Sporcu popülasyonunda yeme bozukluklarındaki artış dikkat çekicidir. Yeme dürtüsü ile ilgili bozukluklar, vücut ağırlığı takıntısı, vücut şekli ile ilgili olumsuz düşünceler ve eşlik eden duygudurum bozuklukları yeme davranışının ciddi şekilde etkilendiği psikolojik bozukluklardır. Narsistik kişilik bozukluğu, üstünlük kompleksi, empati kuramama ve onaylanma gereksinimini içeren sürekli bir örüntü olarak tanımlanır. Sınırsız güç, başarı, güzellik, onaylanma arzusu gibi bazı narsistik özellikler, sporcuların beslenme alışkanlıkları ile ilgili olabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, elit sporcularda narsisizm eğilimi ile yeme bozuklukları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Araştırmaya farklı spor dallarından 18-36 yaşları arasında 223 elit sporcu (99 erkek, 124 kadın) katılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak Narsisistik Kişilik Envanteri-16 ve Yeme Tutum Testi kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Spearman Korelasyon Analizi ve Mann-Whitney U Testi kullanılmıştır. Yeme bozukluğu puanları ile narsisizm puanları arasında pozitif yönde çok zayıf bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir (p<0.05). Teşhircilik alt boyutu ile yeme bozuklukları eğilimi arasında pozitif yönde çok zayıf bir ilişki bulunmuştur (p<0.01). Narsisizm eğilimi ile yeme bozukluğu eğilimi değişkenleri arasında ve ayrıca teşhircilik ile yeme bozukluğu eğilimi arasında çok zayıf pozitif bir ilişki vardır. Bu nedenle sporcular disiplinler arası yaklaşımlar izlenerek performansları için beslenme konusunda bilgilendirilmelidir.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV. (4th ed.) American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1007/springerreference_179660
Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. (2014). Ruhsal bozuklukların tanısal ve sayımsal el kitabının tanı ölçütleri başvuru kitabı (5. baskı). (E. Köroğlu, Çev.). Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
Ames, D. R., Rose, P., & Anderson, C. P. (2006). The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(4), 440-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.03.002
Atay, S. (2009). Narsisistik kişilik envanterinin Türkçe’ye standardizasyonu. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 181-196.
Altuğ, A., Elal, G., Slade, P., & Tekcan, A. (2000). The eating attitudes test in Turkish university students: Relationship with sociodemographic, social and individual variables. Eating and Weight Disorders, 5(3), 152-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03353438
Bruch, H. (1973). Eating disorders: Obesity, anorexia nervosa, and the person within. Basic Books.
Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2019). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. (26. Baskı). Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
Bratland-Sanda, S., & Sundgot-Borgen J. (2013). Eating disorders in athletes: Overview of prevalence, risk factors and recommendations for prevention and treatment. European Journal of Sport Science, 13(5), 499–508. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.740504.
Bardone-Cone, A. M., Thompson, K. A., & Miller, A. J. (2018). The self and eating disorders. Journal of Personality, 88(1), 59-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12448.
Campbell, M., & Waller, G. (2010). Narcissistic characteristics and eating-disordered behaviors. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43(6), 560-564. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20739.
Devrim, A., Bilgic, P., & Hongu, N. (2018). Is there any relationship between body image perception, eating disorders, and muscle dysmorphic disorders in male bodybuilders?. Am J Mens Health, 12(5), 1746-1758. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318786868.
Ersoy, G. (1991). Yeme davranışı bozuklukları anoreksia ve bulimia nervoza. Beslenme ve Diyetetik Dergisi, 20(1), 95-106.
Eren, Z. (2012). Spor salonuna giden yetişkinlerin yeme tutumları, sosyal fizik kaygıları ve narsistik yapılanmaları arasındaki ilişki (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Maltepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
Frankel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education. (6th edition). McGraw-Hill International Edition.
