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Yeni Asur İmparatorluğu'nda Yabancı Kraliyet Soyluları

Year 2024, , 59 - 86, 25.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.1384225

Abstract

MÖ 934-612 yılları arasında Yakındoğu’da gücünün zirvesine ulaşan Asur kralları askeri ve politik açıdan hakimiyetlerini sürdürmelerine fayda sağlayacak çeşitli uygulamaları hayata geçirmişlerdir. Asur’un yabancı kraliyet soylu esirlere, rehinelere ve sığınmacılara yönelik politikası da bu uygulamalar içerisinde değerlendirilebilir. Asur’un bu politikası hem barışın korunmasına hem de savaşmaksızın bazı bölgelerin kontrol altında tutulması amacına hizmet etmesi beklenmekteydi. Asur kralları askeri seferler sonucunda yenilgiye uğrattığı düşman kralları ve onların aile üyelerini Asur merkezlerine taşıyarak esir etmiş ve bunu yaparken hem o bölgelerin direncini kırmayı hem de düşmanlarına açık bir gözdağı vermeyi amaçlamıştır. Bunun yanında antlaşma yaptığı ya da biat ettirdiği krallardan da rehineler alarak aradaki antlaşmaları kalıcı olmasına yönelik birtakım bağlayıcı avantajlar kazanmayı hedeflemiştir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda soylu esir ve rehineler Asur eğitimine tabi tutulmuş ve ileride ülkelerine yönetici olarak atanabilecek müttefiklere dönüştürülmeye çalışılmıştır. Asur kralları ayrıca düşman ya da müttefik kralların kızlarını haremine dahil ederek de bu krallıklarla ilişiklerini bağlayıcı ve kalıcı bir düzleme oturtmak istemişlerdir. Son olarak kendilerine sığınan soylu kişileri Asur kentlerinde koruma altına alarak siyasi durumdaki değişiklere göre bunların ülkelerinde kral olmalarına dahi yardımcı olmuştur. Böylece Asur kralları kendilerine sadık yöneticiler yaratabileceklerini düşünmüşlerdir. Bu araştırmada çivi yazılı belgelerden hareketle Asur esir ve rehin alma pratiği, Asur sarayına gönderilen yabancı prenseslerin konumları ve durumları ve sığınmacıların Asur politikası içerisindeki yeri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma ile Asur’un bu politikasının tüm yönlerinin ortaya konulması ve yabancı kraliyet soylularının Asur sarayındaki ve kentlerindeki hayatlarına dair bir portre çizilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Kraliyet yazıtları ve Asur devlet arşivi çalışmamızda kullanılan temel kaynaklardır.

