Amid-El-Mülk Etkisi, Nizamülmülk Ve Muhammed Gazali’nin Politik Performansı, Abbasi Halifesinin Otoritesindeki Düşüşün Sebepleri Ve Selçuklu Hanedanlığının Otoritesinin Artışı

Year 2019, , 120 - 133, 22.06.2019

Seyed Abolghasem Foroozani

https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.523819

Abstract

Abbasi Halifeliğinin, Selçuklu hanedanının
batırılmasından önce bile, İslami bölge boyunca sosyo-askeri gücünü kaybetmiş
olması gerçeğine rağmen, ruhsal otoritesinin büyük bölümünü korumayı
başarmıştır. Ancak, Abbasi Halifeliği’nin ruhsal otoriter statüsünün, Halifenin
çöküş riskinin bariz bir şekilde hissedilebilir olduğu gerçeğinin azalmasına
neden olan bazı olaylar yaşanırken, Selçuklular ilk yönetim güçlerini
kazanıyordu. Abbasi Al Qaem bi Amrillah’ın gücünün,Arslan Besariri’nin
yükselişiyle baltalandığından, Askeri diktatör Abbasi bölgesini domine etmeyi
planladı ve Fatimili Halife Al-Mustansir Billah tarafından desteklendi,Selçuklu
Türklerinin lideri Sultan Tuğrul’da Abbasi Halifesini destekledi. Sultan Tuğrul
Bağdat’a asker gönderip Arslan Besasiri’yle savaşırken, Abbasi’nin Sünni
Halifeliğini İsmaili Fatimi Halifeliği’nin hakimiyetinden kurtarmayı
düşünüyordu. Selçuklu Sultanı Arslan Besariri'yi mağlup ettikten sonra,
avantajlı  bir pozisyon kazandı, ama
sonra kademeli olarak Abbasi Halifeliğine egemen oldu. O’ndan sonra, diğer
güçlü Selçuklu sultanları da Amid Al-Mulk ve Nizamül Mülk gibi İranlı
vezirlerin talimatlarını kullanarak Abbasi Halifelerinin gücünü azaltmaya
çalıştı.Bunu yapmak için, İmam Muhammed 
Gazali gibi alimlerin Abbasi Halifelerinin gücünü kısıtlama konusundaki
fikirleri Selçuklular tarafından kullanılmıştır.Bu yazıda, Amid Al-Mülk,Nizamül
Mülk ve İmam Muhammed Gazali’nin Abbasi Halifesinin büyük düşüşünde ve politik
düşünce ve performanslarıyla Selçuklu Hanedanlığının büyük yükselişinde nasıl
etkili olduğu,betimleyici analitik metot kullanılarak anlatılmıştır

Keywords

Abbasi Halifeliği, Selçuklu Hanedanlığı, Amid Al-Mülk, Nizamülk Mülk, İmam Muhammed Gazali

The Influence Of Amid-Al-Mulk, Nizam Al-Mulk And Imam Muhammad Ghazali’s Political Performance And Instructions On The Decrease In Authority Of Abbasid Caliphate And The Increase In Authority Of Seljuq Dynasty

Abstract

Despite the fact that Abbasi Caliphate had had lost its socio-military power throughout the Islamic territory even prior to the advent of Saljuqi dynasty, it still preserved a great deal of its spiritual authority. However, some events happened which caused the diminution of Abbasi Caliphate’s spiritual authoritative status in a way that the risk of Caliphate’s collapse seemed highly tangible, while the Saljuq were gaining preliminary ruling strength. As the basis of Al Qaem bi Amrellah Abbasid was undermined because of the rise of Arsalan Basasiri, a warlord planned to dominate Abbasid territory and was supported by Fatimid Caliph Al-Mustansir Billah, Sultan Toghrol the first, the leader of Seljuk Turks, supported Abbasid Caliph. When Sultan Toghrol was sending troops to Baghdad and was battling Arsalan Basasiri, he was considering saving Sunni Caliphate of Abbasid from Ismaili Fatimid Caliphate’s domination. After that Seljuk Sultan defeated Arsalan Basasiri, he gained a favorable position, but then he gradually dominated Abbasid Caliph. After him, other powerful Seljuk Sultans also attempted to decrease the power of Abbasid Caliphs by utilizing instructions and performances of Iranian viziers like Amid al-Mulk and Nizam al-Mulk. To do so, some of the literati and faqihs’ opinions, like Imam Muhammad Ghazali, on the limitations of Abbasid Caliph’s ruling power were also employed by Seljuk rulers. The current study utilizes descriptive-analytic method to explore the issue that Khawaja Amid al-Mulk Kondori, Khawaja Nizam al-Mulk Tusi and Imam Muhammad Ghazali played especial and determining roles in the significant decrease in the authority of Abbasid Caliphate and the increase in the authority of Seljuk Dynasty through their political thought and performance

