A New Index Proposal For Sustainable Cities

Turan Paksoy; Mustafa Atilla Arıcıoğlu; Büşra Yiğitol; Aylin Yılmaz Gezgin

doi:10.26650/JTL.2023.1335912

Research Article

A New Index Proposal For Sustainable Cities

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 205 - 229, 18.01.2024

Turan Paksoy , Mustafa Atilla Arıcıoğlu , Büşra Yiğitol , Aylin Yılmaz Gezgin

https://doi.org/10.26650/JTL.2023.1335912

Abstract

Sustainability can be defined as meeting today’s economic and social needs in such a way as to leave a livable environment for future generations without negatively impacting the ecosystem. Thus, one of the priorities today is to build cities and communities with sustainable living spaces. Such cities and communities are living spaces that meet the needs both of today and tomorrow in the most comprehensive and effective way. In this article, an index system is proposed to measure the sustainability of cities. The proposed sustainable city index was applied to Konya in Türkiye. The city was evaluated over three main dimensions and nine sub-dimensions. The annual increase and decrease of the index scores showed parallelism with the effects of the economic, technological, social and ecological events experienced in the last four years. The result of this study is of great importance as it shows the measurement reliability of the index. The sustainable city index can support recommendations that form the basis of policies and offer city-based performance scorecards for municipalities. It is recommended that city-based comparisons are made not only among cities in Türkiye but also worldwide in order to reach a better comparison.

