (African) American exceptionalism, historical narration, and the critique of nationhood in Toni Morrison’s Paradise. African American Review, 35 (2), 233-248.
  • Davidson, R. (2001). Racial stock and 8-rocks: communal historiography in Toni Morrison’s “Paradise”. Twentieth Century Literature, 47 (3), 355-373.
  • Gauthier, M. (2005). The other side of “Paradise”: Toni Morrison’s (un)making of myths history. African American Review, 39 (3), 395-414.
  • Griffith, J. R. (2011). In the end is the beginning: Toni Morrison’s post-modern, post-ethical vision of paradise. Christianity and Literature, 60 (4), 581-610.
  • Huntington, S. P. (2004). Who are we? The challenges to America’s national identity. Simon: New York.
  • Kearly, P. R. (2000). Toni Morrison’s Paradise and the politics of community. The Journal of American Culture, 23 (2), 9-16.
  • Krumholz, L. J. (2002). Reading and insight in Toni Morrison’s Paradise. African American Review, 36 (1), 21-34.
  • Morrison, T. (2017). Race. Vintage Minis: London.
  • Morrison, T. (1993). Playing in the dark: Whiteness and the literary imagination. Vintage Books: USA.
  • Morrison, T. (1998). Paradise. Knopf: New York.
  • Morrison T. (2019). Ötekilerin kökeni (Trans. Ceren Demirdöğdü). Sel Yayıncılık: İstanbul.
  • Read, A. (2005). “As if word magic had anything to do with the courage it took to be a man”: Black masculinity in Toni Morrison’s “Paradise”. African American Review, 39 (4), 527-540.
  • Romero, C. (2005). Creating the beloved community: Religion, race, and nation in Toni Morrison’s “Paradise”. African American Review, 39 (3), 415-430.
  • Ruland, R &Bradbury, M. (1992). From puritanism to postmodernism: A history of American literature. Penguin: New York.
  • Schur, R. L. (2004). Locating Paradise in the post-civil rights era: Toni Morrison and critical race theory. Contemporary Literature, 45 (2), 276-299.
  • Storace, P. (1998). The scripture of utopia. New York Review of Books. 64-69.
  • Strehle, S. (2013). “I am a thing apart”: Toni Morrison, a mercy, and American exceptionalism. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, 54 (2), 109-123.
  • Sweeney, M. (2004). Racial house, big house, home: Contemporary abolitionism in Toni Morrison’s Paradise. Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism, 4 (2), 40-67.
  • Vermillion, M. (2014). The uses of tragedy: A thousand acres and American exceptionalism. Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory, 25 (2), 151-173.
  • Widdowson, P. (2001). The American dream refashioned: History, politics and gender in Toni Morrison’s Paradise. Journal of American Studies, 35 (2), 313-335.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects British and Irish Language, Literature and Culture
Journal Section English Language and Literature
Authors

Pınar Süt Güngör 0000-0003-2324-2929

Publication Date October 20, 2023
Submission Date August 2, 2023
Acceptance Date October 14, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 22 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Süt Güngör, P. (2023). A Microcosm of American Exceptionalism: Eigth-Rocks in Ruby as Chosen People in Toni Morrison’s Paradise. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(4), 1247-1259. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1336393