Research Article
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Risks in Road Transportation of Sport Horses: the Case of Turkey

Year 2022, , 19 - 35, 31.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/JTL.2022.1004738

Abstract

Horses are transported more frequently than any other animals (European Commission, 2002), but lack of education and knowledge in and control over their transportation leads to consequences harmful for the development and expansion of the industry. This study investigates the risks of horse transportation and aims to improve risk mitigation by proposing procedures and control systems. This study focuses particularly on racehorses and showjumping horses, considering their volume and the value of the equestrian market. Employing multi-method research, we aim to investigate the risks involved in horse transportation in Turkey and contribute to the related literature by creating a holistic approach with multiple parties involved in the industry. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with coaches, riders, grooms, drivers, a veterinarian, and a company owner in three cities of Turkey. The data revealed seven risk categories in horse road transportation: employee expertise, insurance issuance, horse health and safety, industry qualification, infrastructure, transportation planning, and vehicle design.

References

  • Atock, M.A, Williams, R.B. (1994). The welfare of competition horses. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), 217-232. google scholar
  • Aradom, S. (2013). Animal transport and welfare with special emphasis on transport time and vibration (Vol. 2013, No. 98). google scholar
  • Aykinon, H. (2018, 6 4). At yarisinda kazanilan ikramiyeden ne kadar vergi kesilir? Retrieved from https:// www.google.com.tr/amp/s/vergidosyasi.com google scholar
  • Baron, A. (1991). Avoidance and punishment. In: Iversen, I.H., Lattal, K.A. (Ed), Experimental analysis 767 of behavior, Elsevier, New York, USA, pp. 173-217. Elsevier, 173-217. google scholar
  • Boehm, R. (1998). Disinfection and hygiene in the veterinary field and disinfection of animal houses and transport vehicles. Int. Biodeter. Biodegr, 41, 217-224. google scholar
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. google scholar
  • Cockram, M. (2007). Criteria and potential reasons for maximum journey times for farm animals destined for slaughter. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 234-243. google scholar
  • Cockram MS, Kent JE, Jackson RE, Goddard PJ, Doherty OM, McGilp IM, Fox A, Studdert-Kennedy TC, McConnell TI and O’Riordan T. (1977). Effect of lairage during 24h of transport on the behavioural and physiological responses of sheep. Animal Science 65, 391-40. google scholar
  • Cole, B. (n.d.). searchcompliance.techtarget.com. Retrieved from https://searchcompliance.techtarget.com/ definition/risk-management google scholar
  • Cregier, S. (1982). Reducing equine hauling stress: a review. J. Equine Vet. Sci., 2(6), 187-198. google scholar
  • Cregier, S. (2009). Best Practices: Surface Transport of the Horse. Animal Transportation Association, AATA Education Committee. google scholar
  • Cregier, S. E., & Gimenez, R. (2015). Non-Commercial Horse Transport: New Standards for Trailers in Canada. Charlottetown, Canada: University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown, Canada Join institution. google scholar
  • European Commission. (2002). The welfare of animals during transport (details for horses, pigs, sheep, and cattle). European Commission Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General. google scholar
  • Fevre, E. M., Bronsvoort, B. M. D. C., Hamilton, K. A., & Cleaveland, S. (2006). Animal movements and the spread of infectious diseases. Trends in microbiology, 14(3), 125-131. google scholar
  • Friend, T. H. (2001). A review of recent research on the transportation of horses. Journal of Animal Science, 79(suppl_E), E32-E40. google scholar
  • Foreman,J.H and Ferlazzo,A. (1996). Physiological responses to stress in the horse. Pferdeheilkunde 12, 401-404. google scholar
  • Gade PB and Christensen L. (1998). Effect of different stocking densities during transport on welfare and meat quality in Danish slaughter pigs. Meat Science, 48, 237-247. google scholar