Keywords

Competitiveness, Innovation, Liveability, Sustainability, City Index, Türkiye

Project Number

KOSAM-42SB-000001

References

Abella, A., Ortiz-de-Urbina-Criado, M., & De-Pablos-Heredero, C. (2017). A model for the analysis of data-driven innovation and value generation in smart cities’ ecosystems, Cities, 64, 47-53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.01.011 google scholar
Aihemaiti, A. (2018). “Türkiye’deki Akıllı Şehirlerin Sıralama Modeli”, Master Thesis, İstanbul Commerce University Graduate School of Applied and Natural Sciences, Istanbul. google scholar
Akdamar, E. (2018). “Akıllı Kentlere İlişkin ISO 37120 Standardı Göstergelerinin Çok Değişkenli İstatistiksel Tekniklerle İrdelenmesi”, PhD Thesis, Uludağ University Social Science Institution, Bursa. google scholar
Akman, A. Z. ve Arıcıoğlu, M. A. (2019). Şehirlerin rekabetinde sosyal sermayenin önemi üzerine bir araştırma. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 21(36), 19-33. google scholar
Alaverdyan, D., Kucera, F., & Horak, M. (2018). Implementation of the smart city concept in the eu: importance of cluster initiatives and best practice cases. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 6(1), https://doi.org/10.2478/yek-2018-0003. google scholar
Amin, A. ve Thrift,N. (2002). Cities: Reimagining the Urban. Polity Press, Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge. google scholar
Anthopoulos, L. G., & Fitsilis, P. (2014). Smart cities and their roles in city competition: A classification. International Journal of Electronic Government Research (IJEGR), 10(1), 63-77, https://doi.org/10.4018/yegr.2014010105. google scholar
Begg, I. (1999). Cities and competitiveness. Urban studies, 36(5-6), 795-809, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43100350. google scholar
Berger, R. (2019). “The Smart City Breakaway, How a Small Group of Leading Digital Cities is Outpacing the Rest”, https://www.rolandberger.com/publications/publication_pdf/roland_berger_smart_city_breakaway_1.pdf. google scholar
Blancas, F. J., Lozano-Oyola, M., Gonzalez, M., Guerrero, F. M., & Caballero, R. (2011). How to use sustainability indicators for tourism planning: The case of rural tourism in Andalusia (Spain). Science of the Total Environment, 412, 28-45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.066. google scholar
Brenner, N. (1998) Global Cities, Glocal States: Global City Formation and State Territorial Restructuring in Contemporary Europe, Review of International Political Economy, Vol.5, No.1, 1998, https://doi.org/10.1080/096922998347633. google scholar
Bruneckiene, J., Cincikaite, R. ve Kilijoniene, A. (2012). The specifics of measurement the urban competitiveness at the national andinternational level. Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, 23(3), 256-270, https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.23.3.1272. google scholar
Castells, M. (1989). The Informational City: Information Technology Economic Restructring and The Urban Regional Process, Basil Blackwell, Oxford. google scholar
Çoruh, M. (2021). “Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Tekniklerine Dayalı Yeni Bir Kent Djitalleşme Endeks Hesaplama Modeli Önerisi: Türkiye Uygulaması”, PhD Thesis, Sakarya University Graduate School of Business, Sakarya. google scholar
CPA-I (2015). City Anatomy:A Framework to support City Governance, Evaluation and Transformation, Available at: https://cityprotocol.cat/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/CPA-I_001-v2_City_Anatomy.pdf (Accessed 15 July 2023) google scholar
De Souza Briggs, X. (1997). Social capital and the cities: Advice to change agents. National Civic Review, 86(2), 111-118. google scholar
DeFilippis, J. (2001). The myth of social capital in community development. Housing policy debate, 12(4), 781-806, https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2001.9521429. google scholar
Deloitte (2018). Şehir Mobilite İndeksi. Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/tr/tr/pages/public-sector/articles/city-mobility-index.html (Ac-cessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
Doğan, İ. ve Bakan, İ. (2020). Rekabet Üstünlüğü Sağlamada Şehir Rekabetçiliği. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(2), 331-351, doi: https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsosbil.763235. google scholar
Dorn, E, Hancock, B., Sarakatsannis, J. and Viruleg, E. (2021). COVID-19 and education: The lingering effects of unfinished learn-ing. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/education/our-insights/covid-19-and-education-the-lingering-effects-of-unfinished-learning (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
Ducarme, T. (2020). What will be the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on healthcare systems? Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/fr/fr/pages/covid-insights/articles/impact-covid19-healthcare-systems.html (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
Dutta, S., Lanvin, B., Leon, L. R., & Wunsch-Vincent, S. (Eds.). (2021). Global innovation index 2021: tracking innovation through the covid-19 crisis. WIPO, DOI: https://doi.org/10.34667/tind.44315 google scholar
EDAM (2016). Türkiye İçin Bir Rekabet İndeksi. Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/tr/tr/pages/public-sector/articles/city-mobility-index.html (Accessed 5 July 2023) google scholar
Eğilmez, M. (2013). GSYH ve Büyüme Hesaplamaları- Türkiye Örneği. Available at: https://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2013/09/gsyh-ve-buyume-hesaplamalar-turkiye.html. (Accessed 7 July 2023) google scholar
Ehmke, C. (2008). Strategies for competitive advantage. Western Extension Marketing Committee, 5, 1-8. google scholar