Fortes, L. S., Kakeshita, I. S., Almeida, S. S., Gomes, A. R., & Ferreira, M. C. (2014). Eating behaviors in youths: A comparison between female and male athletes and non-athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 24(1), e62–e68. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12098
Fromm, E. (1994). Sevginin ve şiddetin kaynağı. 6.Baskı, (Çev: Y. Salman, N. İçten). Payel Yayınları.
Garner, D. M., & Garfinkel, P. E. (1979). The eating attitudes test: An index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine, 9 (2), 273-279. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700030762
Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., Mackinnon, A., Batterham, P. J., & Stanimirovic, R. (2015). The mental health of Australian elite athletes. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 18(3), 255–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.04.006
Gezer, E. (2017). Beden eğitimi ve spor yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin narsistik eğilimleri. Journal of International Social Research, 10(53), 567-575. https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.20175334145
Giel, K. E., Hermann-Werner, A., Mayer, J., Diehl, K., Schneider, S., Thiel, A., Zipfel, S., & GOAL study group. (2016). Eating disorder pathology in elite adolescent athletes. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 49(6), 553–562. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22511
Kristjánsdóttir, H., Sigurðardóttir, P., Jónsdóttir, S., Þorsteinsdóttir, G., & Saavedra, J. (2019). Body image concern and eating disorder symptoms among elite icelandic athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(15), 2728. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152728.
Kaya, N., & Çilli, A. S. (1997). Anoreksiya nervoza. Genel Tıp Dergisi, 7(2), 107-110.
Kendir, D., & Karabudak, E. (2019). Sporcularda yeme bozuklukları. Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 1-10.
Lashinger, K. (2021). A review: Examining narcissism in eating disorders: the relationship between two types of eating disorders—anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa—and two forms of narcissism. The Pegasus Review: UCF Undergraduate Research Journal, 13(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2962
Lutter, M. (2017). Emerging treatments in eating disorders. Neurotherapeutics, 14(3), 614-622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-017-0535-x
Öztürk, M. O. (2004). Ruh sağlığı ve bozuklukları. Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri.
Petrie, T. A., & Greenleaf, C. A. (2007). Eating disorders in sport: From theory to research to intervention. In G., Tenenbaum, R.C., Eklund (Eds.). Handbook of sport psychology. (Eds.) (3rd ed., pp. 352-378). John Wiley and Sons.
Rozenblatt, S. (2002). In defence of self: the relationship of self-esteem and narcissism to agressive behavior (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Long Island University, Psychology, USA.
Sundgot-Borgen, J., & Torstveit, M. K. (2004). Prevalence of eating disorders in elite athletes is higher than in the general population. Clin J Sport Med., 14(1),25-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200401000-00005
Savaşır, I., & Erol, N. (1989). Yeme tutum testi: Anoreksi nervoza belirtileri indeksi. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 19-25.
Shafran, R., & Fairburn, C. G. (2002). A new ecologically valid method to assess body size estimation and body size dissatisfaction. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 32(4), 458-465. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10097
Schaal, K., Tafflet, M., Nassif, H., Thibault, V., Pichard, C., Alcotte, M., Guillet, T., El Helou, N., Berthelot, G., Simon, S., & Toussaint, J. F. (2011). Psychological balance in high level athletes: gender-based differences and sportspecific patterns. PLoS One, 6(5), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019007
Tazegül, Ü., & Güven, Ö. (2015). Vücut geliştirme sporcuları ile farklı spor dallarındaki elit sporcuların ve spor yapmayan bireylerin narsisizm seviyelerinin karşılaştırılması. International Journal of Social Science, 3(33), 465-473. https://doi.org/10.9761/jasss2770
Tuzgöl, T., Emiroğlu, E., & Güneş, F.E. (2018). Atletlerde yeme bozuklukları. Türkiye Klinikleri Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(2), 88-96. https://doi.org/10.5336/sportsci.2018-59780
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2010). Asrın vebası narsisizm illeti (Çeviri Ö., Korkmaz). Kaknüs Yayınları.
