Examining the Relationship Among Leisure Satisfaction, Emotional Intelligence, Hedonia and Eudaimonia

Year 2024, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 375 - 390, 25.01.2024

Selin Kama Nurulah Cihan Ağbay

https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1344970

Abstract

This study aims to examine and understand the relationships between leisure satisfaction, emotional intelligence, hedonia and eudaimonia. The research data were gathered from 222 academic and administrative staff of Bitlis Eren University in Turkey using a questionnaire technique through previous studies measurement scales. Firstly, SPSS 23 Program was used to make an explanatory factor analysis. In the following step, the data were analysed through SmartPLS statistical software to test the structural equation model of the study. In order to examine the measurement model of the study, Cronbach Alpha, CR and AVE values as well as discriminant validity findings were evaluated. Bootstrapping technique was used for the structural model analysis. As a result of the analysis, all three research hypotheses were accepted. Namely, analysis results prove that, from an in-depth perspective, leisure satisfaction affects emotional intelligence, and emotional intelligence affects hedonia and eudaimonia. On these results, promoting and spreading leisure activities throughout Bitlis by the university seems necessary for the staff to perform better. It is expected to increase the productivity of both academic and administrative staff and create a healthier working environment for Bitlis Eren University and other universities in Turkey. Therefore, it is crucial that various universities, especially Bitlis Eren University, encourage their staff to participate in some form of activities and take the initiative to organize these activities. Based on the results of this study, several theoretical and practical contributions are discussed.

Keywords

Leisure satisfaction, emotional intelligence, hedonia and eudaimonia

Thanks

We sincerely thank the Bitlis Eren University staff for their contribution.

Examining the Relationship Among Leisure Satisfaction, Emotional Intelligence, Hedonia and Eudaimonia

Abstract

Bu çalışma boş zaman tatmini, duygusal zekâ, hedonia ve eudaimonia arasındaki ilişkileri incelemeyi ve anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma verileri, Türkiye'de Bitlis Eren Üniversitesinde görev yapan 222 akademik ve idari personelden, daha önce yapılmış çalışmaların ölçekleri aracılığıyla anket tekniği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Açıklayıcı faktör analizi yapmak için öncelikle SPSS 23 Programı kullanılmıştır. Sonraki adımda, çalışmanın yapısal eşitlik modelini test etmek için veriler SmartPLS istatistik yazılımı aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın ölçüm modelinin incelenmesi amacıyla Cronbach Alpha, CR ve AVE değerlerinin yanı sıra ayırt edici geçerlilik bulguları değerlendirilmiştir. Yapısal model için ise bootstrapping tekniği kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda çalışmanın üç hipotezi de kabul edilmiştir. Diğer bir ifadeyle, bulgular, derinlemesine bir bakış açısıyla boş zaman tatmininin duygusal zekâyı etkilediğini, duygusal zekânın ise hedonia ve eudaimoniayı etkilediğini kanıtlamaktadır. Bu sonuçlara bağlı olarak üniversite tarafından boş zaman etkinliklerinin Bitlis geneline yaygınlaştırılması personelin daha iyi performans göstermesi için gerekli görülmektedir. Hem akademik hem de idari personelin verimliliğinin artması, Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi ve Türkiye'deki diğer üniversiteler için daha sağlıklı bir çalışma ortamının yaratılması beklenmektedir. Bu nedenle, başta Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi olmak üzere çeşitli üniversitelerin, çalışanlarını çeşitli etkinliklere katılmaya teşvik etmeleri ve bu etkinliklerin düzenlenmesi için inisiyatif almaları önemlidir. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara dayanarak, çeşitli teorik ve pratik katkılar tartışılmaktadır.