References

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  • Akyüz, Faruk (2020), Yeni Asur Devleti’nin Sürgün Politikası, in: İ. Albayrak (Ed.), Eski Yakındoğu’da Sürgünler, (129-180), Bilgin Kültür Sanat Press, Ankara.
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  • Baker, Heather D. (2023), “The Assyrian Empire: A View from Within”, in Radner, N. Moeller and D. T. Potts (Eds.), The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, Volume 4. The Age of Assyria (257–351), Oxford University Press. Oxford.
  • Berlejung, Angelika (2012), The Assyrians in the West: Assyrianization, Colonialism, Indifference, or Development Policy? In: M. Nissinen (Ed.), Congress Volume Helsinki 2010, (21-60), Leiden - Boston.
  • Bordreuıl, Pierre; Briquel-Chatonnet, Françoise et al. (2015), Tarihin Başlangıçları: Eski Yakındoğu Kültür ve Uygarlıkları (Çev. Levent Başaran), Alfa Press, Ankara.
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  • Damerji, Muayad Said Basim (1999), Gräber assyrischer Königinnen aus Nimrud, Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 45, Mainz.
  • Dezső, Tamás (2012). The Assyrian Army I. The Structure of the Assyrian Army as Reconstructed from the Assyrian Palace Reliefs and Cuneiform Sources. 1. Infantry, (Antiqua & Orientalia, 2; Assyriologia 8/1), Budapest.
  • Ebeling, Erich (1938), Geisel, RIA (Reallexikon der Assyriologie) II, (195-96), Walter de Gruyter & CO, Berlin und Leipzig.
  • Eph‘al, Israel (1984), The Ancient Arabs: Nomads on the Borders of the Fertile Crescent 9th to 5th Centuries BC, Jerusalem, Magnes Press.
  • Fales, Frederick Mario (2023), The Assyrian Empire: Culture and Society, in: K. Radner, N Moeller and D. T. Pots (Eds.), The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, Volume IV: The Age of Assyria, (426-519). Oxford University Press, New York.
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  • Gelb, Ignace Jaygelb (1973), “Prisoners of War in Early Mesopotamia”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 32/1. (70-98).
  • Gencer, Mustafa (2018), “Türkenangst Europas in der Vormoderne: Dracula und die Osmanen”, Türkiye Siyaset Bilimi Dergisi, 1/1. (153-158).
  • Gökçek, L. Gürkan (2015), Asurlular, Bilgin Kültür Sanat Press, Ankara.
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  • Grayson, Albert Kirk (1975), Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles (Texts from Cuneiform Sources), New York.
  • Gross, Michael, L. (2015), The Ethics of Insurgency: A Critical Guide to Just Guerrilla Warfare, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Groß, Melanie M. (2020). At the Heart of an Empire, The Royal Household in the Neo-Assyrian Period (OLA 292). Leuven, Peeters Publishers.
  • Herrmann, Irène and Palmieri, Daniel (2005) “A Haunting Figure: The Hostage through the Ages”, International Review of the Red Cross, 87/ 857. (135-145).
  • Hickman, John (2011), “What is a Prisoner of War for?”, Scientia Militaria South African Journal of Military Studies, 36/2. (19-35).
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  • Kosto, Adam (2012), Hostages in the Middle Ages, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Kutsal Kitap (Tevrat, Zebur, İncil), Yeni Yaşam Press, İstanbul.
  • Masetti-Rouault, Maria Grazia (2014), Globalization and Imperialism: Political and Ideological Reactions to the Assyrian Presence in Syria (IXth–VIIIth Century BCE), in: M. J. Geller (Ed.), Melammu: The Ancient World in an Age of Globalization, (49–68), Berlin.
  • Nadali, Davide (2014), The Impact of War on Civilians in the Neo-Assyrian Period, in: D. Nadali and J. Vidal (Eds.): The Other Face of the Battle: The Impact of War on Civilians in the Ancient Near East, (101-112), Ugarit-Verlag, Münster.
  • Nadali, Davide (2018), The Battle of Til-Tuba in the South-West Palace: Context and Iconography, in: G. Brereton (Ed.), The British Museum Exhibition: I am Ashurbanipal King of the World, King of Assyria (234-243), Thames & Hudson and The British Museum, London.
  • Novotny, Jamie (2001), Daughters and Sisters of Neo-Hittite and Aramaean Rulers in the Assyrian Harem, in: M. Fortin (Ed.), Recherches canadiennes sur la Syrie antique / Canadian Research on Ancient Syria. Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies, Vol. 36. (175-184), Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies, Québec.
  • Oded, Bustenay (1979), Mass Deportations and Deportees in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Wiesbaden.
  • Parpola, Simo (1972), “A Letter from Šamaš-šumu-ukīn to Esarhaddon”, Iraq, 34/1, (21-34).
  • Parpola, Simo (2003), Assyria’s Expansion in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries BCE and Its Long Term Repercussions in: W. G. Dever and S. Gitin (Eds.) The West in Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past: Canaan, Ancient Israel and their Neighbors from the Late Bronze Age through Roman Palaestina, (99-111), Winona Lake, Indiana.
  • Parpola, Simo (2004), “National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times”, JAAS (Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies), 18/2, (5-49).
  • Parpola, Simo (2007). The Neo-Assyrian Ruling Class, in: T. R. Kämmerer (Ed.), Studien zu Ritual und Sozialgeschichte im Alten Orient/Studies on Ritual and Society in the Ancient Near East Tartuer Symposien 1998–2004 (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 374), (257–274). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin – New York.
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  • Radner, Karen (2012), After Eltekeh: Royal Hostages from Egypt at the Assyrian Court, in: H. D. Baker, and K. Kaniuth and A. Otto (Eds.) Stories of long ago. Festschrift für Michael D. Roaf. (471-479). Ugarit-Verlag: Münster.
  • Radner, Karen (2013), “Royal marriage alliances and noble hostages”, Assyrian Empire Builders, https://www.ucl.ac.uk/sargon/essentials/diplomats/royalmarriage/ (11.10.2023)
  • Reade, Julian (2003), Why did the Medes invade Assyria?, in: G. B. Lanfranchi, M. Roaf and R. Rollinger, (Eds.), Continuity of Empire (?) Assyria, Media, Persia (149-156), S.a.r.g.o.n. Editrice e Libreria, Padova.
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  • RIMA 3: Grayson, Albert Kirk (1996), Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC. II (858 - 745 B.C.), (The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods, 3), Toronto.
  • RINAP 1: Tadmor, Hayim and Shigeo, Yamada (2011), The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (744 - 727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726–722 BC), Kings of Assyria, (The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 1), Winona Lake.
  • RINAP 2: Frame, Grant (2019), The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721 - 705 BC) (Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 2). Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake.
  • RINAP 3/1: Grayson, Albert Kirk and Novotny, Jaime (2012), The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib, King of Assyria (704-681 BC), Part 1. (The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 3/1), Winona Lake.
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  • RINAP 5/1: Jeffers, Joshua and Novotny, Jamie (2018), The Royal Inscriptions of Ashurbanipal (668–631 BC), Aššur-etel-ilāni (630–627 BC) and Sîn-šarra-iškun (626–612 BC), Kings of Assyria, Part 1, (Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period, Vol. 5/1) University Park: Eisenbrauns.
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Foreign Royal Nobles in the Neo Assyrian Empire

