A New Index Proposal For Sustainable Cities

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 205 - 229, 18.01.2024

Turan Paksoy , Mustafa Atilla Arıcıoğlu , Büşra Yiğitol , Aylin Yılmaz Gezgin

https://doi.org/10.26650/JTL.2023.1335912

Abstract

Sustainability can be defined as meeting today’s economic and social needs in such a way as to leave a livable environment for future generations without negatively impacting the ecosystem. Thus, one of the priorities today is to build cities and communities with sustainable living spaces. Such cities and communities are living spaces that meet the needs both of today and tomorrow in the most comprehensive and effective way. In this article, an index system is proposed to measure the sustainability of cities. The proposed sustainable city index was applied to Konya in Türkiye. The city was evaluated over three main dimensions and nine sub-dimensions. The annual increase and decrease of the index scores showed parallelism with the effects of the economic, technological, social and ecological events experienced in the last four years. The result of this study is of great importance as it shows the measurement reliability of the index. The sustainable city index can support recommendations that form the basis of policies and offer city-based performance scorecards for municipalities. It is recommended that city-based comparisons are made not only among cities in Türkiye but also worldwide in order to reach a better comparison.

Keywords

Competitiveness, Innovation, Liveability, Sustainability, City Index, Türkiye

Project Number

KOSAM-42SB-000001

References

• Abella, A., Ortiz-de-Urbina-Criado, M., & De-Pablos-Heredero, C. (2017). A model for the analysis of data-driven innovation and value generation in smart cities’ ecosystems, Cities, 64, 47-53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.01.011 google scholar
• Aihemaiti, A. (2018). “Türkiye’deki Akıllı Şehirlerin Sıralama Modeli”, Master Thesis, İstanbul Commerce University Graduate School of Applied and Natural Sciences, Istanbul. google scholar
• Akdamar, E. (2018). “Akıllı Kentlere İlişkin ISO 37120 Standardı Göstergelerinin Çok Değişkenli İstatistiksel Tekniklerle İrdelenmesi”, PhD Thesis, Uludağ University Social Science Institution, Bursa. google scholar
• Akman, A. Z. ve Arıcıoğlu, M. A. (2019). Şehirlerin rekabetinde sosyal sermayenin önemi üzerine bir araştırma. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 21(36), 19-33. google scholar
• Alaverdyan, D., Kucera, F., & Horak, M. (2018). Implementation of the smart city concept in the eu: importance of cluster initiatives and best practice cases. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 6(1), https://doi.org/10.2478/yek-2018-0003. google scholar
• Amin, A. ve Thrift,N. (2002). Cities: Reimagining the Urban. Polity Press, Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge. google scholar
• Anthopoulos, L. G., & Fitsilis, P. (2014). Smart cities and their roles in city competition: A classification. International Journal of Electronic Government Research (IJEGR), 10(1), 63-77, https://doi.org/10.4018/yegr.2014010105. google scholar
• Begg, I. (1999). Cities and competitiveness. Urban studies, 36(5-6), 795-809, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43100350. google scholar
• Berger, R. (2019). “The Smart City Breakaway, How a Small Group of Leading Digital Cities is Outpacing the Rest”, https://www.rolandberger.com/publications/publication_pdf/roland_berger_smart_city_breakaway_1.pdf. google scholar
• Blancas, F. J., Lozano-Oyola, M., Gonzalez, M., Guerrero, F. M., & Caballero, R. (2011). How to use sustainability indicators for tourism planning: The case of rural tourism in Andalusia (Spain). Science of the Total Environment, 412, 28-45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.066. google scholar
• Brenner, N. (1998) Global Cities, Glocal States: Global City Formation and State Territorial Restructuring in Contemporary Europe, Review of International Political Economy, Vol.5, No.1, 1998, https://doi.org/10.1080/096922998347633. google scholar
• Bruneckiene, J., Cincikaite, R. ve Kilijoniene, A. (2012). The specifics of measurement the urban competitiveness at the national andinternational level. Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, 23(3), 256-270, https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.23.3.1272. google scholar
• Castells, M. (1989). The Informational City: Information Technology Economic Restructring and The Urban Regional Process, Basil Blackwell, Oxford. google scholar
• Çoruh, M. (2021). “Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Tekniklerine Dayalı Yeni Bir Kent Djitalleşme Endeks Hesaplama Modeli Önerisi: Türkiye Uygulaması”, PhD Thesis, Sakarya University Graduate School of Business, Sakarya. google scholar