Keywords

Boş zaman tatmini, duygusal zeka, hedonia ve eudaimonia

References

• Aitchison, C. (2010). Labouring the leisure society thesis: A commentary on Rojek's “Leisure and emotional intelligence”, World Leisure Journal, 52(4), 265-269, https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2010.9674650 Aşkın, C. (2016). Öğretmenlerin serbest zaman eğitimi ve rekreasyon (serbest zamanda yapılan aktiviteler) etkinliklerine katılımlarındaki sosyo, ekonomik, kültürel etkenler-Düzce örneği. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 45(209), 160-189. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/milliegitim/issue/36141/406070
• Bakar, M. & Yaşartürk, F. (2023). Serbest zaman doyumu ve duygusal zekâ düzeyi arasındaki ilişki. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(1), 124-137. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1206424 Başarangil, İ. (2018). Akademisyenlerin boş zaman aktivitelerine katılımı, iş tatmini ve iş verimliliği: Kırklareli Üniversitesi’nde bir araştırma. Turizm Akademik Dergisi, 5(2), 155-170. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/touraj/issue/41158/393328 Beard, J. G. & Ragheb, M. G. (1980). Measuring leisure satisfaction. Journal of leisure Research, 12(1), 20-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1980.11969416
• Beggs, B. A. & Elkins, D. J. (2010). The influence of leisure motivation on leisure satisfaction. LARNet-The Cyber Journal of Applied Leisure and Recreation Research, (July). Retrieved from http://larnet.org/2010-02.html
• Bhullar, N., Schutte, N. S. & Malouff, J. M. (2013). The nature of well-being: The roles of hedonic and eudaimonic processes and trait emotional intelligence. The Journal of Psychology, 147(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2012.667016
• Brackett, M. A., Mayer, J. D. & Warner, R. M. (2004). Emotional intelligence and its relation to everyday behaviour. Personality and Individual differences, 36(6), 1387-1402. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00236-8
• Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301
• Brown, P. J., Dyer, A. & Whaley, R. S. (1972). Recreation Research—So What?. Journal of Leisure Research, 5(1), 16-24, https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1973.11970108
• Butt, T. H., Abid, G., Arya, B. & Farooqi, S. (2020). Employee energy and subjective well-being: a moderated mediation model. The Service Industries Journal, 40(1-2), 133-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1563072
• Callea, A., De Rosa, D., Ferri, G., Lipari, F. & Costanzi, M. (2019). Are more intelligent people happier? Emotional intelligence as mediator between need for relatedness, happiness and flourishing. Sustainability, 11(4), 1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041022
• Cankül, I. & Cankül, D. (2022). Ciddi boş zaman aktivitesi olarak gönüllü sosyal sorumluluk. Journal of Gastronomy, Hospitality and Travel, 5(1). https://www.joghat.org/uploads/2022-vol-5-issue-1-full-text-129.pdf
• Carmeli, A. & Josman, Z. E. (2006). The relationship among emotional intelligence, task performance, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Human performance, 19(4), 403-419. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1904_5
• Çevik, A., Özmaden, M., Tezcan, E. & Dokuzoğlu, G. (2021). Öğretmenlerin serbest zaman ilgilenimlerinin yaşam doyumlari üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(4), 784-790. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1003895
• Chen, C. J., & Li, W. C. (2020). A study on the hot spring leisure experience and happiness of Generation X and Generation Y in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 25(1), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1592764
• Chen, H. & Zeng, Z. (2023). Longitudinal well-being through the pursuit of hedonia and eudaimonia: inhibition and enhancement of eudaimonic behavior. Current Psychology, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04857-x
• Cho, H. (2020). Importance of leisure nostalgia on life satisfaction and leisure participation. The Service Industries Journal, 40(1-2), 90-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2019.1567714
• Choi, S. -H. & Yoo, Y. -J. (2017). Leisure attitude and satisfaction with leisure and life: proposing leisure prioritization and justification. World Leisure Journal, 59(2), 140-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2016.1216886
• Chun, S., Lee, S., Heo, J., Ryu, J. & Lee, K. H. (2022). Leisure activity, leisure satisfaction, and hedonic and eudaimonic well-being among older adults with cancer experience. Psychological Reports, https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221123236
• Chun, S., Lee, Y., Kim, B. & Heo, J. (2012). The contribution of leisure participation and leisure satisfaction to stress-related growth. Leisure Sciences, 34(5), 436–449. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2012.714704
• Cropanzano, R. & Wright, T. A. (2001). When a "happy" worker is really a" productive" worker: A review and further refinement of the happy-productive worker thesis. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 53, 182–199. https://doi.org/10.1037/1061-4087.53.3.182
• der Kinderen, S. & Khapova, S.N. (2021). Positive psychological well-being at work: The role of Eudaimonia. In: Dhiman, S.K. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Workplace Well-Being. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30025-8_79
• Di Bona, L. (2000). What are the Benefits of Leisure? An Exploration Using the Leisure Satisfaction Scale. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 63(2), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/030802260006300202
