Research Article
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The Effect of Physical Education Content on Children’s Activity during Recess based on Skill Level

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 195 - 213, 30.06.2024

Kian Vanluyten , Shu Cheng , Cédric Roure , Phillip Ward , Peter Iserbyt

https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1466995

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate voluntary participation of lower-, average, and higher skilled children during parkour recess and MVPA in physical education, parkour recess and regular recess. In total 147 (55 girls, 92 boys) elementary children from seven schools participated. During (i.e., generalization) and after (i.e., maintenance) a 10-lesson parkour unit was taught, five parkour recess sessions were organized. Systematic observation was used to assess children’s physical activity levels. Average skilled children participated more (74%) in parkour recess compared to higher skilled children (55%; p=.002). No differences were found for MVPA between lower-, average -and higher skilled children in any of the settings. Regardless of skill level, children voluntarily participated in parkour recess with MVPA levels 15-20% higher compared to regular recess. These findings are especially important for lower-skilled children, who are more at risk for lower participation in physical activities and adhering to physical activity guidelines.

Keywords

Participation School health MVPA

References

  • Aubert, S., Brazo-Sayavera, J., González, S. A., Janssen, I., Manyanga, T., Oyeyemi, A. L., ... & Tremblay, M. S. (2021). Global prevalence of physical activity for children and adolescents; inconsistencies, research gaps, and recommendations: A narrative review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 18(81), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01155-2
  • Biddle, S. J., Gorely, T., & Stensel, D. J. (2004). Health-enhancing physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(8), 679-701. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410410001712412
  • Brusseau, T. A., & Burns, R. D. (2018). The physical activity leader and comprehensive school physical activity program effectiveness. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 10(1), 127-133. https://doi.org/10.1515/bhk-2018-0019
  • Carson, R., & Webster, C. A. (Eds.). (2019). Comprehensive school physical activity programs: Putting evidence-based research into practice. Human Kinetics Publishers.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). SHAPE America—Society of Health and Physical Educators. Strategies for Recess in Schools. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Dept of Health and Human Services.
  • Cheng, S., Coolkens, R., Ward, P., & Iserbyt, P. (2021). Generalization from physical education to recess during an elementary sport education season. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 41(3), 492-501.
  • Clarke, J., Fletcher, B., Lancashire, E., Pallan, M., & Adab, P. (2013). The views of stakeholders on the role of the primary school in preventing childhood obesity: A qualitative systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 14(12), 975-988. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12058
  • Coolkens, R., Ward, P., Seghers, J., & Iserbyt, P. (2018a). Effects of generalization of engagement in parkour from physical education to recess on physical activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 89(4), 429-439. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2018.1521912
  • Coolkens, R., Ward, P., Seghers, J., & Iserbyt, P. (2018b). The effect of organized versus supervised recess on elementary school children’s participation, physical activity, play, and social behavior: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of physical activity and health, 15(10), 747-754. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2017-0591
  • Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2020). Applied behavior analysis. Merril Publishing Company.
  • De Meester, A., Stodden, D., Goodway, J., True, L., Brian, A., Ferkel, R., & Haerens, L. (2018). Identifying a motor proficiency barrier for meeting physical activity guidelines in children. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(1), 58-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.05.007
  • Drijvers, H., Seghers, J., van der Mars, H., & Iserbyt, P. (2022). Student participation in physical activity recess programs in secondary schools. International Journal of Kinesiology in Higher Education, 6(4), 212-224.
  • Elliot, E., Erwin, H., Hall, T., & Heidorn, B. (2013). Comprehensive school physical activity programs: Helping all students achieve 60 minutes of physical activity each day. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 84(9), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2013.838105
  • Erwin, H., Beighle, A., Carson, R. L., & Castelli, D. M. (2013). Comprehensive school-based physical activity promotion: A review. Quest, 65(4), 412-428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2013.791872
  • Fairclough, S. J., & Stratton, G. (2006). A review of physical activity levels during elementary school physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 25(2), 240-258. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.25.2.240
  • Farooq, A., Martin, A., Janssen, X., Wilson, M. G., Gibson, A. M., Hughes, A., & Reilly, J. J. (2020). Longitudinal changes in moderate‐to‐vigorous‐intensity physical activity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity Reviews, 21(1), e12953. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12953
  • Farooq, M. A., Parkinson, K. N., Adamson, A. J., Pearce, M. S., Reilly, J. K., Hughes, A. R., ... & Reilly, J. J. (2018). Timing of the decline in physical activity in childhood and adolescence: Gateshead Millennium Cohort Study. British journal of Sports Medicine, 52(15), 1002-1006. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096933
