High-Intensity Interval Training and Continuous Training with Intermittent Calorie Restriction in Overweight Women: Effect on the Inflammation and Lipid Profile

Year 2020, , 230 - 246, 31.12.2020

Vahid Sari-sarraf Nazila Parnian-khajehdizaj Ramin Amirsasan

https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.819590

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to explore the combination of ICR with High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) or continuous training over a 8-weeks on inflammatory and lipid profile indexes in overweight women. In the current quasi-experimental study, 36 overweight and obese women were randomly grouped in four groups (n = 9/group) for an additional 8 weeks as follows: 1) intermittent caloric restriction (N=9) (20% lower energy intake), 2) continuous training+ICR (N=11) (20% energy deficit created by 10% CR and 10% EE through CT), 3) High-Intensity Interval Training+ICR (N=9) (20% energy deficit created by 10% CR and 10% EE through HIIT) and 4) control (N=9) (remain on diet). Blood samples were collected to measure the inflammatory indexes (the number of environmental blood leukocytes and C-reactive protein) as well as lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL). Data were analyzed using Shapiro–Wilk tests to investigate the natural distribution of the data; repetitive variance was also used to investigate the mean difference between phases and the interactive effect between phases and groups; Bonferroni post-hoc test was also used for comparing intergroup changes in the significance level of α < 0.05. Eight weeks of HIIT and continuous training with ICR led to significant changes in all indexes including lipid profile (HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, triglyceride), VO2max, CRP compared to the pre-test phase. Moreover, there was a significant intergroup difference in the indexes of lipid profile and CRP among control group and ICR, HIIT+ICR and ICR+ continuous groups, lastly, there was also an intergroup cholesterol index (ICR) and HIIT+ICR and ICR+continuous groups (p<0.05). Regarding VO2max, there was a significant intergroup difference between the control group and HIIT+ICR and ICR+ continuous groups (p<0.05). Due to the marked and noticeable effects of eight weeks of HIIT and continuous training along with ICR on inflammatory and lipid profile indexes in overweight women, it can be concluded that the combination of these interventions can be effective in controlling the weight and obesity.

Keywords

HIIT, Continuous training, Intermittent calorie restriction, Inflammation, Lipid profile, Overweight women