EPI (2022). 2022 Environmental Performance Index, https://epi.yale.edu/, (Accessed 14 July 2023). google scholar
Erhard, L. (1958). Prosperity through competition. Ludwig von Mises Institute. google scholar
Ericsson (2016). Networked Society City Index. Available at: http://mb.cision.com/Public/15448/2245037/93894148bfbf1118.pdf. (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
EU (2006) Cohesion Policy and cities: the urban contribution to growth and jobs in the regions. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/communications/2006/cohesion-policy-and-cities-the-urban-contribution-to-growth-and-jobs-in-the-regions, (Accessed 5 July 2023) google scholar
Giap, T. K., Thye, W. W., & Aw, G. (2014). A new approach to measuring the liveability of cities: the Global Liveable Cities Index. World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 11(2), 176-196, https://doi.org/10.12691/ajcea-8-2-1 google scholar
Giffinger, R., Haindlmaier, G., & Kramar, H. (2010). The role of rankings in growing city competition. Urban research & practice, 3(3), 299-312, https://doi.org/10.1080/17535069.2010.524420. google scholar
Gordon, I. (2002). The competitiveness of cities: why ıt matters ın the 21st century and how we can measure ıt?. Cahiers De Laurif N°135, De L’ınstıtut D’amenagement Et D’urbanısme De La Regıon D’ıle-De-France, 33-41. google scholar
Haileamlak, A. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on health and health systems. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 31(6), 1073, https://doi.org/4314/ejhs.v31i6.1 google scholar
Harrison, C., & Donnelly, I. A. (2011, September). A theory of smart cities. In Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the ISSS-2011, Hull, UK. google scholar
Huavari, J., Kangasharju, A. & Alanen, A. (2001). Constructing an index for regional competitiveness, Pellervo Economic Research Institute Working Papers, No:44, Helsinki. google scholar
Huggıns, R. (2003). Creating a UK competitiveness ındex: regional and local benchmarking, Regional Studies, 37(1), 89-96, https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340022000033420. google scholar
Iammarino, S., McCann, P., & Ortega-Argiles, R. (2018). International business, cities and competitiveness: recent trends and future challenges. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 28(3), 236-251, https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-10-2017-0070 google scholar
ILO (2020). COVID-19 pandemisi, dünya genelinde, çalışma süreleri ve kazançlarda yıkıcı etki yaratıyor. Available at:https://www.ilo.org/ankara/areas-of-work/covid-19/WCMS_740868/lang-tr/index.htm (Accessed 8 July 2023) google scholar
ISO, (2018). Sustainable cities and communities — Indicators for city services and quality of life.https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/en/#iso:std:iso:37120:ed-2:v1:en google scholar
Ivars-Baidal, J. A., Celdran-Bernabeu, M. A., Mazon, J. N., & Perles-Ivars, Â. F. (2019). Smart destinations and the evolution of ICTs: a new scenario for destination management?. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(13), 1581-1600, https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1388771. google scholar
Kamal-Chaoui, L., & Robert, A. (2009). Competitive cities and climate change, OECD,https://www.oecd.org/cfe/regionaldevelopment/44232251.pdf, (Accessed at 15 July 2023). google scholar
Kitson, M., Martin, R. ve Tyler, P. (2004). Regional Competitiveness: An Elusive yet Key Concept?, Regional Studies. 38(9): 991-999, https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340042000320816. google scholar
Lai, C. M. T., and Cole, A. (2023). Measuring progress of smart cities: Indexing the smart city indices. Urban Governance, 3(1), 45-57, https://www.oecd.org/cfe/cities/Smart-cities-measurement-framework-scoping.pdf (Accessed at 16 July 2023). google scholar
Lever W.F. ve Turok, I. (1999). Competitive cities: ıntroduction to the review. Urban Studies, 36/1999, (5-6), 791-793,https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098993213, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43100349. google scholar
Li, F. X., Wen, X. P., & Yi, S. J. (2014). Numerical Measurement and Data Processing of Air Pollution. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 577, 1219-1222, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.577.1219 google scholar
Martens, P., Caselli, M., De Lombaerde, P., Figge, L., & Scholte, J. A. (2015). New directions in globalization indices. Globalizations, 12(2), 217-228, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2014.944336 google scholar
Mckinsey, (2020). The coronavirus effect on global economic sentiment. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/the-coronavirus-effect-on-global-economic-sentiment (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
Mckinsey, (2020A). How COVID-19 has pushed companies over the technology tipping point—and transformed business forever. Avail-able at: https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/how-covid-19-has-pushed-companies-over-the-technology-tipping-point-and-transformed-business-forever. (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
Mevlana Kalkınma Ajansı, (2023). Konya ilinde öne çıkan istatistikler. Available at: https://www.konyadayatirim.gov.tr/ (Accessed 7 July 2023) google scholar
Moulaert, F. (2000). Globalization and integrated area development in European cities. OUP Oxford. google scholar
OECD, 2022. OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2022. Available at: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/a8dd3019-en/index.html?itemId=/content/publication/a8dd3019-en (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