  • Gregg, M., Datta, S., & Lorenz, D. (2020). Variance estimation in tests of clustered categorical data with informative cluster size. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 29(11), 3396-3408. https://doi.org/10.1177/0962280220928572
  • Harris, J. (2015). Association for physical education health position paper [2015]. Association for Physical Education
  • Hastie, P. A., Ward, J. K., & Brock, S. J. (2017). Effect of graded competition on student opportunities for participation and success rates during a season of Sport Education. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 22(3), 316-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2016.1203888
  • Het Vlaams Ministerie van Onderwijs en Vorming. (2022). Hoeveel uur per week moet ik naar school? https://onderwijs.vlaanderen.be/nl/hoeveel-uur-per-week-moet-ik-naar-school.
  • Hollis, J. L., Williams, A. J., Sutherland, R., Campbell, E., Nathan, N., Wolfenden, L., ... & Wiggers, J. (2016). A systematic review and meta-analysis of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels in elementary school physical education lessons. Preventive medicine, 86, 34-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.11.018
  • Iserbyt, P., van der Mars, H., Drijvers, H., & Seghers, J. (2022). Generalization of participation in fitness activities from physical education to lunch recess by gender and skill level. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 42(1), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2021-0091
  • Knowles, A., Wallhead, T. L., & Readdy, T. (2018). Exploring the synergy between sport education and in-school sport participation. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 37(2), 113-122. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2017-0123
  • McKenzie, T. L., Li, D., Derby, C. A., Webber, L. S., Luepker, R. V., & Cribb, P. (2003). Maintenance of effects of the CATCH physical education program: Results from the CATCH-ON study. Health Education & Behavior, 30(4), 447-462. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198103253535
  • McKenzie, T. L., Sallis, J. F., & Nader, P. R. (1992). SOFIT: System for observing fitness instruction time. Journal of teaching in physical Education, 11(2), 195-205. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.11.2.195
  • McKenzie, T. L., Sallis, J. F., Kolody, B., & Faucette, F. N. (1997). Long-term effects of a physical education curriculum and staff development program: SPARK. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 68(4), 280-291. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1997.10608009
  • Pate, R. R., Davis, M. G., Robinson, T. N., Stone, E., & McKenzie, T. (2006). A leadership role for schools: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism (physical activity committee) in collaboration with the councils on cardiovascular disease in the young and cardiovascular nursing. Circulation, 114(11), 1214-1224. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.106.177052
  • Ridgers, N. D., McKenzie, T. L., & Stratton, G. (2012). System for Observing Children’s Activity and Relationships During Play (SOCARP): Description and Procedures Manual. J Phys Act Health, 7(1),17-25. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.7.1.17
  • Ridgers, N. D., Salmon, J., & Timperio, A. (2018). Seasonal changes in physical activity during school recess and lunchtime among Australian children. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(13), 1508-1514. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1398892
  • Ridgers, N. D., Stratton, G., & McKenzie, T. L. (2010). Reliability and validity of the System for Observing Children’s Activity and Relationships during Play (SOCARP). Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 7(1), 17-25. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.7.1.17
  • Ridgers, N. D., Stratton, G., Clark, E., Fairclough, S. J., & Richardson, D. J. (2006). Day-to-day and seasonal variability of physical activity during school recess. Preventive Medicine, 42(5), 372-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.01.017
  • Stratton, G., & Mullan, E. (2005). The effect of multicolor playground markings on children's physical activity level during recess. Preventive medicine, 41(5-6), 828-833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.07.009
  • U.S. Department of Education’s What Works Clearinghouse (2014). Procedures handbook 4.1. https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/Docs/referenceresources/WWC_Procedures_Handbook_V4_1_Draft.pdf
  • Vanluyten, K., Cheng, S., Roure, C., Seghers, J., Ward, P., & Iserbyt, P. (2023). Participation and physical activity in organized recess tied to physical education in elementary schools: An interventional study. Preventive Medicine Reports, 35, Article 102355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102355
  • Vanluyten, K., Cheng, S., Coolkens, R., Roure, C., Ward, P., & Iserbyt, P. (2023). Using Parkour to Step Up Your Elementary School Curriculum. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 94(6), 37-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2023.2221868
  • Wijtzes, A. I., Verloigne, M., Mouton, A., Cloes, M., De Ridder, K. A., Cardon, G., & Seghers, J. (2016). Results from Belgium’s 2016 report card on physical activity for children and youth. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 13(s2), S95-S103. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0306
  • World Health Organization. (2022). How much of physical activity is recommended. Retrieved online from https://www. who. int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity. Accessed November 23, 2023.