References

• Allen, N. G., Higham, S. M., Mendham, A. E., Kastelein, T. E., Larsen, P. S. & Duffield, R. (2017). The effect of high-intensity aerobic interval training on markers of systemic inflammation in sedentary populations. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 117(6), 1249-1256. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3613-1.
• Altena, T. S., Michaelson, J. L., Ball, S. D., Guilford, B. L. & Thomas, T. R. (2006). Lipoprotein subfraction changes after continuous or intermittent exercise training. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 38(2), 367-372. DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000185088.33669.fd.
• Astorino, T. A., Edmunds, R. M., Clark, A., King, L., Gallant, R. A., Namm, S., ... & Wood, K. M. (2017). High-intensity interval training increases cardiac output and VO2max. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 49(2), 265-273. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001099.
• Bahrami, A. & Saremi, A. (2011). Effect of caloric restriction with or without aerobic training on body composition, blood lipid profile, insulin resistance, and inflammatory marker in middle-age obese /overweight men. J Arak Uni Med Sci, 14(3), 11-19.
• Barranco, P., Delgado, J., Gallego, L. T., Bobolea, I., Pedrosa, M., García, D. L. A. & Quirce, S. (2012). Asthma, obesity and diet. Nutricion hospitalaria, 27(1), 138-145.
• Behrad, A., Askari, R. & Hamednia, M.R. (2016). The effect of high intensity interval training and circuit resistance training on respiratory function and body composition in overweight females. Journal of Exercise Physiology and Physical Activity, 4(7), 89-101.
• Boardley, D., Fahlman, M., Topp, R., Morgan, A. L. & McNevin, N. (2007). The impact of exercise training on blood lipids in older adults. The American journal of geriatric cardiology, 16(1), 30-35.DOI: 10.1111/j.1076-7460.2007.05353.x.
• Brown, W. M., Davison, G. W., McClean, C. M. & Murphy, M. H. (2015). A systematic review of the acute effects of exercise on immune and inflammatory indices in untrained adults. Sports medicine-open, 1(35), 1-10. DOI: 10.1186/s40798-015-0032-x.
• Campbell, K. L., Campbell, P. T., Ulrich, C. M., Wener, M., Alfano, C. M., Foster-Schubert, K., ... & McTiernan, A. (2008). No reduction in C-reactive protein following a 12-month randomized controlled trial of exercise in men and women. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers, 17(7), 1714-1718. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0088.
• Davis, R. A., Halbrooks, J. E., Watkins, E. E., Fisher, G., Hunter, G. R., Nagy, T. R. & Plaisance, E. P. (2017). High-intensity interval training and calorie restriction promote remodeling of glucose and lipid metabolism in diet-induced obesity. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 313(2), E243-E256. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00445.2016.
• Dossus, L., Rinaldi, S., Becker, S., Lukanova, A., Tjonneland, A., Olsen, A., ... & Clavel-Chapelon, F. (2010). Obesity, inflammatory markers, and endometrial cancer risk: a prospective case–control study. Endocrine-related cancer, 17(4), 1007. DOI: 10.1677/ERC-10-0053.
• Dupuit, M., Rance, M., Morel, C., Bouillon, P., Pereira, B., Bonnet, A., ... & Boisseau, N. (2020). Moderate-intensity continuous training or high-intensity interval training with or without resistance training for altering body composition in postmenopausal women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 52(3), 736-745. DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002162.
• e Silva, A. D. S. & da Mota, M. P. G. (2014). Effects of physical activity and training programs on plasma homocysteine levels: A Systematic review. Amino acids, 46(8), 1795-1804. DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1741-z.
• Ferguson, B. (2014). ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 9th Ed. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 58(3), 328-329.
• Foroutan, Y., Daneshyar, S., Tadibi, V. & Behpoor, N. (2018). Comparison of different concurrent protocols of lipid profile, insulin resistance index and some white adipose tissue hormones. Fats inactive men overweight. The Journal of Urmia University of Medical Sciences, 28(12), 805-816.
• Friedewald, W. T., Levy, R. I. & Fredrickson, D. S. (1972). Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clinical chemistry, 18(6), 499-502. DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499.
• Ghaledari, M. & Banee, A. (2016). Effect of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise with maximum severity of fat oxidation and calorie restriction on plasma abelin levels 36 and insulin resistance in overweight men. Sport Physiology (Research on Sport Science), 8(32), 153-168.
• Gibala, M. J., Little, J. P., MacDonald, M. J. & Hawley, J. A. (2012). Physiological adaptations to low‐volume, high‐intensity interval training in health and disease. The Journal of physiology, 590(5), 1077-1084. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.224725.