Olson, E. M., Cooper, R., & Slater, S. F. (1998). Design strategy and competitive advantage. Business Horizons, 41(2), 55-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-6813(98)90035-0 google scholar
Parkinson, M., Hutchins, M., Simmie, J., Clark, G. ve Verdonk, H. (2003). Competitive European cities: where do the core cities stand?, Final Report To Core Cities Working Group, European Institute for Urban Affairs. google scholar
Paskaleva, K. A. (2009). Enabling the smart city: The progress of city e-governance in Europe. International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development, 1(4), 405-422, https://doi.org/10.1504/UIRD.2009.022730 google scholar
Pinochet, L. H. C., Romani, G. F., de Souza, C. A., & Rodriguez-Abitia, G. (2019). Intention to live in a smart city based on its characteristics in the perception by the young public. Revista de Gestâo, 26(1), 73-92, https://doi.org/10.1108/REGE-06-2018-0077 google scholar
Pirenne, H. (2016). Ortaçağ Kentleri (Çev:Şadan Karadeniz), İletişim Yayınları: İstanbul. google scholar Porter, M. (2000). Rekabet Stratejisi, Sektör ve Rakip Analizi Teknikleri, Çev: Gülen Ulubilgen, Sistem Yayıncılık, İstanbul. google scholar
Porter, M. E. (1990). New global strategies for competitive advantage. Planning Review, 18(3), 4-14, https://doi.org/10.1108/eb054287. google scholar
Porter, M. E. (2001). How Government Matters: Influences on Prosperity, Competition, and Company Strategy. Academy of Management AllAcademy Session, Washington, DC, Aug, 6. google scholar
Porter, M. E. (2003). Building the microeconomic foundations of prosperity: Findings from the business competitiveness index. The global competitiveness report, 29-56. google scholar
Raines, F.D., 2000, “Playing from Strength”, Brooking Review, 18/2000, 3, Summer. Regional Development Working Papers. google scholar
Rondinelli, D. A., Johnson Jr, J. H., & Kasarda, J. D. (1998). The changing forces of urban economic development: Globalization and city competitiveness in the 21st century. Cityscape, 71-105, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.156912 google scholar
Roy, S. (2016). The Smart City paradigm in India: issues and challenges of sustainability and inclusiveness. Social Scientist, 44(5/6), 29-48, https://doi.org/10.1177/23996544211027583. google scholar
Schwab, K., & Zahidi, S. (2020, December). Global competitiveness report: special edition 2020. World Economic Forum. google scholar
SEGE (2022). https://www.sanayi.gov.tr/merkez-birimi/b94224510b7b/sege google scholar
Shen, J. (2004). Urban competitiveness and urban governance in the globalizing world. Asian Geographer, 23(1-2), 19-36, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10225706.2004.9684110. google scholar
SIEMENS (2012). The Green Cıty Index, Available at: https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:cf26889b-3254-4dcb-bc50-fef7e99cb3c7/gci-report-summary.pdf (Accessed 7 July 2023) google scholar
Sofronijevic, A., Milicevic, V., & Ilic, B. (2014). Smart city as framework for creating competitive advantages in international busi-ness management. Management: Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies, 19(71), 5-15, https://doi.org/10.7595/management.fon.2014.0015. google scholar
Solability (2022a). Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index, Available at: https://solability.com/the-global-sustainable-competitiveness-index/the-index/social-capital (Accessed 7 July 2023) google scholar
Solability (2022b). Available at: https://solability.com/the-global-sustainable-competitiveness-index/the-index/governance-capital (Accessed 7 July 2023) google scholar
T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı, (2014). Bölgesel gelişme ulusal stratejisi 2014-2023. Bölgesel Gelişme ve Yapısal Uyum Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara. The Sustainable Competitiveness Report (2021). State of The World Report 2021. google scholar
TÜİK (2016), İllerde Yaşam İndeksi 2015, 22 Ocak 2016 tarih ve 24561 sayılı Haber Bülteni, Available at: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24561(Accessed 7 June 2023) google scholar
UNICEF (2020). Summary of UNICEF’s 2020 Education Results. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/media/102636/file/Global-annual-results-report-2020-goal-area-2-summary.pdf (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
United Nations, (2020). Policy Brief: Education during COVID-19 and beyond. Available at: https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/08/sg_policy_brief_covid-19_and_education_august_2020.pdf (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
United Nations, (2023) . Patent filings hit a record high in 2022, UN agency reveals Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/02/1133992 (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
URAK (2018). İller arası Rekabetçilik İndeksi, Available at: http://www.urak.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/URAK_%C4%B0RE_2018-2.pdf (Accessed 10 July 2023) google scholar
Vodafone (2016). Akıllı Şehir Yol Haritası, https://www.vodafone.com.tr/VodafoneBusiness/iot/pdf/akilli-sehir-yolharitasi.pdf google scholar
WEF (2023). Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2023 Edition, Available at: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Fostering_Effective_Energy _Transition_2023.pdf (Accessed 10 July 2023) google scholar
Westwood, A. ve Nathan, M. (2002). “Mancester: Ideapolis? Developing a Knowledge Capital”, Work Foundation, Peter Runge House, 3 Carlton House Terrace, London. google scholar
WORLDBANK, (2022). Chapter 1. The economic impacts of the COVID-19 crisis. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2022/brief/chapter-1-introduction-the-economic-impacts-of-the-covid-19-crisis (Accessed 14 July 2023). google scholar