  • European commission, Guide to good practices for the transport of horses destined for slaughter (Vol. 12). (2018). Animal Transport Guide. google scholar
  • Hall, S.J.G. and Bradshaw, R.H. (1998). Welfare aspects of transport by road of sheep and pigs. Journal Applied Animal Welfare Science., 1, 235-254. google scholar
  • Herold, David M., et al. “Sport logistics research: Reviewing and line marking of a new field.” The International Journal of Logistics Management (2019). google scholar
  • Houpt, K.A., Leib, S. (1993). Horse handling and transport. Livestock handling 860 and transport, CAB international, 233-252. google scholar
  • JC Petherick, CJCPhillips. (2009). Space allowance for confined livestock and their determination from allometric principles. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 117, 1-12. google scholar
  • Jones, W. (2003). Transporting horses: minimizing the stress. . Journal of Equine Vet. Sci. , 543-545. google scholar
  • Kovacs, G., & Spens, K. M. (2005). Abductive reasoning in logistics research. International journal of physical distribution & logistics management. google scholar
  • Leadon D.P., (1994). Transport stress. In” The Athletic Horse” (Hodgson D.R. and Rose R.J., eds.), pp. 371-378, Philadelphia. google scholar
  • Leadon, D., Daykin, J., Blackhouse, W., Frank, C., Attock, M.A. (1990). Environmental, hematological, and blood biochemistry changes in equine transit stress. American Association of Equine Practitioners, (pp. 485-490). google scholar
  • Leadon, D., Waran, N., Herholz, C., & Klay, M. (2008). Veterinary management of horse transport. Veterinaria Italiana, 44(1), 149-63. google scholar
  • Mansmann, R.A., Woodie, B. (1995). Equine transportation problems and some preventives: a review. International Conference on equine rescue., (pp. February 11-12, 141-144.). Southern Pines, North Carolina. google scholar
  • Mars, M.E., Keisling, H.E., Ross, T.T., Armstrong, J.B., Murray, L. (1992). Water acceptance and 898 intake in horses under shipping stress. Journal of Equine Vet. (12), 17-21. google scholar
  • Marahrens, M., et al. “Risk assessment in animal welfare-Especially referring to animal transport.” Preventive Veterinary Medicine 102.2 (2011): 157-163. google scholar
  • Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (1989). Designing qualitative research. Sage publications. google scholar
  • McGreevy, P., McLean, A., Buckley, P., McConaghy, F., & McLean, C. (2011). How riding may affect welfare: What the equine veterinarian needs to know. Equine Veterinary Education, 23(10), 531-539. google scholar
  • Memiş, Salih, et al. “Prioritization of road transportation risks: An application in Giresun province.” Operational Research in Engineering Sciences: Theory and Applications 3.2 (2020): 111-126. google scholar
  • Munsters, C. (2013). How Challenging is A Riding Horse’s Life? Dissertation Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht. google scholar
  • Nielsen B.L, Dybjaer L, Herskin M.S. (2011). Road transport of farm animals: effects of journey duration on animal welfare. Animal, 5(3). google scholar
  • Oikawa M and Kusunose R. (1995). Some epidemiological aspects of equine respiratory disease associated with transport. Journal of Equine Science, 25-29. google scholar
  • Padalino, B. (2015). Effects of the different transport phases on equine health status, behavior, and welfare: A review. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 10(3), 272-282. google scholar
  • Padalino, B. Raidal, SL. Hall, E. Knight, P. Celi, P. Jeffcotta, L. and Muscatelloa, G. (2016, October). Survey of horse transportation in Australia: issues and practices. Australian Veterinary Journal, 94(10), Australian Veterinary Journal Volume 94, No 10, October 2016. google scholar
  • Padalino B, Tullio D, Cannone S, Bozzo G. Road Transport of Farm Animals: Mortality, Morbidity, Species, and Country of Origin at a Southern Italian Control Post. Animals (Basel). 2018 Sep 17;8(9):155. google scholar
  • Raidal, S., Love, D.N., Bailey, G.B. (1996). Effects of posture and accumulated airway secretions on tracheal mucociliary transport in the horse. Aust. Vet. J., 73, 45-49. google scholar