• Gibson, A. L., Wagner, D. & Heyward, V. (2018). Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription. 8 Edition. Champaign II: Human kinetics.
• Gist, N. H., Fedewa, M. V., Dishman, R. K. & Cureton, K. J. (2014). Sprint interval training effects on aerobic capacity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports medicine, 44(2), 269-279. DOI:10.1007/s40279-013-0115-0.
• Havanloo, F., Arefi-Rad, T., Ahmadizad, S. & Hedayati, M. (2011). The effect of 2 types of speed-periodic and endurance-continuous training with different intensities and volumes on the level of inflammatory markers. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism, 11(2),193-202.
• Housh, T. J., Housh, D. J. & DeVries, H. A. (2017). Applied exercise and sport physiology, With Labs. New York: Taylor & Francis.
• Imayama, I., Ulrich, C. M., Alfano, C. M., Wang, C., Xiao, L., Wener, M. H., ... & Mason, C. E. (2012). Effects of a caloric restriction weight loss diet and exercise on inflammatory biomarkers in overweight/obese postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer research, 72(9), 2314-2326.DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-3092.
• Jackson, A. S. & Pollock, M. L. (1985). Practical assessment of body composition. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 13(5), 76-90. DOI: 10.1080/00913847.1985.11708790.
• Janghorbani, M., Amini, M., Willett, WC., Gouya, MM., Delavari, A., Alikhani, S. & Mahdavi, A. (2007). First nationwide survey of prevalence of overweight, underweight, and abdominal obesity in Iranian adults. Obesity,15(11), 2797-808.
• Johnson, N. A., Sachinwalla, T., Walton, D. W., Smith, K., Armstrong, A., Thompson, M. W. & George, J. (2009). Aerobic exercise training reduces hepatic and visceral lipids in obese individuals without weight loss. Hepatology, 50(4), 1105-1112. DOI: 10.1002/hep.23129.
• Kazemzadeh, Y., Banaeefar, A., Shirvani, H. & Gharaat,A . (2017). The effect of high intensity interval training HIIT on body composition, lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in overweight young men. Physiology of Exercise and Physical Activity, 9(2), 1385-1394.
• Kendrew, J. (2009). The Encylopedia of Molecular Biology. John Wiley & Sons.
• Libardi, C. A., De Souza, G. V., Cavaglieri, C. R., Madruga, V. A. & Chacon-Mikahil, M. P. T. (2012). Effect of resistance, endurance, and concurrent training on TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 44(1), 50-56. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318229d2e9.
• Lo, M. S., Lin, L. L., Yao, W. J. & Ma, M. C. (2011). Training and detraining effects of the resistance vs. endurance program on body composition, body size, and physical performance in young men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(8), 2246-2254. DOI:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e8a4be.
• Margolis, K. L., Rodabough, R. J., Thomson, C. A., Lopez, A. M. & McTiernan, A. (2007). Prospective study of leukocyte count as a predictor of incident breast, colorectal, endometrial, and lung cancer and mortality in postmenopausal women. Archives of internal medicine, 167(17), 1837-1844. DOI:10.1001/archinte.167.17.1837.
• Mou, Z., Hyde, T. M., Lipska, B. K., Martinowich, K., Wei, P., Ong, C. J., ... & Lai, C. (2015). Human obesity associated with an intronic SNP in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor locus. Cell reports, 13(6), 1073-1080. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.065.
• Mogharnasi, M., Gaeini, A., Javadi, E., Kordi, M., Ravasi, A. & Sheikholeslami Vatani, D. (2009). The effect of endurance training on inflammatory biomarkers and lipid profiles in wistar rats. World Journal of Sport Sciences (WJSS), 2(2), 82-88.
• Martins, R. A., Veríssimo, M. T., e Silva, M. J. C., Cumming, S. P. & Teixeira, A. M. (2010). Effects of aerobic and strength-based training on metabolic health indicators in older adults. Lipids in Health and disease, 9(1), 1-6.
• Moghadamnia, AA., Hakiminia, S., Baradaran, M., Kazemi, S. & Ashraf-pour, M. (2015). Vitamin D Improves Learning and Memory Impairment in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice. Archives of Iranian Medicine (AIM),18(6), 362-366.
• Mosaffa, N. & Abedi, B. (2018). The Effect of Eight Week Interval training on The Serum VCAM-1 and PAI-1 in Obesity Women. Journal of Sport Biosciences, 10(2),193-206. DOI: 10.22059/jsb.2018.227583.1148.
• Nicklas, B. J., Hsu, F. C., Brinkley, T. J., Church, T., Goodpaster, B. H., Kritchevsky, S. B. & Pahor, M. (2008). Exercise training and plasma C‐reactive protein and interleukin‐6 in elderly people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56(11), 2045-2052. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01994.x.