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 205 - 229, 18.01.2024

Turan Paksoy , Mustafa Atilla Arıcıoğlu , Büşra Yiğitol , Aylin Yılmaz Gezgin

https://doi.org/10.26650/JTL.2023.1335912

Abstract

Supporting Institution

KOSAM Kalkınma Odaklı Araştırmalar Merkezi

Project Number

KOSAM-42SB-000001

References

Abella, A., Ortiz-de-Urbina-Criado, M., & De-Pablos-Heredero, C. (2017). A model for the analysis of data-driven innovation and value generation in smart cities’ ecosystems, Cities, 64, 47-53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.01.011 google scholar
Aihemaiti, A. (2018). “Türkiye’deki Akıllı Şehirlerin Sıralama Modeli”, Master Thesis, İstanbul Commerce University Graduate School of Applied and Natural Sciences, Istanbul. google scholar
Akdamar, E. (2018). “Akıllı Kentlere İlişkin ISO 37120 Standardı Göstergelerinin Çok Değişkenli İstatistiksel Tekniklerle İrdelenmesi”, PhD Thesis, Uludağ University Social Science Institution, Bursa. google scholar
Akman, A. Z. ve Arıcıoğlu, M. A. (2019). Şehirlerin rekabetinde sosyal sermayenin önemi üzerine bir araştırma. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 21(36), 19-33. google scholar
Alaverdyan, D., Kucera, F., & Horak, M. (2018). Implementation of the smart city concept in the eu: importance of cluster initiatives and best practice cases. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 6(1), https://doi.org/10.2478/yek-2018-0003. google scholar
Amin, A. ve Thrift,N. (2002). Cities: Reimagining the Urban. Polity Press, Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge. google scholar
Anthopoulos, L. G., & Fitsilis, P. (2014). Smart cities and their roles in city competition: A classification. International Journal of Electronic Government Research (IJEGR), 10(1), 63-77, https://doi.org/10.4018/yegr.2014010105. google scholar
Begg, I. (1999). Cities and competitiveness. Urban studies, 36(5-6), 795-809, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43100350. google scholar
Berger, R. (2019). “The Smart City Breakaway, How a Small Group of Leading Digital Cities is Outpacing the Rest”, https://www.rolandberger.com/publications/publication_pdf/roland_berger_smart_city_breakaway_1.pdf. google scholar
Blancas, F. J., Lozano-Oyola, M., Gonzalez, M., Guerrero, F. M., & Caballero, R. (2011). How to use sustainability indicators for tourism planning: The case of rural tourism in Andalusia (Spain). Science of the Total Environment, 412, 28-45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.066. google scholar
Brenner, N. (1998) Global Cities, Glocal States: Global City Formation and State Territorial Restructuring in Contemporary Europe, Review of International Political Economy, Vol.5, No.1, 1998, https://doi.org/10.1080/096922998347633. google scholar
Bruneckiene, J., Cincikaite, R. ve Kilijoniene, A. (2012). The specifics of measurement the urban competitiveness at the national andinternational level. Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, 23(3), 256-270, https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.23.3.1272. google scholar
Castells, M. (1989). The Informational City: Information Technology Economic Restructring and The Urban Regional Process, Basil Blackwell, Oxford. google scholar
Çoruh, M. (2021). “Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Tekniklerine Dayalı Yeni Bir Kent Djitalleşme Endeks Hesaplama Modeli Önerisi: Türkiye Uygulaması”, PhD Thesis, Sakarya University Graduate School of Business, Sakarya. google scholar
CPA-I (2015). City Anatomy:A Framework to support City Governance, Evaluation and Transformation, Available at: https://cityprotocol.cat/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/CPA-I_001-v2_City_Anatomy.pdf (Accessed 15 July 2023) google scholar
De Souza Briggs, X. (1997). Social capital and the cities: Advice to change agents. National Civic Review, 86(2), 111-118. google scholar
DeFilippis, J. (2001). The myth of social capital in community development. Housing policy debate, 12(4), 781-806, https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2001.9521429. google scholar
Deloitte (2018). Şehir Mobilite İndeksi. Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/tr/tr/pages/public-sector/articles/city-mobility-index.html (Ac-cessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
Doğan, İ. ve Bakan, İ. (2020). Rekabet Üstünlüğü Sağlamada Şehir Rekabetçiliği. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(2), 331-351, doi: https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsosbil.763235. google scholar
Dorn, E, Hancock, B., Sarakatsannis, J. and Viruleg, E. (2021). COVID-19 and education: The lingering effects of unfinished learn-ing. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/education/our-insights/covid-19-and-education-the-lingering-effects-of-unfinished-learning (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
Ducarme, T. (2020). What will be the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on healthcare systems? Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/fr/fr/pages/covid-insights/articles/impact-covid19-healthcare-systems.html (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
Dutta, S., Lanvin, B., Leon, L. R., & Wunsch-Vincent, S. (Eds.). (2021). Global innovation index 2021: tracking innovation through the covid-19 crisis. WIPO, DOI: https://doi.org/10.34667/tind.44315 google scholar
EDAM (2016). Türkiye İçin Bir Rekabet İndeksi. Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/tr/tr/pages/public-sector/articles/city-mobility-index.html (Accessed 5 July 2023) google scholar
Eğilmez, M. (2013). GSYH ve Büyüme Hesaplamaları- Türkiye Örneği. Available at: https://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2013/09/gsyh-ve-buyume-hesaplamalar-turkiye.html. (Accessed 7 July 2023) google scholar
