Bu çalışmanın amacı, sporcuların antrenman ya da müsabaka sonrasındaki psikolojik toparlanma durumlarının belirlenmesi için Sporda Psikolojik Toparlanma Ölçeği’nin (SPTÖ) geliştirilmesidir. Ölçeğin katılımcı grubunu yaşları 16-48 (Xyaş=19,41; ±4,35) aralığında olan 177’si kadın, 331’i erkek toplam 508 sporcu oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin yapı geçerliklerini test etmek için AFA ve DFA; yakınsak ve ıraksak geçerliklerini test etmek için ise CR, AVE, MSV ve ASV değerleri ile Pearson Korelasyon analiz değerleri kullanılmıştır. Güvenirliklerini test etmek için ise Cronbach Alfa ve CR değerleri incelenmiştir. AFA sonuçlarında açıklanan varyans oranı %69,88 şeklindedir. DFA sonuçları incelendiğinde ise elde edilen uyum indekslerinin iyi uyum gösterdiği; güvenirlik değerlerine bakıldığında ise alt boyutların iç tutarlık katsayılarının Zihinsel toparlanma için 0,81; Canlılık ve enerji için 0,94; Psikolojik kopma için 0,83 ve İyiye dönüş için ise 0,93 olduğu görülmüştür. Ölçeğin ve tüm alt boyutlarının yakınsak ve ıraksak geçerlik değerlerini desteklediği belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak 20 madde ve Zihinsel toparlanma, Canlılık ve enerji, Psikolojik kopma, İyiye dönüş şeklinde dört alt boyuttan oluşan Sporda Psikolojik Toparlanma Ölçeği geliştirilmiştir.
Adın, R. M. (2019). Chalder Yorgunluk Ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması ve genç yetişkin bireylerde psikometrik özelliklerinin i̇ncelenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Fizik Tedavi ve Rehabilitasyon Programı, Ankara.
Alpar, R. (2006). Spor bilimlerinde uygulamalı istatistik. Nobel.
Andersen M. B., & Williams J. M. (1988). A model of stress and athletic injury: Prediction and prevention. J Sport Exerc Psychol, 10(3), 294–306. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.10.3.294
Atılgan, H., Kan, A., ve Aydın, B. (2018). Eğitimde ölçme ve değerlendirme. İçinde H. Atılgan (Ed.), Kapsam geçerliği (ss. 72-75). Anı.
Balk, Y. A., & Englert, C. (2020). Recovery self-regulation in sport: Theory, research, and practice. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 15(2), 273-281. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954119897528
Balk, Y. A., de Jonge, J., Oerlemans, W. G., & Geurts, S. A. (2019). Physical recovery, mental detachment and sleep as predictors of injury and mental energy. Journal of Health Psychology, 24(13), 1828-1838. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105317705980
Bompa, T. O. (2015). Dönemleme antrenman kuramı ve yöntemi. (T. Bağırgan. Çev.). (2. Baskı). Spor.
Botterill, C., & Wilson, C. (2002). Enhancing recovery: preventing underperformance in athletes. In M. Kellman (Ed.), Overtraining: Emotional and interdisciplinary dimensions (ss. 143). Human Kinetics.
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı istatistik, araştırma deseni SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum. Pegem.
Davis IV., H., Orzeck, T., & Keelan, P. (2007). Psychometric item evaluations of the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(6), 917-938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.10.003
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Sonnentag, S., & Fullagar, C. J. (2012). Work‐related flow and energy at work and at home: A study on the role of daily recovery. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(2), 276-295. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.760
Calder, A. (2000). Advanced coaching study pack: Recovery training. Australian Sports Commission.