Year 2024, , 59 - 86, 25.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.1384225

Abstract

The Assyrian kings, who reached the peak of their power in the Near East between 934-612 BC, implemented various practices that would help them maintain their military and political dominance. Assyria's policy towards foreign royal captives, hostages, and refugees can also be considered within these practices. Assyria's policy was expected to preserve peace and keep some lands under control without war. The Assyrian kings carried the enemy kings and their family members whom they defeated as a result of military campaigns to Assyrian centres and captivated them, aiming to break the resistance of those regions and intimidate their enemies. In addition, Assyria aimed to gain some binding advantages to make the agreements permanent by taking hostages from the kings with whom it made agreements or made them swear allegiance. For this purpose, noble captives and hostages were subjected to Assyrian education and were tried to turn into allies who could be appointed as rulers of their countries in the future. Assyrian kings also wanted to establish their relations with these kingdoms on a binding and permanent basis by including the daughters of enemy or allied kings in their harems. Finally, they protected the noble people who took refuge in them in Assyrian cities and even helped them to become kings in their countries, depending on the changes in the political situation. Thus, the Assyrian kings thought that they could create rulers loyal to themselves. Based on cuneiform documents, this study investigates the Assyrian practice of taking captives and hostages, the position and status of foreign princesses sent to the Assyrian court, and the place of refugees in Assyrian policy. The study aims to reveal all aspects of Assyria's policy and to draw a portrait of the lives of foreign royals in the Assyrian court and cities. The primary sources used in this study are the royal inscriptions and the Assyrian state archive.