Uçar, S. A. (2019). Yetişkinlerde egzersiz bağımlılığı ile narsisizm arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
Waller, G., Sines, J., Meyer, C., Foster, E., & Skelton, A. (2007). Narcissism and narcissistic defences in the eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40(2), 143-148. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20345
Waller, G., Sines, J., Meyer, C., & Mountford, V. (2008). Body checking in the eating disorders: Association with narcissistic characteristics. Eating Behaviors, 9, 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2007.07.004
Vardar, E., & Erzengin, M. (2011). Ergenlerde yeme bozukluklarının yaygınlığı ve psikiyatrik eş tanıları iki aşamalı toplum merkezli bir çalışma. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(4), 205-212.
Vaughan, R., Madigan, D. J., Carter, L. G., & Nicholls, A. R. (2019). The dark triad in male and female athletes and non-athletes: Group differences and psychometric properties of the short dark triad (SD3), Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 43, 64-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.01.002
Investigation of the Relationship Between Narcissism Tendencies and Eating Disorders in Elite Athletes
The increase in eating disorders in the athlete population is remarkable. Disorders concerning eating impulse, bodyweight obsession, negative thoughts about body shape, and accompanying affective disorders are psychological disorders in which eating behavior is seriously affected. A narcissistic personality disorder is defined as a continuous pattern that includes a superiority complex, inability to empathize, and the need to be approved. Some narcissistic characteristics such as a desire for unlimited power, success, beauty, and approval may be related to the eating habits of athletes. This study was to examine the relationship between the tendency of narcissism and eating disorders in elite athletes. Participants of the study were 223 elite athletes (99 men, 124 women) from different sports branches aged between 18-36 years old. The Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16 and the Eating Attitude Test were used as data collection tools. Spearman Correlation Analysis and Mann- Whitney U Test were used in the analysis of the data. A very weak positive relationship was found between eating disorder scores and narcissism scores (p<0.05). A very weak positive correlation was found between the exhibitionism sub-dimension and eating disorders tendency (p<0.01). There is a very weak positive relationship between narcissism tendency and eating disorder tendency variables and also between exhibitionism and eating disorders tendency. Therefore, athletes should be informed about nutrition for their performance by following interdisciplinary approaches.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV. (4th ed.) American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1007/springerreference_179660
Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. (2014). Ruhsal bozuklukların tanısal ve sayımsal el kitabının tanı ölçütleri başvuru kitabı (5. baskı). (E. Köroğlu, Çev.). Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
Ames, D. R., Rose, P., & Anderson, C. P. (2006). The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(4), 440-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.03.002
Atay, S. (2009). Narsisistik kişilik envanterinin Türkçe’ye standardizasyonu. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 181-196.
Altuğ, A., Elal, G., Slade, P., & Tekcan, A. (2000). The eating attitudes test in Turkish university students: Relationship with sociodemographic, social and individual variables. Eating and Weight Disorders, 5(3), 152-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03353438
Bruch, H. (1973). Eating disorders: Obesity, anorexia nervosa, and the person within. Basic Books.
Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2019). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. (26. Baskı). Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
Bratland-Sanda, S., & Sundgot-Borgen J. (2013). Eating disorders in athletes: Overview of prevalence, risk factors and recommendations for prevention and treatment. European Journal of Sport Science, 13(5), 499–508. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.740504.
Bardone-Cone, A. M., Thompson, K. A., & Miller, A. J. (2018). The self and eating disorders. Journal of Personality, 88(1), 59-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12448.
Campbell, M., & Waller, G. (2010). Narcissistic characteristics and eating-disordered behaviors. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43(6), 560-564. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20739.
Devrim, A., Bilgic, P., & Hongu, N. (2018). Is there any relationship between body image perception, eating disorders, and muscle dysmorphic disorders in male bodybuilders?. Am J Mens Health, 12(5), 1746-1758. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318786868.