• Perry, C. G., Heigenhauser, G. J., Bonen, A. & Spriet, L. L. (2008). High-intensity aerobic interval training increases fat and carbohydrate metabolic capacities in human skeletal muscle. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 33(6), 1112-1123. DOI: 10.1139/H08-097.
• Pihl, E., Zilmer, K., Kullisaar, T., Kairane, C., Pulges, A. & Zilmer, M. (2003). High-sensitive C-reactive protein level and oxidative stress-related status in former athletes in relation to traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis, 171(2), 321-326. DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.08.015.
• Rawson, E. S., Freedson, P. S., Osganian, S. K., Matthews, C. E., Reed, G. & Ockene, I. S. (2003). Body mass index, but not physical activity, is associated with C-reactive protein. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 35(7),1160-1166. DOI: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000074565.79230.AB.
• Ricci-Cabello, I., Olalla Herrera, M. & Artacho, R. (2012). Possible role of milk-derived bioactive peptides in the treatment and prevention of metabolic syndrome. Nutrition reviews, 70(4), 241-255. DOI:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00448.x.
• Sheikholeslami-vatani, D. & Ebrahimi, A. (2018). The Effect of Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training Vs. High-Intensity Interval Training on Visceral and Subcutaneous Fats in Obese Women. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (JRUMS),16(11),999-1012.
• Shariatzadeh, M., Moghadam, Z., Maleki, L., Keshavarz, E. & Hedayati, M. (2017). Short-Term Effect of Two Types of High-Intensity Interval Training on Plasma Level of TNF-α, IL-6, CRP and Lipid Profile of Overweight Women. Journal of Sport Biosciences, 9(2), 195-207. DOI:10.22059/jsb.2017.128575.963.
• e Silva, A. D. S. & da Mota, M. P. G. (2014). Effects of physical activity and training programs on plasma homocysteine levels: a systematic review. Amino acids, 46(8), 1795-1804. DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1741-z
• Sugiura, H., Sugiura, H., Kajima, K., Mirbod, S. M., Iwata, H. & Matsuoka, T. (2002). Effects of long-term moderate exercise and increase in number of daily steps on serum lipids in women: randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN21921919]. BMC Women's Health, 2(1), 34-42. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-2-3.
• Tartibian, B., Sharifi, H. & Ebrahimi-Turkmani, B. (2016). The effect of 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on lung function, serum leptin level and lipid profiles in inactive obese men. Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, 24(4),23-30.
• Thomas, T. R., Adeniran, S. B., Iltis, P. W., Aquiar, C. A. & Albers, J. J. (1985). Effects of interval and continuous running on HDL-cholesterol, apoproteins A-1 and B, and LCAT. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences. Journal Canadien des Sciences Appliquees au Sport, 10(1), 52-59.
• Trapp, E. G., Chisholm, D. J., Freund, J. & Boutcher, S. H. (2008). The effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise training on fat loss and fasting insulin levels of young women. International journal of obesity, 32(4), 684-691.DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803781.
• Valle, V. S. D., Mello, D. B. D., Fortes, M. D. S. R., Dantas, E. H. M. & Mattos, M. A. D. (2010). Effect of diet and indoor cycling on body composition and serum lipid. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia, 95(2), 173-178.
• Wang, C., Bomberg, E., Billington, C. J., Levine, A. S. & Kotz, C. M. (2010). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus increases energy expenditure. Brain research, 1336, 66-77.DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.013.
• Weiss, E. P., Albert, S. G., Reeds, D. N., Kress, K. S., McDaniel, J. L., Klein, S. & Villareal, D. T. (2016). Effects of matched weight loss from calorie restriction, exercise, or both on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a randomized intervention trial. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 104(3), 576-586. DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.131391.
• Williams, P. T., Krauss, R. M., Stefanick, M. L., Vranizan, K. M. & Wood, P. D. (1994). Effects of low-fat diet, calorie restriction, and running on lipoprotein subfraction concentrations in moderately overweight men. Metabolism, 43(5), 655-663.DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(94)90210-0.
• Zhang, H., Tong, T. K., Qiu, W., Zhang, X., Zhou, S., Liu, Y. & He, Y. (2017). Comparable effects of high-intensity interval training and prolonged continuous exercise training on abdominal visceral fat reduction in obese young women. Journal of diabetes research, 2017, 1-9. DOI:10.1155/2017/5071740.
• Ziccardi, P., Nappo, F., Giugliano, G., Esposito, K., Marfella, R., Cioffi, M., ... & Giugliano, D. (2002). Reduction of inflammatory cytokine concentrations and improvement of endothelial functions in obese women after weight loss over one year. Circulation, 105(7), 804-809. DOI: 10.1161/hc0702.104279.