• CPA-I (2015). City Anatomy:A Framework to support City Governance, Evaluation and Transformation, Available at: https://cityprotocol.cat/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/CPA-I_001-v2_City_Anatomy.pdf (Accessed 15 July 2023) google scholar
• De Souza Briggs, X. (1997). Social capital and the cities: Advice to change agents. National Civic Review, 86(2), 111-118. google scholar
• DeFilippis, J. (2001). The myth of social capital in community development. Housing policy debate, 12(4), 781-806, https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2001.9521429. google scholar
• Deloitte (2018). Şehir Mobilite İndeksi. Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/tr/tr/pages/public-sector/articles/city-mobility-index.html (Ac-cessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
• Doğan, İ. ve Bakan, İ. (2020). Rekabet Üstünlüğü Sağlamada Şehir Rekabetçiliği. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(2), 331-351, doi: https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsosbil.763235. google scholar
• Dorn, E, Hancock, B., Sarakatsannis, J. and Viruleg, E. (2021). COVID-19 and education: The lingering effects of unfinished learn-ing. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/education/our-insights/covid-19-and-education-the-lingering-effects-of-unfinished-learning (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
• Ducarme, T. (2020). What will be the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on healthcare systems? Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/fr/fr/pages/covid-insights/articles/impact-covid19-healthcare-systems.html (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
• Dutta, S., Lanvin, B., Leon, L. R., & Wunsch-Vincent, S. (Eds.). (2021). Global innovation index 2021: tracking innovation through the covid-19 crisis. WIPO, DOI: https://doi.org/10.34667/tind.44315 google scholar
• EDAM (2016). Türkiye İçin Bir Rekabet İndeksi. Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/tr/tr/pages/public-sector/articles/city-mobility-index.html (Accessed 5 July 2023) google scholar
• Eğilmez, M. (2013). GSYH ve Büyüme Hesaplamaları- Türkiye Örneği. Available at: https://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2013/09/gsyh-ve-buyume-hesaplamalar-turkiye.html. (Accessed 7 July 2023) google scholar
• Ehmke, C. (2008). Strategies for competitive advantage. Western Extension Marketing Committee, 5, 1-8. google scholar
• EPI (2022). 2022 Environmental Performance Index, https://epi.yale.edu/, (Accessed 14 July 2023). google scholar
• Erhard, L. (1958). Prosperity through competition. Ludwig von Mises Institute. google scholar
• Ericsson (2016). Networked Society City Index. Available at: http://mb.cision.com/Public/15448/2245037/93894148bfbf1118.pdf. (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
• EU (2006) Cohesion Policy and cities: the urban contribution to growth and jobs in the regions. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/communications/2006/cohesion-policy-and-cities-the-urban-contribution-to-growth-and-jobs-in-the-regions, (Accessed 5 July 2023) google scholar
• Giap, T. K., Thye, W. W., & Aw, G. (2014). A new approach to measuring the liveability of cities: the Global Liveable Cities Index. World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 11(2), 176-196, https://doi.org/10.12691/ajcea-8-2-1 google scholar
• Giffinger, R., Haindlmaier, G., & Kramar, H. (2010). The role of rankings in growing city competition. Urban research & practice, 3(3), 299-312, https://doi.org/10.1080/17535069.2010.524420. google scholar
• Gordon, I. (2002). The competitiveness of cities: why ıt matters ın the 21st century and how we can measure ıt?. Cahiers De Laurif N°135, De L’ınstıtut D’amenagement Et D’urbanısme De La Regıon D’ıle-De-France, 33-41. google scholar
• Haileamlak, A. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on health and health systems. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 31(6), 1073, https://doi.org/4314/ejhs.v31i6.1 google scholar
• Harrison, C., & Donnelly, I. A. (2011, September). A theory of smart cities. In Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the ISSS-2011, Hull, UK. google scholar
• Huavari, J., Kangasharju, A. & Alanen, A. (2001). Constructing an index for regional competitiveness, Pellervo Economic Research Institute Working Papers, No:44, Helsinki. google scholar
• Huggıns, R. (2003). Creating a UK competitiveness ındex: regional and local benchmarking, Regional Studies, 37(1), 89-96, https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340022000033420. google scholar