Ehmke, C. (2008). Strategies for competitive advantage. Western Extension Marketing Committee, 5, 1-8. google scholar
EPI (2022). 2022 Environmental Performance Index, https://epi.yale.edu/, (Accessed 14 July 2023). google scholar
Erhard, L. (1958). Prosperity through competition. Ludwig von Mises Institute. google scholar
Ericsson (2016). Networked Society City Index. Available at: http://mb.cision.com/Public/15448/2245037/93894148bfbf1118.pdf. (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
EU (2006) Cohesion Policy and cities: the urban contribution to growth and jobs in the regions. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/communications/2006/cohesion-policy-and-cities-the-urban-contribution-to-growth-and-jobs-in-the-regions, (Accessed 5 July 2023) google scholar
Giap, T. K., Thye, W. W., & Aw, G. (2014). A new approach to measuring the liveability of cities: the Global Liveable Cities Index. World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 11(2), 176-196, https://doi.org/10.12691/ajcea-8-2-1 google scholar
Giffinger, R., Haindlmaier, G., & Kramar, H. (2010). The role of rankings in growing city competition. Urban research & practice, 3(3), 299-312, https://doi.org/10.1080/17535069.2010.524420. google scholar
Gordon, I. (2002). The competitiveness of cities: why ıt matters ın the 21st century and how we can measure ıt?. Cahiers De Laurif N°135, De L’ınstıtut D’amenagement Et D’urbanısme De La Regıon D’ıle-De-France, 33-41. google scholar
Haileamlak, A. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on health and health systems. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 31(6), 1073, https://doi.org/4314/ejhs.v31i6.1 google scholar
Harrison, C., & Donnelly, I. A. (2011, September). A theory of smart cities. In Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the ISSS-2011, Hull, UK. google scholar
Huavari, J., Kangasharju, A. & Alanen, A. (2001). Constructing an index for regional competitiveness, Pellervo Economic Research Institute Working Papers, No:44, Helsinki. google scholar
Huggıns, R. (2003). Creating a UK competitiveness ındex: regional and local benchmarking, Regional Studies, 37(1), 89-96, https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340022000033420. google scholar
Iammarino, S., McCann, P., & Ortega-Argiles, R. (2018). International business, cities and competitiveness: recent trends and future challenges. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 28(3), 236-251, https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-10-2017-0070 google scholar
ILO (2020). COVID-19 pandemisi, dünya genelinde, çalışma süreleri ve kazançlarda yıkıcı etki yaratıyor. Available at:https://www.ilo.org/ankara/areas-of-work/covid-19/WCMS_740868/lang-tr/index.htm (Accessed 8 July 2023) google scholar
ISO, (2018). Sustainable cities and communities — Indicators for city services and quality of life.https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/en/#iso:std:iso:37120:ed-2:v1:en google scholar
Ivars-Baidal, J. A., Celdran-Bernabeu, M. A., Mazon, J. N., & Perles-Ivars, Â. F. (2019). Smart destinations and the evolution of ICTs: a new scenario for destination management?. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(13), 1581-1600, https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1388771. google scholar
Kamal-Chaoui, L., & Robert, A. (2009). Competitive cities and climate change, OECD,https://www.oecd.org/cfe/regionaldevelopment/44232251.pdf, (Accessed at 15 July 2023). google scholar
Kitson, M., Martin, R. ve Tyler, P. (2004). Regional Competitiveness: An Elusive yet Key Concept?, Regional Studies. 38(9): 991-999, https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340042000320816. google scholar
Lai, C. M. T., and Cole, A. (2023). Measuring progress of smart cities: Indexing the smart city indices. Urban Governance, 3(1), 45-57, https://www.oecd.org/cfe/cities/Smart-cities-measurement-framework-scoping.pdf (Accessed at 16 July 2023). google scholar
Lever W.F. ve Turok, I. (1999). Competitive cities: ıntroduction to the review. Urban Studies, 36/1999, (5-6), 791-793,https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098993213, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43100349. google scholar
Li, F. X., Wen, X. P., & Yi, S. J. (2014). Numerical Measurement and Data Processing of Air Pollution. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 577, 1219-1222, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.577.1219 google scholar
Martens, P., Caselli, M., De Lombaerde, P., Figge, L., & Scholte, J. A. (2015). New directions in globalization indices. Globalizations, 12(2), 217-228, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2014.944336 google scholar
Mckinsey, (2020). The coronavirus effect on global economic sentiment. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/the-coronavirus-effect-on-global-economic-sentiment (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
Mckinsey, (2020A). How COVID-19 has pushed companies over the technology tipping point—and transformed business forever. Avail-able at: https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/how-covid-19-has-pushed-companies-over-the-technology-tipping-point-and-transformed-business-forever. (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
Mevlana Kalkınma Ajansı, (2023). Konya ilinde öne çıkan istatistikler. Available at: https://www.konyadayatirim.gov.tr/ (Accessed 7 July 2023) google scholar
Moulaert, F. (2000). Globalization and integrated area development in European cities. OUP Oxford. google scholar
OECD, 2022. OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2022. Available at: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/a8dd3019-en/index.html?itemId=/content/publication/a8dd3019-en (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