References

  • Akyüz, Faruk and Toptaş, Koray (2020), Yeni Asur İmparatorluğu: Savaşın Kralları, in: L. G. Gökçek, E. Yıldırım and O. Pekşen (Eds.), Eski Mezopotamya Siyasi Tarihi (195-245), İstanbul: Değişim Press.
  • Akyüz, Faruk (2020), Yeni Asur Devleti’nin Sürgün Politikası, in: İ. Albayrak (Ed.), Eski Yakındoğu’da Sürgünler, (129-180), Bilgin Kültür Sanat Press, Ankara.
  • Alexander, David A. and Susan, Klein (2010), “Hostage-taking: Motives, Resolution, Coping and Effects”, Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 16. (176–183).
  • Baker, Heather D. (2023), “The Assyrian Empire: A View from Within”, in Radner, N. Moeller and D. T. Potts (Eds.), The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, Volume 4. The Age of Assyria (257–351), Oxford University Press. Oxford.
  • Berlejung, Angelika (2012), The Assyrians in the West: Assyrianization, Colonialism, Indifference, or Development Policy? In: M. Nissinen (Ed.), Congress Volume Helsinki 2010, (21-60), Leiden - Boston.
  • Bordreuıl, Pierre; Briquel-Chatonnet, Françoise et al. (2015), Tarihin Başlangıçları: Eski Yakındoğu Kültür ve Uygarlıkları (Çev. Levent Başaran), Alfa Press, Ankara.
  • Cambiridge Dictionary (2023), Captive (Access date: 10.09.2023, online line: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-turkish/captive)
  • Colins Dictionary (2023), Hostage, (Access date: 10.09.2023, online line: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hostage)
  • Colonomos, Ariel (2017), A Cooperative Globalist Approach to The Hostage Dilemma, in: M. L. Gross and T. Meisels (Eds.), The Ethics of Unarmed Conflict-Soft War (184–199), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Damerji, Muayad Said Basim (1999), Gräber assyrischer Königinnen aus Nimrud, Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 45, Mainz.
  • Dezső, Tamás (2012). The Assyrian Army I. The Structure of the Assyrian Army as Reconstructed from the Assyrian Palace Reliefs and Cuneiform Sources. 1. Infantry, (Antiqua & Orientalia, 2; Assyriologia 8/1), Budapest.
  • Ebeling, Erich (1938), Geisel, RIA (Reallexikon der Assyriologie) II, (195-96), Walter de Gruyter & CO, Berlin und Leipzig.
  • Eph‘al, Israel (1984), The Ancient Arabs: Nomads on the Borders of the Fertile Crescent 9th to 5th Centuries BC, Jerusalem, Magnes Press.
  • Fales, Frederick Mario (2023), The Assyrian Empire: Culture and Society, in: K. Radner, N Moeller and D. T. Pots (Eds.), The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, Volume IV: The Age of Assyria, (426-519). Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Gallagher, William R. (1994), “Assyrian Deportation Propaganda”, Assyrian Deportation Propaganda”, SAAB (State Archives of Assyria Bulletin), 8/2. (87-65)
  • Gelb, Ignace Jaygelb (1973), “Prisoners of War in Early Mesopotamia”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 32/1. (70-98).
  • Gencer, Mustafa (2018), “Türkenangst Europas in der Vormoderne: Dracula und die Osmanen”, Türkiye Siyaset Bilimi Dergisi, 1/1. (153-158).
  • Gökçek, L. Gürkan (2015), Asurlular, Bilgin Kültür Sanat Press, Ankara.
  • Grayson, Albert Kirk (1982), Assyria: Ashur-dan II to Ashur-nirari V (934-745 B.C.), in J. Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards et al., (Eds.), Cambridge Ancient History, 3/1: The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries B.C. (238–28), Cambridge.
  • Grayson, Albert Kirk (1975), Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles (Texts from Cuneiform Sources), New York.
  • Gross, Michael, L. (2015), The Ethics of Insurgency: A Critical Guide to Just Guerrilla Warfare, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Groß, Melanie M. (2020). At the Heart of an Empire, The Royal Household in the Neo-Assyrian Period (OLA 292). Leuven, Peeters Publishers.
  • Herrmann, Irène and Palmieri, Daniel (2005) “A Haunting Figure: The Hostage through the Ages”, International Review of the Red Cross, 87/ 857. (135-145).
  • Hickman, John (2011), “What is a Prisoner of War for?”, Scientia Militaria South African Journal of Military Studies, 36/2. (19-35).
  • Hussein, Muzahim Mahmoud (2016). Nimrud The Queens’ Tombs, The Oriental Institute, Chicago . Elayi, Josette (2023), Asurlular: Antik Çağ’ın İlk İmparatorluğu (Çev. A. Sarı), Kronik Press, İstanbul.
  • Kosto, Adam (2012), Hostages in the Middle Ages, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Kutsal Kitap (Tevrat, Zebur, İncil), Yeni Yaşam Press, İstanbul.
  • Masetti-Rouault, Maria Grazia (2014), Globalization and Imperialism: Political and Ideological Reactions to the Assyrian Presence in Syria (IXth–VIIIth Century BCE), in: M. J. Geller (Ed.), Melammu: The Ancient World in an Age of Globalization, (49–68), Berlin.