• Iammarino, S., McCann, P., & Ortega-Argiles, R. (2018). International business, cities and competitiveness: recent trends and future challenges. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 28(3), 236-251, https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-10-2017-0070 google scholar
• ILO (2020). COVID-19 pandemisi, dünya genelinde, çalışma süreleri ve kazançlarda yıkıcı etki yaratıyor. Available at:https://www.ilo.org/ankara/areas-of-work/covid-19/WCMS_740868/lang-tr/index.htm (Accessed 8 July 2023) google scholar
• ISO, (2018). Sustainable cities and communities — Indicators for city services and quality of life.https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/en/#iso:std:iso:37120:ed-2:v1:en google scholar
• Ivars-Baidal, J. A., Celdran-Bernabeu, M. A., Mazon, J. N., & Perles-Ivars, Â. F. (2019). Smart destinations and the evolution of ICTs: a new scenario for destination management?. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(13), 1581-1600, https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1388771. google scholar
• Kamal-Chaoui, L., & Robert, A. (2009). Competitive cities and climate change, OECD,https://www.oecd.org/cfe/regionaldevelopment/44232251.pdf, (Accessed at 15 July 2023). google scholar
• Kitson, M., Martin, R. ve Tyler, P. (2004). Regional Competitiveness: An Elusive yet Key Concept?, Regional Studies. 38(9): 991-999, https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340042000320816. google scholar
• Lai, C. M. T., and Cole, A. (2023). Measuring progress of smart cities: Indexing the smart city indices. Urban Governance, 3(1), 45-57, https://www.oecd.org/cfe/cities/Smart-cities-measurement-framework-scoping.pdf (Accessed at 16 July 2023). google scholar
• Lever W.F. ve Turok, I. (1999). Competitive cities: ıntroduction to the review. Urban Studies, 36/1999, (5-6), 791-793,https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098993213, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43100349. google scholar
• Li, F. X., Wen, X. P., & Yi, S. J. (2014). Numerical Measurement and Data Processing of Air Pollution. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 577, 1219-1222, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.577.1219 google scholar
• Martens, P., Caselli, M., De Lombaerde, P., Figge, L., & Scholte, J. A. (2015). New directions in globalization indices. Globalizations, 12(2), 217-228, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2014.944336 google scholar
• Mckinsey, (2020). The coronavirus effect on global economic sentiment. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/the-coronavirus-effect-on-global-economic-sentiment (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
• Mckinsey, (2020A). How COVID-19 has pushed companies over the technology tipping point—and transformed business forever. Avail-able at: https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/how-covid-19-has-pushed-companies-over-the-technology-tipping-point-and-transformed-business-forever. (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
• Mevlana Kalkınma Ajansı, (2023). Konya ilinde öne çıkan istatistikler. Available at: https://www.konyadayatirim.gov.tr/ (Accessed 7 July 2023) google scholar
• Moulaert, F. (2000). Globalization and integrated area development in European cities. OUP Oxford. google scholar
• OECD, 2022. OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2022. Available at: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/a8dd3019-en/index.html?itemId=/content/publication/a8dd3019-en (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
• Olson, E. M., Cooper, R., & Slater, S. F. (1998). Design strategy and competitive advantage. Business Horizons, 41(2), 55-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-6813(98)90035-0 google scholar
• Parkinson, M., Hutchins, M., Simmie, J., Clark, G. ve Verdonk, H. (2003). Competitive European cities: where do the core cities stand?, Final Report To Core Cities Working Group, European Institute for Urban Affairs. google scholar
• Paskaleva, K. A. (2009). Enabling the smart city: The progress of city e-governance in Europe. International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development, 1(4), 405-422, https://doi.org/10.1504/UIRD.2009.022730 google scholar
• Pinochet, L. H. C., Romani, G. F., de Souza, C. A., & Rodriguez-Abitia, G. (2019). Intention to live in a smart city based on its characteristics in the perception by the young public. Revista de Gestâo, 26(1), 73-92, https://doi.org/10.1108/REGE-06-2018-0077 google scholar
• Pirenne, H. (2016). Ortaçağ Kentleri (Çev:Şadan Karadeniz), İletişim Yayınları: İstanbul. google scholar Porter, M. (2000). Rekabet Stratejisi, Sektör ve Rakip Analizi Teknikleri, Çev: Gülen Ulubilgen, Sistem Yayıncılık, İstanbul. google scholar