Olson, E. M., Cooper, R., & Slater, S. F. (1998). Design strategy and competitive advantage. Business Horizons, 41(2), 55-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-6813(98)90035-0 google scholar
Parkinson, M., Hutchins, M., Simmie, J., Clark, G. ve Verdonk, H. (2003). Competitive European cities: where do the core cities stand?, Final Report To Core Cities Working Group, European Institute for Urban Affairs. google scholar
Paskaleva, K. A. (2009). Enabling the smart city: The progress of city e-governance in Europe. International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development, 1(4), 405-422, https://doi.org/10.1504/UIRD.2009.022730 google scholar
Pinochet, L. H. C., Romani, G. F., de Souza, C. A., & Rodriguez-Abitia, G. (2019). Intention to live in a smart city based on its characteristics in the perception by the young public. Revista de Gestâo, 26(1), 73-92, https://doi.org/10.1108/REGE-06-2018-0077 google scholar
Pirenne, H. (2016). Ortaçağ Kentleri (Çev:Şadan Karadeniz), İletişim Yayınları: İstanbul. google scholar Porter, M. (2000). Rekabet Stratejisi, Sektör ve Rakip Analizi Teknikleri, Çev: Gülen Ulubilgen, Sistem Yayıncılık, İstanbul. google scholar
Porter, M. E. (1990). New global strategies for competitive advantage. Planning Review, 18(3), 4-14, https://doi.org/10.1108/eb054287. google scholar
Porter, M. E. (2001). How Government Matters: Influences on Prosperity, Competition, and Company Strategy. Academy of Management AllAcademy Session, Washington, DC, Aug, 6. google scholar
Porter, M. E. (2003). Building the microeconomic foundations of prosperity: Findings from the business competitiveness index. The global competitiveness report, 29-56. google scholar
Raines, F.D., 2000, “Playing from Strength”, Brooking Review, 18/2000, 3, Summer. Regional Development Working Papers. google scholar
Rondinelli, D. A., Johnson Jr, J. H., & Kasarda, J. D. (1998). The changing forces of urban economic development: Globalization and city competitiveness in the 21st century. Cityscape, 71-105, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.156912 google scholar
Roy, S. (2016). The Smart City paradigm in India: issues and challenges of sustainability and inclusiveness. Social Scientist, 44(5/6), 29-48, https://doi.org/10.1177/23996544211027583. google scholar
Schwab, K., & Zahidi, S. (2020, December). Global competitiveness report: special edition 2020. World Economic Forum. google scholar
SEGE (2022). https://www.sanayi.gov.tr/merkez-birimi/b94224510b7b/sege google scholar
Shen, J. (2004). Urban competitiveness and urban governance in the globalizing world. Asian Geographer, 23(1-2), 19-36, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10225706.2004.9684110. google scholar
SIEMENS (2012). The Green Cıty Index, Available at: https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:cf26889b-3254-4dcb-bc50-fef7e99cb3c7/gci-report-summary.pdf (Accessed 7 July 2023) google scholar
Sofronijevic, A., Milicevic, V., & Ilic, B. (2014). Smart city as framework for creating competitive advantages in international busi-ness management. Management: Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies, 19(71), 5-15, https://doi.org/10.7595/management.fon.2014.0015. google scholar
Solability (2022a). Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index, Available at: https://solability.com/the-global-sustainable-competitiveness-index/the-index/social-capital (Accessed 7 July 2023) google scholar
Solability (2022b). Available at: https://solability.com/the-global-sustainable-competitiveness-index/the-index/governance-capital (Accessed 7 July 2023) google scholar
T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı, (2014). Bölgesel gelişme ulusal stratejisi 2014-2023. Bölgesel Gelişme ve Yapısal Uyum Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara. The Sustainable Competitiveness Report (2021). State of The World Report 2021. google scholar
TÜİK (2016), İllerde Yaşam İndeksi 2015, 22 Ocak 2016 tarih ve 24561 sayılı Haber Bülteni, Available at: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24561(Accessed 7 June 2023) google scholar
UNICEF (2020). Summary of UNICEF’s 2020 Education Results. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/media/102636/file/Global-annual-results-report-2020-goal-area-2-summary.pdf (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
United Nations, (2020). Policy Brief: Education during COVID-19 and beyond. Available at: https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/08/sg_policy_brief_covid-19_and_education_august_2020.pdf (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
United Nations, (2023) . Patent filings hit a record high in 2022, UN agency reveals Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/02/1133992 (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
URAK (2018). İller arası Rekabetçilik İndeksi, Available at: http://www.urak.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/URAK_%C4%B0RE_2018-2.pdf (Accessed 10 July 2023) google scholar
Vodafone (2016). Akıllı Şehir Yol Haritası, https://www.vodafone.com.tr/VodafoneBusiness/iot/pdf/akilli-sehir-yolharitasi.pdf google scholar
WEF (2023). Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2023 Edition, Available at: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Fostering_Effective_Energy _Transition_2023.pdf (Accessed 10 July 2023) google scholar
Westwood, A. ve Nathan, M. (2002). “Mancester: Ideapolis? Developing a Knowledge Capital”, Work Foundation, Peter Runge House, 3 Carlton House Terrace, London. google scholar
WORLDBANK, (2022). Chapter 1. The economic impacts of the COVID-19 crisis. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2022/brief/chapter-1-introduction-the-economic-impacts-of-the-covid-19-crisis (Accessed 14 July 2023). google scholar