  • Racklyeft, D. J., & Love, D. N. (2000). Bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract in 34 horses. Australian Veterinary Journal, 78(8), 549-559. google scholar
  • Sımova, Veronika, et al. “Pre-transport factors affecting the welfare of cattle during road transport for slaughter-a review.” Acta Veterinaria Brno 85.3 (2016): 303-318. google scholar
  • Smith, B.L., Jones, J.H., Hornof, W.J., Miles, J.A., Longworth, K.E., Willits, N.H..behavior (1996). Effects of road transport on indices of stress in horses. . Equine Vet. J., 28, 446-454. google scholar
  • Smith, B. L., Jones, J. H., Carlson, G. P., & Pascoe, J. R. (1994). Body position and direction preferences in horses during road transport. Equine veterinary journal, 26(5), 374-377. google scholar
  • Stull, C. (1997). Physiology, balance, and management of horses during transportation. The Horse Breeders and Owners Conference (pp. 10-12). Alberta: Red, Deer. google scholar
  • Tarrant, P. (1990). Transportation of cattle by road. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 28, 153-170. google scholar
  • Terrestrial Animal Health Code. (2011). Paris, France: WORLD ORGANISATION FOR ANIMAL HEALTH. google scholar
  • Timmermans, S., & Tavory, I. (2012). Theory construction in qualitative research: From grounded theory to abductive analysis. Sociological Theory, 30(3), 167-186. google scholar
  • Tinker, M.K., White, N.A., Lessard, P., Thatcher, C.D., Pelzer, K.D., Davis, B., Carmel, D.K., (1997). Prospective study of equine colic risk factors. Equine Vet. J., 29, 454-458 google scholar
  • Van Hoek, R., Aronsson, H., Kovacs, G., & Spens, K. M. (2005). Abductive reasoning in logistics research. International journal of physical distribution & logistics management. google scholar
  • Villa, P. D., Marahrens, M., Calvo, A. V., Di Nardo, A., Kleinschmidt, N., Alvarez, C. F., ... & Müller-Graf, C. (2009). Project to develop animal welfare risk assessment guidelines on transport. EFSA Supporting Publications, 6(9), 21E. google scholar
  • Waran, N. (1993). The behaviour of horses during and after transport by road. Equine Vet Educ, 129-132. google scholar
  • Waran, N. K., & Cuddeford, D. (1995). Effects of loading and transport on the heart rate and behavior of horses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 43(2), 71-81. google scholar
  • West, R., French, D., Kemp, R., Elander, J. (1993). Direct observation of driving, self-reports of driver behavior, and accident involvement. Ergonomics 36, 557-567. google scholar
  • White, A., Reyes, A., Godoy, A., Martinez, R. (1991). Effects of transport and racing on ionic changes in thoroughbred racehorses. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 99A (3), 343-346. google scholar
  • Whiting, T. (1999). Maximum loading density of loose horses. Can. J.Anim. Sci.79, 115-118. google scholar
  • Live transport: welfare regulations, (25 Feb 2019), Retrieved from: (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/ farmanimal-welfare-during-transportation#history) google scholar
  • Federation Equestre Internationale, (24 Jan 2021), Retrieved from: (https://www.fei.org/ events?month=all&year=2021) google scholar
  • Turkey Jockey Club, (24 Jan 2021), Retrieved from: (https://www.tjk.org/EN) google scholar
  • Turkey Equestrian Federation, (24 Jan 2021), Retrieved from: (https://www.binicilik.org.tr/) google scholar
  • Center for Equine Health, Transporting Horses by Road and Air Recommendations for Reducing the Stress, (13 April 2018), Retrieved from: (https://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/) google scholar
  • Risk management, (23 Jan 2021), Retrieved from: (https://searchcompliance.techtarget.com/definition/ risk-management) google scholar
  • Awareness Key To Health and Welfare Of Horses During Transport, (10 June 2021), Retrieved from: (https:// www.kentuckyhorse.org/news) google scholar
  • At Hayat Sigortasi, (5 Feb 2021), Retrieved from: (https://www.korusigorta.com.tr/tr/ozel-urunlerimiz/ at-hayat-sigortasi) google scholar
  • Türkiye’de 16 bin 300 saf kan var, (1 Feb 2021), Retrieved from: (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/ turkiye-de-16-bin-300-safkan-at-var-619-milyon-lira-vergi-odedik-16894142) google scholar
Year 2022, , 19 - 35, 31.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/JTL.2022.1004738