Ersoy, G. (1991). Yeme davranışı bozuklukları anoreksia ve bulimia nervoza. Beslenme ve Diyetetik Dergisi, 20(1), 95-106.
Eren, Z. (2012). Spor salonuna giden yetişkinlerin yeme tutumları, sosyal fizik kaygıları ve narsistik yapılanmaları arasındaki ilişki (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Maltepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
Frankel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education. (6th edition). McGraw-Hill International Edition.
Fortes, L. S., Kakeshita, I. S., Almeida, S. S., Gomes, A. R., & Ferreira, M. C. (2014). Eating behaviors in youths: A comparison between female and male athletes and non-athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 24(1), e62–e68. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12098
Fromm, E. (1994). Sevginin ve şiddetin kaynağı. 6.Baskı, (Çev: Y. Salman, N. İçten). Payel Yayınları.
Garner, D. M., & Garfinkel, P. E. (1979). The eating attitudes test: An index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine, 9 (2), 273-279. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700030762
Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., Mackinnon, A., Batterham, P. J., & Stanimirovic, R. (2015). The mental health of Australian elite athletes. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 18(3), 255–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.04.006
Gezer, E. (2017). Beden eğitimi ve spor yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin narsistik eğilimleri. Journal of International Social Research, 10(53), 567-575. https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.20175334145
Giel, K. E., Hermann-Werner, A., Mayer, J., Diehl, K., Schneider, S., Thiel, A., Zipfel, S., & GOAL study group. (2016). Eating disorder pathology in elite adolescent athletes. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 49(6), 553–562. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22511
Kristjánsdóttir, H., Sigurðardóttir, P., Jónsdóttir, S., Þorsteinsdóttir, G., & Saavedra, J. (2019). Body image concern and eating disorder symptoms among elite icelandic athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(15), 2728. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152728.
Kaya, N., & Çilli, A. S. (1997). Anoreksiya nervoza. Genel Tıp Dergisi, 7(2), 107-110.
Kendir, D., & Karabudak, E. (2019). Sporcularda yeme bozuklukları. Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 1-10.
Lashinger, K. (2021). A review: Examining narcissism in eating disorders: the relationship between two types of eating disorders—anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa—and two forms of narcissism. The Pegasus Review: UCF Undergraduate Research Journal, 13(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2962
Lutter, M. (2017). Emerging treatments in eating disorders. Neurotherapeutics, 14(3), 614-622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-017-0535-x
Öztürk, M. O. (2004). Ruh sağlığı ve bozuklukları. Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri.
Petrie, T. A., & Greenleaf, C. A. (2007). Eating disorders in sport: From theory to research to intervention. In G., Tenenbaum, R.C., Eklund (Eds.). Handbook of sport psychology. (Eds.) (3rd ed., pp. 352-378). John Wiley and Sons.
Rozenblatt, S. (2002). In defence of self: the relationship of self-esteem and narcissism to agressive behavior (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Long Island University, Psychology, USA.
Sundgot-Borgen, J., & Torstveit, M. K. (2004). Prevalence of eating disorders in elite athletes is higher than in the general population. Clin J Sport Med., 14(1),25-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200401000-00005
Savaşır, I., & Erol, N. (1989). Yeme tutum testi: Anoreksi nervoza belirtileri indeksi. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 19-25.
Shafran, R., & Fairburn, C. G. (2002). A new ecologically valid method to assess body size estimation and body size dissatisfaction. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 32(4), 458-465. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10097
Schaal, K., Tafflet, M., Nassif, H., Thibault, V., Pichard, C., Alcotte, M., Guillet, T., El Helou, N., Berthelot, G., Simon, S., & Toussaint, J. F. (2011). Psychological balance in high level athletes: gender-based differences and sportspecific patterns. PLoS One, 6(5), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019007
Tazegül, Ü., & Güven, Ö. (2015). Vücut geliştirme sporcuları ile farklı spor dallarındaki elit sporcuların ve spor yapmayan bireylerin narsisizm seviyelerinin karşılaştırılması. International Journal of Social Science, 3(33), 465-473. https://doi.org/10.9761/jasss2770
Tuzgöl, T., Emiroğlu, E., & Güneş, F.E. (2018). Atletlerde yeme bozuklukları. Türkiye Klinikleri Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(2), 88-96. https://doi.org/10.5336/sportsci.2018-59780
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2010). Asrın vebası narsisizm illeti (Çeviri Ö., Korkmaz). Kaknüs Yayınları.