  • Nadali, Davide (2014), The Impact of War on Civilians in the Neo-Assyrian Period, in: D. Nadali and J. Vidal (Eds.): The Other Face of the Battle: The Impact of War on Civilians in the Ancient Near East, (101-112), Ugarit-Verlag, Münster.
  • Nadali, Davide (2018), The Battle of Til-Tuba in the South-West Palace: Context and Iconography, in: G. Brereton (Ed.), The British Museum Exhibition: I am Ashurbanipal King of the World, King of Assyria (234-243), Thames & Hudson and The British Museum, London.
  • Novotny, Jamie (2001), Daughters and Sisters of Neo-Hittite and Aramaean Rulers in the Assyrian Harem, in: M. Fortin (Ed.), Recherches canadiennes sur la Syrie antique / Canadian Research on Ancient Syria. Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies, Vol. 36. (175-184), Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies, Québec.
  • Oded, Bustenay (1979), Mass Deportations and Deportees in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Wiesbaden.
  • Parpola, Simo (1972), “A Letter from Šamaš-šumu-ukīn to Esarhaddon”, Iraq, 34/1, (21-34).
  • Parpola, Simo (2003), Assyria’s Expansion in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries BCE and Its Long Term Repercussions in: W. G. Dever and S. Gitin (Eds.) The West in Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past: Canaan, Ancient Israel and their Neighbors from the Late Bronze Age through Roman Palaestina, (99-111), Winona Lake, Indiana.
  • Parpola, Simo (2004), “National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times”, JAAS (Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies), 18/2, (5-49).
  • Parpola, Simo (2007). The Neo-Assyrian Ruling Class, in: T. R. Kämmerer (Ed.), Studien zu Ritual und Sozialgeschichte im Alten Orient/Studies on Ritual and Society in the Ancient Near East Tartuer Symposien 1998–2004 (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 374), (257–274). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin – New York.
  • PNA: (1998-2017): The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Eds: K. Radner (I/1–I/2) & H. D. Baker (II/1–IV/1). The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, Helsinki.
  • Radner, Karen (2012), After Eltekeh: Royal Hostages from Egypt at the Assyrian Court, in: H. D. Baker, and K. Kaniuth and A. Otto (Eds.) Stories of long ago. Festschrift für Michael D. Roaf. (471-479). Ugarit-Verlag: Münster.
  • Radner, Karen (2013), “Royal marriage alliances and noble hostages”, Assyrian Empire Builders, https://www.ucl.ac.uk/sargon/essentials/diplomats/royalmarriage/ (11.10.2023)
  • Reade, Julian (2003), Why did the Medes invade Assyria?, in: G. B. Lanfranchi, M. Roaf and R. Rollinger, (Eds.), Continuity of Empire (?) Assyria, Media, Persia (149-156), S.a.r.g.o.n. Editrice e Libreria, Padova.
  • RIMA 2: Grayson, Albert Kirk (1991), Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium B.C. I (1114 - 859 BC), (The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods, 2), Toronto.
  • RIMA 3: Grayson, Albert Kirk (1996), Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC. II (858 - 745 B.C.), (The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods, 3), Toronto.
  • RINAP 1: Tadmor, Hayim and Shigeo, Yamada (2011), The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (744 - 727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726–722 BC), Kings of Assyria, (The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 1), Winona Lake.
  • RINAP 2: Frame, Grant (2019), The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721 - 705 BC) (Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 2). Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake.
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There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects History of Old Asia Minor
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Koray Toptaş 0000-0003-0897-3918

Early Pub Date June 23, 2024
Publication Date June 25, 2024
Submission Date October 31, 2023
Acceptance Date February 22, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Toptaş, K. (2024). Foreign Royal Nobles in the Neo Assyrian Empire. Journal of Universal History Studies, 7(1), 59-86. https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.1384225

23283 Journal of Universal History Studies © 2018 by Sabit Dokuyan is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0                                     open access ile ilgili görsel sonucu             


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