The Effect of Physical Education Content on Children’s Activity during Recess based on Skill Level

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 195 - 213, 30.06.2024

Kian Vanluyten , Shu Cheng , Cédric Roure , Phillip Ward , Peter Iserbyt

https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1466995

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate voluntary participation of lower-, average, and higher skilled children during parkour recess and MVPA in physical education, parkour recess and regular recess. In total 147 (55 girls, 92 boys) elementary children from seven schools participated. During (i.e., generalization) and after (i.e., maintenance) a 10-lesson parkour unit was taught, five parkour recess sessions were organized. Systematic observation was used to assess children’s physical activity levels. Average skilled children participated more (74%) in parkour recess compared to higher skilled children (55%; p=.002). No differences were found for MVPA between lower-, average -and higher skilled children in any of the settings. Regardless of skill level, children voluntarily participated in parkour recess with MVPA levels 15-20% higher compared to regular recess. These findings are especially important for lower-skilled children, who are more at risk for lower participation in physical activities and adhering to physical activity guidelines.

Keywords

Participation School health MVPA

Ethical Statement

The institutional review board of KU Leuven approved this research project, reference number G-2020-1691-R3(MAR).

Supporting Institution

The first and corresponding author (*) has an FWO fellowship and is affiliated at KU Leuven (Belgium). The reference number of this research grant is 1S71122N.

Thanks

The authors would like to thank the schools, principals, teachers, children and parents for their willingness to participate in this study. No copyrighted materials were used in this report.