Abstract

References

  • Atock, M.A, Williams, R.B. (1994). The welfare of competition horses. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), 217-232. google scholar
  • Aradom, S. (2013). Animal transport and welfare with special emphasis on transport time and vibration (Vol. 2013, No. 98). google scholar
  • Aykinon, H. (2018, 6 4). At yarisinda kazanilan ikramiyeden ne kadar vergi kesilir? Retrieved from https:// www.google.com.tr/amp/s/vergidosyasi.com google scholar
  • Baron, A. (1991). Avoidance and punishment. In: Iversen, I.H., Lattal, K.A. (Ed), Experimental analysis 767 of behavior, Elsevier, New York, USA, pp. 173-217. Elsevier, 173-217. google scholar
  • Boehm, R. (1998). Disinfection and hygiene in the veterinary field and disinfection of animal houses and transport vehicles. Int. Biodeter. Biodegr, 41, 217-224. google scholar
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. google scholar
  • Cockram, M. (2007). Criteria and potential reasons for maximum journey times for farm animals destined for slaughter. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 234-243. google scholar
  • Cockram MS, Kent JE, Jackson RE, Goddard PJ, Doherty OM, McGilp IM, Fox A, Studdert-Kennedy TC, McConnell TI and O’Riordan T. (1977). Effect of lairage during 24h of transport on the behavioural and physiological responses of sheep. Animal Science 65, 391-40. google scholar
  • Cole, B. (n.d.). searchcompliance.techtarget.com. Retrieved from https://searchcompliance.techtarget.com/ definition/risk-management google scholar
  • Cregier, S. (1982). Reducing equine hauling stress: a review. J. Equine Vet. Sci., 2(6), 187-198. google scholar
  • Cregier, S. (2009). Best Practices: Surface Transport of the Horse. Animal Transportation Association, AATA Education Committee. google scholar
  • Cregier, S. E., & Gimenez, R. (2015). Non-Commercial Horse Transport: New Standards for Trailers in Canada. Charlottetown, Canada: University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown, Canada Join institution. google scholar
  • European Commission. (2002). The welfare of animals during transport (details for horses, pigs, sheep, and cattle). European Commission Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General. google scholar
  • Fevre, E. M., Bronsvoort, B. M. D. C., Hamilton, K. A., & Cleaveland, S. (2006). Animal movements and the spread of infectious diseases. Trends in microbiology, 14(3), 125-131. google scholar
  • Friend, T. H. (2001). A review of recent research on the transportation of horses. Journal of Animal Science, 79(suppl_E), E32-E40. google scholar
  • Foreman,J.H and Ferlazzo,A. (1996). Physiological responses to stress in the horse. Pferdeheilkunde 12, 401-404. google scholar
  • Gade PB and Christensen L. (1998). Effect of different stocking densities during transport on welfare and meat quality in Danish slaughter pigs. Meat Science, 48, 237-247. google scholar
  • European commission, Guide to good practices for the transport of horses destined for slaughter (Vol. 12). (2018). Animal Transport Guide. google scholar
  • Hall, S.J.G. and Bradshaw, R.H. (1998). Welfare aspects of transport by road of sheep and pigs. Journal Applied Animal Welfare Science., 1, 235-254. google scholar
  • Herold, David M., et al. “Sport logistics research: Reviewing and line marking of a new field.” The International Journal of Logistics Management (2019). google scholar
  • Houpt, K.A., Leib, S. (1993). Horse handling and transport. Livestock handling 860 and transport, CAB international, 233-252. google scholar
  • JC Petherick, CJCPhillips. (2009). Space allowance for confined livestock and their determination from allometric principles. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 117, 1-12. google scholar
  • Jones, W. (2003). Transporting horses: minimizing the stress. . Journal of Equine Vet. Sci. , 543-545. google scholar
  • Kovacs, G., & Spens, K. M. (2005). Abductive reasoning in logistics research. International journal of physical distribution & logistics management. google scholar
  • Leadon D.P., (1994). Transport stress. In” The Athletic Horse” (Hodgson D.R. and Rose R.J., eds.), pp. 371-378, Philadelphia. google scholar
  • Leadon, D., Daykin, J., Blackhouse, W., Frank, C., Attock, M.A. (1990). Environmental, hematological, and blood biochemistry changes in equine transit stress. American Association of Equine Practitioners, (pp. 485-490). google scholar
  • Leadon, D., Waran, N., Herholz, C., & Klay, M. (2008). Veterinary management of horse transport. Veterinaria Italiana, 44(1), 149-63. google scholar
  • Mansmann, R.A., Woodie, B. (1995). Equine transportation problems and some preventives: a review. International Conference on equine rescue., (pp. February 11-12, 141-144.). Southern Pines, North Carolina. google scholar
  • Mars, M.E., Keisling, H.E., Ross, T.T., Armstrong, J.B., Murray, L. (1992). Water acceptance and 898 intake in horses under shipping stress. Journal of Equine Vet. (12), 17-21. google scholar
  • Marahrens, M., et al. “Risk assessment in animal welfare-Especially referring to animal transport.” Preventive Veterinary Medicine 102.2 (2011): 157-163. google scholar
  • Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (1989). Designing qualitative research. Sage publications. google scholar
  • McGreevy, P., McLean, A., Buckley, P., McConaghy, F., & McLean, C. (2011). How riding may affect welfare: What the equine veterinarian needs to know. Equine Veterinary Education, 23(10), 531-539. google scholar
  • Memiş, Salih, et al. “Prioritization of road transportation risks: An application in Giresun province.” Operational Research in Engineering Sciences: Theory and Applications 3.2 (2020): 111-126. google scholar