Çelik, T. (2021). Web 2.0 araçları kullanımı yetkinliği ölçeği geliştirme çalışması. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 51, 449-478. https://doi.org/10.9779.pauefd.700181
Eccles, D. W., Balk, Y., Gretton, T. W., & Harris, N. (2022). “The forgotten session”: Advancing research and practice concerning the psychology of rest in athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 34(1), 3-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1756526
Eccles, D. W., & Kazmier, A. W. (2019). The psychology of rest in athletes: an empirical study and initial model. Psychol Sport Exerc., 44, 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.05.007
Eklund, R. C., & DeFreese, J. D. (2015). Athlete burnout: What we know, what we could know, and how we can find out more. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 27, 63–75. https://doi.org/10.24985/ijass.2015.27.2.63
Fuller, K., & Paccagnella, M. (2004). Revitalising body and soul―physiological and psychological strategies for recovery. Sports Coach, 27(3), 14-16.
Goldsmith, W. (2006). Recovery based training—an alternate method of athlete preparation. http://coachesinfo.com/category/swimming /130/
Gustafsson, H., Hassmen, P., Kentta, G., & Johansson, M. (2008). A qualitative analysis of burnout in elite Swedish athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(6), 800-816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.11.004
Gürbüz, S., ve Şahin F. (2018). Sosyal Bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri felsefe-yöntem-analiz. Seçkin.
Halson S. L., & Jeukendrup A. E. (2004). Does overtraining exist? Sports Med, 34, 967–981. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434140-00003
Hair Jr, J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: Updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2), 107-123. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMDA.2017.087624
Hanin, Y. (2000). Emotion in Sport. Human Kinetics.
Henschen, K. (1993). Applied Sport Psychology. In J. Williams (Ed.), Athletic staleness and burnout: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment (pp. 328–337). Mayfield.
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7CF7R
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Jeffreys, I. (2005). A multidimensional approach to enhancing recovery. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 27(5), 78–85.
Kallus, K. W., & Kellmann, M. (2000). Emotions in Sport. In Y. Hanin. (Ed.), Burnout in athletes and coaches (pp. 209-230). Human Kinetics.
Karaman, H. (2015). Açımlayıcı faktör analizinde kullanılan faktör çıkartma yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması. Yüksek lisans tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
Kaynak, İ. (2021). Psikolojik güçlendirmenin duygusal bağlılığa etkisinde ücret tatmininin düzenleyici rolü. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi, 4(2), 193-208. https://doi.org/10.46737/emid.1026918
Kelecek, S., Kaya, F.M., ve Aşçı, F.H. (2018). Sporcu bağlılık ölçeği’nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(3), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000374
Kellman, M. (2002). Enhancing Recovery. Preventing underperformance in athletes. Human Kinetics.
Kellmann, M., Bertollo, M., Bosquet, L., Brink, M., Coutts, A. J., Duffield, R., Erlacher, D., Halson, S. L., Hecksteden, A., Heidari, K., Kallus, K. W., Meeusen, R., Mujika, I., Robazza, C., Skorski, S., Venter, R., & Beckmann, J. (2018). Recovery and performance in sport: Consensus statement. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(2), 240-245. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0759
Kellmann, M., & Günther K. D. (2000). Changes in stress and recovery in elite rowers during preparation for the Olympic Games. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 32(3), 676–683. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200003000-00019
Kellmann, M., ve Kallus, K. W. (2001). Recovery-stress questionnaire for athletes: User manual. Human Kinetics.
Kentta, G., & Hassmen, P. (1998). Overtraining and recovery: a conceptual model. Sports Med., 26(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199826010-00001
Keser, A., ve Bilir, K. B. Ö. (2019). İş tatmini ölçeğinin Türkçe güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(3), 229-239.