• Porter, M. E. (1990). New global strategies for competitive advantage. Planning Review, 18(3), 4-14, https://doi.org/10.1108/eb054287. google scholar
• Porter, M. E. (2001). How Government Matters: Influences on Prosperity, Competition, and Company Strategy. Academy of Management AllAcademy Session, Washington, DC, Aug, 6. google scholar
• Porter, M. E. (2003). Building the microeconomic foundations of prosperity: Findings from the business competitiveness index. The global competitiveness report, 29-56. google scholar
• Raines, F.D., 2000, “Playing from Strength”, Brooking Review, 18/2000, 3, Summer. Regional Development Working Papers. google scholar
• Rondinelli, D. A., Johnson Jr, J. H., & Kasarda, J. D. (1998). The changing forces of urban economic development: Globalization and city competitiveness in the 21st century. Cityscape, 71-105, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.156912 google scholar
• Roy, S. (2016). The Smart City paradigm in India: issues and challenges of sustainability and inclusiveness. Social Scientist, 44(5/6), 29-48, https://doi.org/10.1177/23996544211027583. google scholar
• Schwab, K., & Zahidi, S. (2020, December). Global competitiveness report: special edition 2020. World Economic Forum. google scholar
• SEGE (2022). https://www.sanayi.gov.tr/merkez-birimi/b94224510b7b/sege google scholar
• Shen, J. (2004). Urban competitiveness and urban governance in the globalizing world. Asian Geographer, 23(1-2), 19-36, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10225706.2004.9684110. google scholar
• SIEMENS (2012). The Green Cıty Index, Available at: https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:cf26889b-3254-4dcb-bc50-fef7e99cb3c7/gci-report-summary.pdf (Accessed 7 July 2023) google scholar
• Sofronijevic, A., Milicevic, V., & Ilic, B. (2014). Smart city as framework for creating competitive advantages in international busi-ness management. Management: Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies, 19(71), 5-15, https://doi.org/10.7595/management.fon.2014.0015. google scholar
• Solability (2022a). Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index, Available at: https://solability.com/the-global-sustainable-competitiveness-index/the-index/social-capital (Accessed 7 July 2023) google scholar
• Solability (2022b). Available at: https://solability.com/the-global-sustainable-competitiveness-index/the-index/governance-capital (Accessed 7 July 2023) google scholar
• T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı, (2014). Bölgesel gelişme ulusal stratejisi 2014-2023. Bölgesel Gelişme ve Yapısal Uyum Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara. The Sustainable Competitiveness Report (2021). State of The World Report 2021. google scholar
• TÜİK (2016), İllerde Yaşam İndeksi 2015, 22 Ocak 2016 tarih ve 24561 sayılı Haber Bülteni, Available at: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24561(Accessed 7 June 2023) google scholar
• UNICEF (2020). Summary of UNICEF’s 2020 Education Results. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/media/102636/file/Global-annual-results-report-2020-goal-area-2-summary.pdf (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
• United Nations, (2020). Policy Brief: Education during COVID-19 and beyond. Available at: https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/08/sg_policy_brief_covid-19_and_education_august_2020.pdf (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
• United Nations, (2023) . Patent filings hit a record high in 2022, UN agency reveals Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/02/1133992 (Accessed 14 July 2023) google scholar
• URAK (2018). İller arası Rekabetçilik İndeksi, Available at: http://www.urak.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/URAK_%C4%B0RE_2018-2.pdf (Accessed 10 July 2023) google scholar
• Vodafone (2016). Akıllı Şehir Yol Haritası, https://www.vodafone.com.tr/VodafoneBusiness/iot/pdf/akilli-sehir-yolharitasi.pdf google scholar
• WEF (2023). Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2023 Edition, Available at: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Fostering_Effective_Energy _Transition_2023.pdf (Accessed 10 July 2023) google scholar
• Westwood, A. ve Nathan, M. (2002). “Mancester: Ideapolis? Developing a Knowledge Capital”, Work Foundation, Peter Runge House, 3 Carlton House Terrace, London. google scholar
• WORLDBANK, (2022). Chapter 1. The economic impacts of the COVID-19 crisis. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2022/brief/chapter-1-introduction-the-economic-impacts-of-the-covid-19-crisis (Accessed 14 July 2023). google scholar