  • Munsters, C. (2013). How Challenging is A Riding Horse’s Life? Dissertation Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht. google scholar
  • Nielsen B.L, Dybjaer L, Herskin M.S. (2011). Road transport of farm animals: effects of journey duration on animal welfare. Animal, 5(3). google scholar
  • Oikawa M and Kusunose R. (1995). Some epidemiological aspects of equine respiratory disease associated with transport. Journal of Equine Science, 25-29. google scholar
  • Padalino, B. (2015). Effects of the different transport phases on equine health status, behavior, and welfare: A review. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 10(3), 272-282. google scholar
  • Padalino, B. Raidal, SL. Hall, E. Knight, P. Celi, P. Jeffcotta, L. and Muscatelloa, G. (2016, October). Survey of horse transportation in Australia: issues and practices. Australian Veterinary Journal, 94(10), Australian Veterinary Journal Volume 94, No 10, October 2016. google scholar
  • Padalino B, Tullio D, Cannone S, Bozzo G. Road Transport of Farm Animals: Mortality, Morbidity, Species, and Country of Origin at a Southern Italian Control Post. Animals (Basel). 2018 Sep 17;8(9):155. google scholar
  • Raidal, S., Love, D.N., Bailey, G.B. (1996). Effects of posture and accumulated airway secretions on tracheal mucociliary transport in the horse. Aust. Vet. J., 73, 45-49. google scholar
  • Racklyeft, D. J., & Love, D. N. (2000). Bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract in 34 horses. Australian Veterinary Journal, 78(8), 549-559. google scholar
  • Sımova, Veronika, et al. “Pre-transport factors affecting the welfare of cattle during road transport for slaughter-a review.” Acta Veterinaria Brno 85.3 (2016): 303-318. google scholar
  • Smith, B.L., Jones, J.H., Hornof, W.J., Miles, J.A., Longworth, K.E., Willits, N.H..behavior (1996). Effects of road transport on indices of stress in horses. . Equine Vet. J., 28, 446-454. google scholar
  • Smith, B. L., Jones, J. H., Carlson, G. P., & Pascoe, J. R. (1994). Body position and direction preferences in horses during road transport. Equine veterinary journal, 26(5), 374-377. google scholar
  • Stull, C. (1997). Physiology, balance, and management of horses during transportation. The Horse Breeders and Owners Conference (pp. 10-12). Alberta: Red, Deer. google scholar
  • Tarrant, P. (1990). Transportation of cattle by road. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 28, 153-170. google scholar
  • Terrestrial Animal Health Code. (2011). Paris, France: WORLD ORGANISATION FOR ANIMAL HEALTH. google scholar
  • Timmermans, S., & Tavory, I. (2012). Theory construction in qualitative research: From grounded theory to abductive analysis. Sociological Theory, 30(3), 167-186. google scholar
  • Tinker, M.K., White, N.A., Lessard, P., Thatcher, C.D., Pelzer, K.D., Davis, B., Carmel, D.K., (1997). Prospective study of equine colic risk factors. Equine Vet. J., 29, 454-458 google scholar
  • Van Hoek, R., Aronsson, H., Kovacs, G., & Spens, K. M. (2005). Abductive reasoning in logistics research. International journal of physical distribution & logistics management. google scholar
  • Villa, P. D., Marahrens, M., Calvo, A. V., Di Nardo, A., Kleinschmidt, N., Alvarez, C. F., ... & Müller-Graf, C. (2009). Project to develop animal welfare risk assessment guidelines on transport. EFSA Supporting Publications, 6(9), 21E. google scholar
  • Waran, N. (1993). The behaviour of horses during and after transport by road. Equine Vet Educ, 129-132. google scholar
  • Waran, N. K., & Cuddeford, D. (1995). Effects of loading and transport on the heart rate and behavior of horses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 43(2), 71-81. google scholar
  • West, R., French, D., Kemp, R., Elander, J. (1993). Direct observation of driving, self-reports of driver behavior, and accident involvement. Ergonomics 36, 557-567. google scholar
  • White, A., Reyes, A., Godoy, A., Martinez, R. (1991). Effects of transport and racing on ionic changes in thoroughbred racehorses. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 99A (3), 343-346. google scholar
  • Whiting, T. (1999). Maximum loading density of loose horses. Can. J.Anim. Sci.79, 115-118. google scholar
  • Live transport: welfare regulations, (25 Feb 2019), Retrieved from: (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/ farmanimal-welfare-during-transportation#history) google scholar
  • Federation Equestre Internationale, (24 Jan 2021), Retrieved from: (https://www.fei.org/ events?month=all&year=2021) google scholar
  • Turkey Jockey Club, (24 Jan 2021), Retrieved from: (https://www.tjk.org/EN) google scholar
  • Turkey Equestrian Federation, (24 Jan 2021), Retrieved from: (https://www.binicilik.org.tr/) google scholar
  • Center for Equine Health, Transporting Horses by Road and Air Recommendations for Reducing the Stress, (13 April 2018), Retrieved from: (https://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/) google scholar
  • Risk management, (23 Jan 2021), Retrieved from: (https://searchcompliance.techtarget.com/definition/ risk-management) google scholar
  • Awareness Key To Health and Welfare Of Horses During Transport, (10 June 2021), Retrieved from: (https:// www.kentuckyhorse.org/news) google scholar
  • At Hayat Sigortasi, (5 Feb 2021), Retrieved from: (https://www.korusigorta.com.tr/tr/ozel-urunlerimiz/ at-hayat-sigortasi) google scholar
  • Türkiye’de 16 bin 300 saf kan var, (1 Feb 2021), Retrieved from: (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/ turkiye-de-16-bin-300-safkan-at-var-619-milyon-lira-vergi-odedik-16894142) google scholar
There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Elnaz Taghızadeh Alamdarı 0000-0002-0429-8583