Koyuncu, İ., ve Kılıç, A. F. (2019). Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanımı: Bir doküman incelemesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 44 (198), 361-388. http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2019.7665
Liew, G. C., Kuan, G., Chin, N. S., & Hashim, H. A. (2019). Mental toughness in sport. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 49(4), 381-394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-019-00603-3
Loch, F., Hof Zum Berge, A., Ferrauti, A., Meyer, T., Pfeiffer, M., & Kellman, M. (2020). Acute effects of mental recovery strategies after a mentally fatiguing task. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-13. Article 558856. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.558856
Lochbaum, M., Zanatta, T., Kirschling, D., & May, E. (2021). The profile of moods states and athletic performance: A meta-analysis of published studies. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(1), 50-70. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11010005
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Development of Sport Psychological Recovery Scale (SPRS)
The aim of this study was to develop a scale to determine the psychological recovery level of athletes after a training session or a competition. Participants were comprised of 508 athletes (177 women and 331 men), aged between 16-48 (Xage=19.41; ±4.35). EFA and CFA analyses were examined to test scale construct validity CR, AVE, MSV and ASV values and Pearson Correlation analyses were used to test convergent and divergent validity. To test the reliability of the scale, Cronbach’s Alpha and CR values were examined. The explained variance of the EFA result was 69.88%. CFA results which determine the reliability revealed that the obtained fit indices were found in an acceptable range. The internal consistency coefficients were 0.81 for Mental Recovery; 0.94 for Vigor and Energy; 0.83 for Mental Detachment and 0.93 for Flourishing subscales. It was determined that the convergent and divergent validity scores of the scale and all its subscales were found as acceptable. Consequently, statistical parameters of the Psychological Recovery Scale in Sports give a proper result, and the scale consists of 20 items and four subscales which are Mental Recovery, Vigor and Energy, Mental Detachment and Flourishing.
Adın, R. M. (2019). Chalder Yorgunluk Ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması ve genç yetişkin bireylerde psikometrik özelliklerinin i̇ncelenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Fizik Tedavi ve Rehabilitasyon Programı, Ankara.
Alpar, R. (2006). Spor bilimlerinde uygulamalı istatistik. Nobel.
Andersen M. B., & Williams J. M. (1988). A model of stress and athletic injury: Prediction and prevention. J Sport Exerc Psychol, 10(3), 294–306. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.10.3.294
Atılgan, H., Kan, A., ve Aydın, B. (2018). Eğitimde ölçme ve değerlendirme. İçinde H. Atılgan (Ed.), Kapsam geçerliği (ss. 72-75). Anı.
Balk, Y. A., & Englert, C. (2020). Recovery self-regulation in sport: Theory, research, and practice. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 15(2), 273-281. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954119897528
Balk, Y. A., de Jonge, J., Oerlemans, W. G., & Geurts, S. A. (2019). Physical recovery, mental detachment and sleep as predictors of injury and mental energy. Journal of Health Psychology, 24(13), 1828-1838. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105317705980
Bompa, T. O. (2015). Dönemleme antrenman kuramı ve yöntemi. (T. Bağırgan. Çev.). (2. Baskı). Spor.
Botterill, C., & Wilson, C. (2002). Enhancing recovery: preventing underperformance in athletes. In M. Kellman (Ed.), Overtraining: Emotional and interdisciplinary dimensions (ss. 143). Human Kinetics.
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı istatistik, araştırma deseni SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum. Pegem.
Davis IV., H., Orzeck, T., & Keelan, P. (2007). Psychometric item evaluations of the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(6), 917-938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.10.003
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Sonnentag, S., & Fullagar, C. J. (2012). Work‐related flow and energy at work and at home: A study on the role of daily recovery. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(2), 276-295. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.760
Calder, A. (2000). Advanced coaching study pack: Recovery training. Australian Sports Commission.