Uçar, S. A. (2019). Yetişkinlerde egzersiz bağımlılığı ile narsisizm arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
Waller, G., Sines, J., Meyer, C., Foster, E., & Skelton, A. (2007). Narcissism and narcissistic defences in the eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40(2), 143-148. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20345
Waller, G., Sines, J., Meyer, C., & Mountford, V. (2008). Body checking in the eating disorders: Association with narcissistic characteristics. Eating Behaviors, 9, 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2007.07.004
Vardar, E., & Erzengin, M. (2011). Ergenlerde yeme bozukluklarının yaygınlığı ve psikiyatrik eş tanıları iki aşamalı toplum merkezli bir çalışma. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(4), 205-212.
Vaughan, R., Madigan, D. J., Carter, L. G., & Nicholls, A. R. (2019). The dark triad in male and female athletes and non-athletes: Group differences and psychometric properties of the short dark triad (SD3), Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 43, 64-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.01.002
Korkmaz, N., Öztürk, İ. E., Uğur, S., Akbaş, G., et al. (2022). Investigation of the Relationship Between Narcissism Tendencies and Eating Disorders in Elite Athletes. Journal of Sport Sciences Research, 7(2), 487-497. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1132367
AMA
Korkmaz N, Öztürk İE, Uğur S, Akbaş G, Hastürk M. Investigation of the Relationship Between Narcissism Tendencies and Eating Disorders in Elite Athletes. JSSR. December 2022;7(2):487-497. doi:10.25307/jssr.1132367
Chicago
Korkmaz, Nimet, İnci Ece Öztürk, Selen Uğur, Gamze Akbaş, and Meltem Hastürk. “Investigation of the Relationship Between Narcissism Tendencies and Eating Disorders in Elite Athletes”. Journal of Sport Sciences Research 7, no. 2 (December 2022): 487-97. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1132367.
EndNote
Korkmaz N, Öztürk İE, Uğur S, Akbaş G, Hastürk M (December 1, 2022) Investigation of the Relationship Between Narcissism Tendencies and Eating Disorders in Elite Athletes. Journal of Sport Sciences Research 7 2 487–497.
IEEE
N. Korkmaz, İ. E. Öztürk, S. Uğur, G. Akbaş, and M. Hastürk, “Investigation of the Relationship Between Narcissism Tendencies and Eating Disorders in Elite Athletes”, JSSR, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 487–497, 2022, doi: 10.25307/jssr.1132367.
ISNAD
Korkmaz, Nimet et al. “Investigation of the Relationship Between Narcissism Tendencies and Eating Disorders in Elite Athletes”. Journal of Sport Sciences Research 7/2 (December 2022), 487-497. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1132367.
JAMA
Korkmaz N, Öztürk İE, Uğur S, Akbaş G, Hastürk M. Investigation of the Relationship Between Narcissism Tendencies and Eating Disorders in Elite Athletes. JSSR. 2022;7:487–497.
MLA
Korkmaz, Nimet et al. “Investigation of the Relationship Between Narcissism Tendencies and Eating Disorders in Elite Athletes”. Journal of Sport Sciences Research, vol. 7, no. 2, 2022, pp. 487-9, doi:10.25307/jssr.1132367.
Vancouver
Korkmaz N, Öztürk İE, Uğur S, Akbaş G, Hastürk M. Investigation of the Relationship Between Narcissism Tendencies and Eating Disorders in Elite Athletes. JSSR. 2022;7(2):487-9.