• Di Fabio, A. & Kenny, M. E. (2016). Promoting well-being: The contribution of emotional intelligence, 7, Frontiers in psychology, 1182. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01182
• Engel, J. F., Blackwell, R. D. & Miniard, Paul W. (1995). Consumer Behavior. (8th ed.). The Dryden Press: Texas.
• Eskiler, E., Yıldız, Y. & Ayhan, C. (2019). The effect of leisure benefits on leisure satisfaction: Extreme sports. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 21(1), 16-20. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.522984
• Extremera, N., Ruiz-Aranda, D., Pineda-Galán, C. & Salguero, J. M. (2011). Emotional intelligence and its relation with hedonic and eudaimonic well-being: A prospective study. Personality and individual differences, 51(1), 11-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.029
• Francken, D. A. & Van Raaij, W. F. (1981). Satisfaction with leisure time activities. Journal of leisure Research, 13(4), 337-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1981.11969498
• Godbey, G. (2010). The end of leisure? A commentary on Rojek's “leisure and emotional intelligence”. World Leisure Journal, 52(4), 270-273. https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2010.9674651
• Hair Jr, J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L. & Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1 (2), 107-123. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMDA.2017.087624
• Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E. & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis, 6th ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education International.
• Hill, N. & Brierley, J. (2003). How to measure customer satisfaction (2nd ed). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315253107
• Kama, S. & Agbay, N. C. (2023). Leisure activity and place requirement for a better life in slow city Ahlat. University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing, 16(9781955833097), 9. https://www.doi.org/10.5038/9781955833097
• Kaya, S. (2016). The relationship between leisure satisfaction and happiness among college students. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(3), 622-631.
• Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197
• Kock, N. (2014). Advanced mediating effects tests, multi-group analyses, and measurement model assessments in PLS-based SEM. International Journal of e-Collaboration (ijec), 10(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2014010101
• Koçyiğit, M., Erdoğdu, M., Mustafa, U. & Çınar, M. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin rekreatif etkinliklerle sosyalleşme düzeylerinin iletişim becerileri ve duygusal zekâları üzerine etkisi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 6(2), 966-988. https://doi.org/10.19145/e-gifder.427422
• Lam, L. T. & Kirby, S. L. (2002). Is emotional intelligence an advantage? An exploration of the impact of emotional and general intelligence on individual performance. The journal of social Psychology, 142(1), 133-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540209603891
• Lee, B., Shafer, C. S. & Kang, I. (2005). Examining relationships among perceptions of self, episode-specific evaluations, and overall satisfaction with a leisure activity. Leisure Sciences, 27(2), 93-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400590912006
• Lee, K. J. & Hwang, S. (2018). Serious leisure qualities and subjective well-being. The Journal of positive psychology, 13(1), 48-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1374437
• Lengieza, M. L., Hunt, C. A., & Swim, J. K. (2019). Measuring eudaimonic travel experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 74(C), 195-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.05.002
• Leon, I. & Juan A. Hernandez (1998). Testing the role of attribution and appraisal in predicting own and other's emotions, Cognition & Emotion, 12(1), 27-44, https://doi.org/10.1080/026999398379763
• Liu, H. & Yu, B. (2015). Serious leisure, leisure satisfaction and subjective well-being of Chinese university students. Social Indicators Research, 122, 159-174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0687-6
• Løvoll, H. S. (2019). The inner feeling of glacier hiking: an exploratory study of “immersion” as it relates to flow, hedonia and eudaimonia. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 19(3), 300-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2019.1581084
• Mayer, J. D. & Salovey, P. (1993). The intelligence of emotional intelligence. Intelligence, 17(4), 433-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-2896(93)90010-3
• Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P. & Caruso, D. R. (2000). Models of emotional intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of intelligence, 396–420. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Ngai, V. T. (2005). Leisure satisfaction and quality of life in Macao, China. Leisure Studies, 24(2), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360412331313502
• Pearson, Q. M. (1998). Job satisfaction, leisure satisfaction, and psychological health. The Career Development Quarterly, 46(4), 416-426. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.1998.tb00718.x
• Peiró, J.M., Kozusznik, M.W. & Soriano, A. (2019). From happiness orientations to work performance: the mediating role of hedonic and eudaimonic experiences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245002