References

  • Aubert, S., Brazo-Sayavera, J., González, S. A., Janssen, I., Manyanga, T., Oyeyemi, A. L., ... & Tremblay, M. S. (2021). Global prevalence of physical activity for children and adolescents; inconsistencies, research gaps, and recommendations: A narrative review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 18(81), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01155-2
  • Biddle, S. J., Gorely, T., & Stensel, D. J. (2004). Health-enhancing physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(8), 679-701. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410410001712412
  • Brusseau, T. A., & Burns, R. D. (2018). The physical activity leader and comprehensive school physical activity program effectiveness. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 10(1), 127-133. https://doi.org/10.1515/bhk-2018-0019
  • Carson, R., & Webster, C. A. (Eds.). (2019). Comprehensive school physical activity programs: Putting evidence-based research into practice. Human Kinetics Publishers.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). SHAPE America—Society of Health and Physical Educators. Strategies for Recess in Schools. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Dept of Health and Human Services.
  • Cheng, S., Coolkens, R., Ward, P., & Iserbyt, P. (2021). Generalization from physical education to recess during an elementary sport education season. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 41(3), 492-501.
  • Clarke, J., Fletcher, B., Lancashire, E., Pallan, M., & Adab, P. (2013). The views of stakeholders on the role of the primary school in preventing childhood obesity: A qualitative systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 14(12), 975-988. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12058
  • Coolkens, R., Ward, P., Seghers, J., & Iserbyt, P. (2018a). Effects of generalization of engagement in parkour from physical education to recess on physical activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 89(4), 429-439. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2018.1521912
  • Coolkens, R., Ward, P., Seghers, J., & Iserbyt, P. (2018b). The effect of organized versus supervised recess on elementary school children’s participation, physical activity, play, and social behavior: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of physical activity and health, 15(10), 747-754. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2017-0591
  • Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2020). Applied behavior analysis. Merril Publishing Company.
  • De Meester, A., Stodden, D., Goodway, J., True, L., Brian, A., Ferkel, R., & Haerens, L. (2018). Identifying a motor proficiency barrier for meeting physical activity guidelines in children. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(1), 58-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.05.007
  • Drijvers, H., Seghers, J., van der Mars, H., & Iserbyt, P. (2022). Student participation in physical activity recess programs in secondary schools. International Journal of Kinesiology in Higher Education, 6(4), 212-224.
  • Elliot, E., Erwin, H., Hall, T., & Heidorn, B. (2013). Comprehensive school physical activity programs: Helping all students achieve 60 minutes of physical activity each day. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 84(9), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2013.838105
  • Erwin, H., Beighle, A., Carson, R. L., & Castelli, D. M. (2013). Comprehensive school-based physical activity promotion: A review. Quest, 65(4), 412-428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2013.791872
  • Fairclough, S. J., & Stratton, G. (2006). A review of physical activity levels during elementary school physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 25(2), 240-258. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.25.2.240
  • Farooq, A., Martin, A., Janssen, X., Wilson, M. G., Gibson, A. M., Hughes, A., & Reilly, J. J. (2020). Longitudinal changes in moderate‐to‐vigorous‐intensity physical activity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity Reviews, 21(1), e12953. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12953
  • Farooq, M. A., Parkinson, K. N., Adamson, A. J., Pearce, M. S., Reilly, J. K., Hughes, A. R., ... & Reilly, J. J. (2018). Timing of the decline in physical activity in childhood and adolescence: Gateshead Millennium Cohort Study. British journal of Sports Medicine, 52(15), 1002-1006. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096933
  • Gregg, M., Datta, S., & Lorenz, D. (2020). Variance estimation in tests of clustered categorical data with informative cluster size. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 29(11), 3396-3408. https://doi.org/10.1177/0962280220928572
  • Harris, J. (2015). Association for physical education health position paper [2015]. Association for Physical Education
  • Hastie, P. A., Ward, J. K., & Brock, S. J. (2017). Effect of graded competition on student opportunities for participation and success rates during a season of Sport Education. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 22(3), 316-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2016.1203888
  • Het Vlaams Ministerie van Onderwijs en Vorming. (2022). Hoeveel uur per week moet ik naar school? https://onderwijs.vlaanderen.be/nl/hoeveel-uur-per-week-moet-ik-naar-school.
  • Hollis, J. L., Williams, A. J., Sutherland, R., Campbell, E., Nathan, N., Wolfenden, L., ... & Wiggers, J. (2016). A systematic review and meta-analysis of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels in elementary school physical education lessons. Preventive medicine, 86, 34-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.11.018
  • Iserbyt, P., van der Mars, H., Drijvers, H., & Seghers, J. (2022). Generalization of participation in fitness activities from physical education to lunch recess by gender and skill level. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 42(1), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2021-0091
  • Knowles, A., Wallhead, T. L., & Readdy, T. (2018). Exploring the synergy between sport education and in-school sport participation. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 37(2), 113-122. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2017-0123
  • McKenzie, T. L., Li, D., Derby, C. A., Webber, L. S., Luepker, R. V., & Cribb, P. (2003). Maintenance of effects of the CATCH physical education program: Results from the CATCH-ON study. Health Education & Behavior, 30(4), 447-462. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198103253535
  • McKenzie, T. L., Sallis, J. F., & Nader, P. R. (1992). SOFIT: System for observing fitness instruction time. Journal of teaching in physical Education, 11(2), 195-205. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.11.2.195
  • McKenzie, T. L., Sallis, J. F., Kolody, B., & Faucette, F. N. (1997). Long-term effects of a physical education curriculum and staff development program: SPARK. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 68(4), 280-291. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1997.10608009
  • Pate, R. R., Davis, M. G., Robinson, T. N., Stone, E., & McKenzie, T. (2006). A leadership role for schools: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism (physical activity committee) in collaboration with the councils on cardiovascular disease in the young and cardiovascular nursing. Circulation, 114(11), 1214-1224. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.106.177052
  • Ridgers, N. D., McKenzie, T. L., & Stratton, G. (2012). System for Observing Children’s Activity and Relationships During Play (SOCARP): Description and Procedures Manual. J Phys Act Health, 7(1),17-25. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.7.1.17
  • Ridgers, N. D., Salmon, J., & Timperio, A. (2018). Seasonal changes in physical activity during school recess and lunchtime among Australian children. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(13), 1508-1514. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1398892
  • Ridgers, N. D., Stratton, G., & McKenzie, T. L. (2010). Reliability and validity of the System for Observing Children’s Activity and Relationships during Play (SOCARP). Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 7(1), 17-25. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.7.1.17
  • Ridgers, N. D., Stratton, G., Clark, E., Fairclough, S. J., & Richardson, D. J. (2006). Day-to-day and seasonal variability of physical activity during school recess. Preventive Medicine, 42(5), 372-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.01.017
  • Stratton, G., & Mullan, E. (2005). The effect of multicolor playground markings on children's physical activity level during recess. Preventive medicine, 41(5-6), 828-833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.07.009
  • U.S. Department of Education’s What Works Clearinghouse (2014). Procedures handbook 4.1. https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/Docs/referenceresources/WWC_Procedures_Handbook_V4_1_Draft.pdf
  • Vanluyten, K., Cheng, S., Roure, C., Seghers, J., Ward, P., & Iserbyt, P. (2023). Participation and physical activity in organized recess tied to physical education in elementary schools: An interventional study. Preventive Medicine Reports, 35, Article 102355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102355
  • Vanluyten, K., Cheng, S., Coolkens, R., Roure, C., Ward, P., & Iserbyt, P. (2023). Using Parkour to Step Up Your Elementary School Curriculum. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 94(6), 37-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2023.2221868
  • Wijtzes, A. I., Verloigne, M., Mouton, A., Cloes, M., De Ridder, K. A., Cardon, G., & Seghers, J. (2016). Results from Belgium’s 2016 report card on physical activity for children and youth. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 13(s2), S95-S103. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0306
  • World Health Organization. (2022). How much of physical activity is recommended. Retrieved online from https://www. who. int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity. Accessed November 23, 2023.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Physical Training and Sports Pedagogy
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