Bengü Sevil Oflaç 0000-0002-8617-4284

Aysu Göçer 0000-0001-7343-7703

Publication Date May 31, 2022
Submission Date October 7, 2021
Acceptance Date December 17, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Taghızadeh Alamdarı, E., Sevil Oflaç, B., & Göçer, A. (2022). Risks in Road Transportation of Sport Horses: the Case of Turkey. Journal of Transportation and Logistics, 7(1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.26650/JTL.2022.1004738
AMA Taghızadeh Alamdarı E, Sevil Oflaç B, Göçer A. Risks in Road Transportation of Sport Horses: the Case of Turkey. JTL. May 2022;7(1):19-35. doi:10.26650/JTL.2022.1004738
Chicago Taghızadeh Alamdarı, Elnaz, Bengü Sevil Oflaç, and Aysu Göçer. “Risks in Road Transportation of Sport Horses: The Case of Turkey”. Journal of Transportation and Logistics 7, no. 1 (May 2022): 19-35. https://doi.org/10.26650/JTL.2022.1004738.
EndNote Taghızadeh Alamdarı E, Sevil Oflaç B, Göçer A (May 1, 2022) Risks in Road Transportation of Sport Horses: the Case of Turkey. Journal of Transportation and Logistics 7 1 19–35.
IEEE E. Taghızadeh Alamdarı, B. Sevil Oflaç, and A. Göçer, “Risks in Road Transportation of Sport Horses: the Case of Turkey”, JTL, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 19–35, 2022, doi: 10.26650/JTL.2022.1004738.
ISNAD Taghızadeh Alamdarı, Elnaz et al. “Risks in Road Transportation of Sport Horses: The Case of Turkey”. Journal of Transportation and Logistics 7/1 (May 2022), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.26650/JTL.2022.1004738.
JAMA Taghızadeh Alamdarı E, Sevil Oflaç B, Göçer A. Risks in Road Transportation of Sport Horses: the Case of Turkey. JTL. 2022;7:19–35.
MLA Taghızadeh Alamdarı, Elnaz et al. “Risks in Road Transportation of Sport Horses: The Case of Turkey”. Journal of Transportation and Logistics, vol. 7, no. 1, 2022, pp. 19-35, doi:10.26650/JTL.2022.1004738.
Vancouver Taghızadeh Alamdarı E, Sevil Oflaç B, Göçer A. Risks in Road Transportation of Sport Horses: the Case of Turkey. JTL. 2022;7(1):19-35.



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