Çelik, T. (2021). Web 2.0 araçları kullanımı yetkinliği ölçeği geliştirme çalışması. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 51, 449-478. https://doi.org/10.9779.pauefd.700181
Eccles, D. W., Balk, Y., Gretton, T. W., & Harris, N. (2022). “The forgotten session”: Advancing research and practice concerning the psychology of rest in athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 34(1), 3-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1756526
Eccles, D. W., & Kazmier, A. W. (2019). The psychology of rest in athletes: an empirical study and initial model. Psychol Sport Exerc., 44, 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.05.007
Eklund, R. C., & DeFreese, J. D. (2015). Athlete burnout: What we know, what we could know, and how we can find out more. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 27, 63–75. https://doi.org/10.24985/ijass.2015.27.2.63
Fuller, K., & Paccagnella, M. (2004). Revitalising body and soul―physiological and psychological strategies for recovery. Sports Coach, 27(3), 14-16.
Goldsmith, W. (2006). Recovery based training—an alternate method of athlete preparation. http://coachesinfo.com/category/swimming /130/
Gustafsson, H., Hassmen, P., Kentta, G., & Johansson, M. (2008). A qualitative analysis of burnout in elite Swedish athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(6), 800-816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.11.004
Gürbüz, S., ve Şahin F. (2018). Sosyal Bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri felsefe-yöntem-analiz. Seçkin.
Halson S. L., & Jeukendrup A. E. (2004). Does overtraining exist? Sports Med, 34, 967–981. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434140-00003
Hair Jr, J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: Updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2), 107-123. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMDA.2017.087624
Hanin, Y. (2000). Emotion in Sport. Human Kinetics.
Henschen, K. (1993). Applied Sport Psychology. In J. Williams (Ed.), Athletic staleness and burnout: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment (pp. 328–337). Mayfield.
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7CF7R
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Jeffreys, I. (2005). A multidimensional approach to enhancing recovery. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 27(5), 78–85.
Kallus, K. W., & Kellmann, M. (2000). Emotions in Sport. In Y. Hanin. (Ed.), Burnout in athletes and coaches (pp. 209-230). Human Kinetics.
Karaman, H. (2015). Açımlayıcı faktör analizinde kullanılan faktör çıkartma yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması. Yüksek lisans tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
Kaynak, İ. (2021). Psikolojik güçlendirmenin duygusal bağlılığa etkisinde ücret tatmininin düzenleyici rolü. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi, 4(2), 193-208. https://doi.org/10.46737/emid.1026918
Kelecek, S., Kaya, F.M., ve Aşçı, F.H. (2018). Sporcu bağlılık ölçeği’nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(3), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000374
Kellman, M. (2002). Enhancing Recovery. Preventing underperformance in athletes. Human Kinetics.
Kellmann, M., Bertollo, M., Bosquet, L., Brink, M., Coutts, A. J., Duffield, R., Erlacher, D., Halson, S. L., Hecksteden, A., Heidari, K., Kallus, K. W., Meeusen, R., Mujika, I., Robazza, C., Skorski, S., Venter, R., & Beckmann, J. (2018). Recovery and performance in sport: Consensus statement. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(2), 240-245. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0759
Kellmann, M., & Günther K. D. (2000). Changes in stress and recovery in elite rowers during preparation for the Olympic Games. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 32(3), 676–683. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200003000-00019
Kellmann, M., ve Kallus, K. W. (2001). Recovery-stress questionnaire for athletes: User manual. Human Kinetics.
Kentta, G., & Hassmen, P. (1998). Overtraining and recovery: a conceptual model. Sports Med., 26(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199826010-00001
Keser, A., ve Bilir, K. B. Ö. (2019). İş tatmini ölçeğinin Türkçe güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(3), 229-239.
Koyuncu, İ., ve Kılıç, A. F. (2019). Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanımı: Bir doküman incelemesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 44 (198), 361-388. http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2019.7665
Liew, G. C., Kuan, G., Chin, N. S., & Hashim, H. A. (2019). Mental toughness in sport. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 49(4), 381-394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-019-00603-3
Loch, F., Hof Zum Berge, A., Ferrauti, A., Meyer, T., Pfeiffer, M., & Kellman, M. (2020). Acute effects of mental recovery strategies after a mentally fatiguing task. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-13. Article 558856. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.558856
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