Kian Vanluyten 0000-0002-1311-036X

Shu Cheng 0000-0001-9687-6709

Cédric Roure 0000-0001-9320-8174

Phillip Ward 0000-0002-7447-3594

Peter Iserbyt 0000-0003-3090-9007

Early Pub Date June 4, 2024
Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date April 10, 2024
Acceptance Date May 27, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Vanluyten, K., Cheng, S., Roure, C., Ward, P., et al. (2024). The Effect of Physical Education Content on Children’s Activity during Recess based on Skill Level. Journal of Sport Sciences Research, 9(2), 195-213. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1466995
AMA Vanluyten K, Cheng S, Roure C, Ward P, Iserbyt P. The Effect of Physical Education Content on Children’s Activity during Recess based on Skill Level. JSSR. June 2024;9(2):195-213. doi:10.25307/jssr.1466995
Chicago Vanluyten, Kian, Shu Cheng, Cédric Roure, Phillip Ward, and Peter Iserbyt. “The Effect of Physical Education Content on Children’s Activity During Recess Based on Skill Level”. Journal of Sport Sciences Research 9, no. 2 (June 2024): 195-213. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1466995.
EndNote Vanluyten K, Cheng S, Roure C, Ward P, Iserbyt P (June 1, 2024) The Effect of Physical Education Content on Children’s Activity during Recess based on Skill Level. Journal of Sport Sciences Research 9 2 195–213.
IEEE K. Vanluyten, S. Cheng, C. Roure, P. Ward, and P. Iserbyt, “The Effect of Physical Education Content on Children’s Activity during Recess based on Skill Level”, JSSR, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 195–213, 2024, doi: 10.25307/jssr.1466995.
ISNAD Vanluyten, Kian et al. “The Effect of Physical Education Content on Children’s Activity During Recess Based on Skill Level”. Journal of Sport Sciences Research 9/2 (June 2024), 195-213. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1466995.
JAMA Vanluyten K, Cheng S, Roure C, Ward P, Iserbyt P. The Effect of Physical Education Content on Children’s Activity during Recess based on Skill Level. JSSR. 2024;9:195–213.
MLA Vanluyten, Kian et al. “The Effect of Physical Education Content on Children’s Activity During Recess Based on Skill Level”. Journal of Sport Sciences Research, vol. 9, no. 2, 2024, pp. 195-13, doi:10.25307/jssr.1466995.
Vancouver Vanluyten K, Cheng S, Roure C, Ward P, Iserbyt P. The Effect of Physical Education Content on Children’s Activity during Recess based on Skill Level. JSSR. 2024;9(2):195-213.
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