• Rafique, E. & Aslam, N. (2020). Emotional Intelligence, Eudaimonic and Hedonic Well-Being among Students. Foundation University Journal of Psychology, 4(2), 64-74. https://doi.org/10.33897/fujp.v4i2.72
• Ragheb, M. G. & Griffith, C. A. (1982). The contribution of leisure participation and leisure satisfaction to life satisfaction of older persons. Journal of Leisure Research, 14(4), 295-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1982.11969527
• Riddick, C. C. (1986). Leisure Satisfaction Precursors. Journal of Leisure Research, 18(4), 259-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1986.11969664
• Rojek, C. (2010). Leisure and emotional intelligence. World Leisure Journal, 52(4), 240-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2010.9674646
• Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological wellbeing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
• Salavera, C. & Usán, P. (2022). The relationship between eudaimonic wellbeing, emotional intelligence and affect in early adolescents. Current Psychology, 41(10), 6945-6953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01208-y
• Salavera, C., Usán, P., Teruel, P. & Antoñanzas, J. L. (2020). Eudaimonic well-being in adolescents: The role of trait emotional intelligence and personality. Sustainability, 12(7), 2742. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072742
• Salovey, P. & Grewal, D. (2005). The science of emotional intelligence. Current directions in psychological science, 14(6), 281-285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00381.x
• Salovey, P. & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185-211. https://doi.org/10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
• Saragih, H. S. & Amelia, N. (2020). Segmentation of music festival visitors by values of hedonia, life satisfaction and eudaimonia. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 11(4), 453-472. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEFM-03-2020-0016
• Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Hall, L. E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J. & Dornheim, L. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00001-4
• Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Simunek, M., McKenley, J. & Hollander, S. (2002). Characteristic emotional intelligence and emotional well-being. Cognition & Emotion, 16(6), 769-785. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930143000482
• Schutte, N. S., Schuettpelz, E. & Malouff, J. M. (2001). Emotional intelligence and task performance. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 20(4), 347-354. https://doi.org/10.2190/J0X6-BHTG-KPV6-2UXX
• Serdar, E., Demirel, M. & Harmandar Demirel, D. (2022). The relationship between the leisure boredom, leisure satisfaction, and smartphone addiction: a study on university students. International Journal of Technology in Education, 5(1), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijte.235
• Sfetcu, N. (2020). Philosophy of Emotional Intelligence. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/334593036.pdf
• Siegenthaler, K. L. & O'Dell, I. (2000). Leisure attitude, leisure satisfaction, and perceived freedom in leisure within family dyads. Leisure sciences, 22(4), 281-296. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409950202302
• Singh, H. (2017). Relationship between leisure-time physical activity and emotional intelligence in female university students: a correlational study. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science. 3(10), 209-216. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1001774
• Stoyanova-Bozhkova, S., Paskova, T. & Buhalis, D. (2022). Emotional intelligence: a competitive advantage for tourism and hospitality managers. Tourism Recreation Research, 47(4), 359-371. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1841377
• Sü Eröz, S. (2013). Örgütlerde duygusal zekâ. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16 (29), 213-242.
• Turban, D. B. & Yan, W. (2016). Relationship of eudaimonia and hedonia with work outcomes, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(6), 1006-1020. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-07-2015-0271
• Wang, E. S. T., Chen, L. S. L., Lin, J. Y. C. & Wang, M. C. H. (2008). The relationship between leisure satisfaction and life satisfaction of adolescents concerning online games. Adolescence, 43(169), 177-184. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18447089
• Watkin, C. (2000). Developing emotional intelligence. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 8(2), 89-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2389.00137
• Wu, Chien Hsin, (2010). The Relationships Among Leisure Participation, Leisure Satisfaction, and Emotional Intelligence Among Elementary School Teachers in Northern Taiwan Theses & Dissertations. 226. Retrieved from: https://athenaeum.uiw.edu/uiw_etds/226
• Yıldırım, B. & Latifoğlu, G. (2020, September). Serbest zaman tatmini ile yaşam doyumu ve duygusal zekâ arasındaki ilişki. In conference proceeding book, 68-87. International Conference on Interdisciplinary Educational Reflections. Near East University.
• Yurcu, G. & Akinci, Z. (2017). Influence of organizational citizenship behavior on hotel employees’ job satisfaction and subjective well-being. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR), 5(1), 57-83. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ahtr/issue/32314/359089
• Zacher, H., McKenna, B. & Rooney, D. (2013). Effects of self-reported wisdom on happiness: Not much more than emotional intelligence? Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(6), 1697-1716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9404-9