There are 79 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Transportation, Logistics and Supply Chains (Other)
Journal Section	Research Article
Authors	Turan Paksoy 0000-0001-8051-8560 Mustafa Atilla Arıcıoğlu 0000-0001-6477-832X Büşra Yiğitol 0000-0002-7846-3393 Aylin Yılmaz Gezgin 0000-0001-5462-8184
Project Number	KOSAM-42SB-000001
Publication Date	January 18, 2024
Submission Date	August 1, 2023
Acceptance Date	October 11, 2023
Published in Issue	Year 2023 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA	Paksoy, T., Arıcıoğlu, M. A., Yiğitol, B., Yılmaz Gezgin, A. (2024). A New Index Proposal For Sustainable Cities. Journal of Transportation and Logistics, 8(2), 205-229. https://doi.org/10.26650/JTL.2023.1335912
AMA	Paksoy T, Arıcıoğlu MA, Yiğitol B, Yılmaz Gezgin A. A New Index Proposal For Sustainable Cities. JTL. January 2024;8(2):205-229. doi:10.26650/JTL.2023.1335912
Chicago	Paksoy, Turan, Mustafa Atilla Arıcıoğlu, Büşra Yiğitol, and Aylin Yılmaz Gezgin. “A New Index Proposal For Sustainable Cities”. Journal of Transportation and Logistics 8, no. 2 (January 2024): 205-29. https://doi.org/10.26650/JTL.2023.1335912.
EndNote	Paksoy T, Arıcıoğlu MA, Yiğitol B, Yılmaz Gezgin A (January 1, 2024) A New Index Proposal For Sustainable Cities. Journal of Transportation and Logistics 8 2 205–229.
IEEE	T. Paksoy, M. A. Arıcıoğlu, B. Yiğitol, and A. Yılmaz Gezgin, “A New Index Proposal For Sustainable Cities”, JTL, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 205–229, 2024, doi: 10.26650/JTL.2023.1335912.
ISNAD	Paksoy, Turan et al. “A New Index Proposal For Sustainable Cities”. Journal of Transportation and Logistics 8/2 (January 2024), 205-229. https://doi.org/10.26650/JTL.2023.1335912.
JAMA	Paksoy T, Arıcıoğlu MA, Yiğitol B, Yılmaz Gezgin A. A New Index Proposal For Sustainable Cities. JTL. 2024;8:205–229.
MLA	Paksoy, Turan et al. “A New Index Proposal For Sustainable Cities”. Journal of Transportation and Logistics, vol. 8, no. 2, 2024, pp. 205-29, doi:10.26650/JTL.2023.1335912.
Vancouver	Paksoy T, Arıcıoğlu MA, Yiğitol B, Yılmaz Gezgin A. A New Index Proposal For Sustainable Cities. JTL. 2024;8(2):205-29.

Article Files

Full Text

The JTL is being published twice (in April and October of) a year, as an official international peer-reviewed journal of the School of Transportation and Logistics at Istanbul University.