Keywords

Abbasid Caliphate, Seljuq Dynasty, AMĪD-AL-MOLK kondori, Khwaja Nizam Al-Mulk Tusi

References

• [1] Al-Mawardi, Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn al-Basri al-Baghdadi (1406 A.H/ 1986 AD), Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya w'al-Wilayat al-Diniyya, second print, Maktabat al-Ala’lam al-Islami
• [2] Atabak Jovayni, Ali b Aḥmad Montajab-al-Din Badi (1384/2006 AD), Atabat al-kataba (mağmū`a-i murāsālat-i dīwān-i Sulṭān-i Sanğār), ed. Zakarīya Ibn-Muḥammad al- Qazwīnī, ‘Abbās Iqbāl, Tehran: Asatir.
• [3] Bayhaqī, Abul-Fazl Mohammad (1356/1978 AD), Tārīkh-e Bayhaqī,ed. Ali-Akbar Fayyaz, second edition, Mashhad: Ferdowsi University. Hosseini, Abul Hasan Ali b. Naser (1380), Zobdat al-tavarikh (Akhbare Omara va Padeshahane Sajughi), trans. Ramezan Ali Ruh Allahi, Tehran: Eil-e Shahsavan Baghdadi publication.
• [4] Bondari Isfahani, Fath b. Ali (1356/1978 AD), Zobdat Al-Nosra Wa Nokbat Al-'Osra (The History Of Seljuq Dynasty), trans. Muhammad Hassan Jalili, Tehran: Bonyād-e Farhang-e Īrān.
• [5] Bosworth, Edmond. Clifford (1362/1984 AD), Ghaznavid History, trans. Hasan Anousheh, second print, vol.1, Tehran: Amir Kabir.
• [6] Forouzani. Seyed Abul Ghasem (1393/2015 AD), Seljukian az Aghaz ta Farjam, Tehran: Samt.
• [7] Frye, Richard N (1365/1987 AD), Bukhara: The Medieval Achievement trans. Mahmud Mahmud, second edition, Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi.
• [8] Ghazali, Abu Hamid Imam Muhammad (1389/2011 AD), Nasihat al-muluk (Counseling Kings), ed. Ghavam al-Din Taha, Tehran: Jami.
• [9] Hamadānī , Rashīd al-Dīn Fadhl-allāh (1386/2008 AD), Jāmeʿ al-tawāriḵ (Tarikh-I al-I Seljuk). ed. Mohammad Roshan, Tehran: Miras-I Maktub.
• [10] Hondemir, Ghiyas al-Din ebn Homam al-Din al-Hosseini (1353/1975 AD), Habib al-Seyr History, ed. Mohammad Dabir siaghi, second print, Tehran: Eghbal.
• [11] Ibn al-Athir, Ali 'Izz al-Din ('Izz al-Din Abu al-Hassan Ali (1368/1990 AD), Kamel, The Great History of Islam and Iran, trans. Ali Hashemi-Haeri & Abu'l-Qāsim Halat, second edition, vol 16, 17, 18, scientific publication
• [12] ----------------------------------. (1388 & 1385/2010 & 2007 AD), The Complete History, trans. Hamid Reza Azhir, vol 13 & 14, Tehran: Asatir.
• [13] Lambton, A.K.S. (1389/2011 AD), Islam Medival In Goverment And State, tarns. Mohammad Mahdi Faghihi, fourth edition, Tehran: Shafiei.
• [14] --------------------- (1366/1988 AD), “The Interior Structure Of Seljuq Empire”, Cambridge History Of Iran 5, (from the arrival of Seljuq to the collapse of Ilkhanate”, collected by J. A. Boyle, trans. Hassan Anousheh, Tehran: Amir Kabir.
• [15] Mustawfī Qazvīnī, hamdellah ibn abi bakr (1364/1986 AD), Tarikh Gozideh, ed. Abdol Hossein Navaei, third edition, Tehran: Amir Kabir.
• [16] Nizam al-Mulk, Abu Ali Hasan Ibn Ali (1357/1979 AD), Siyasatnama (The Book of Government), ed. morteza modarresi, Tehran: Zavvar.
• [17] Rawandi, Muhammad bin Ali Ibn Suleyman (1364/1986 AD), Rahat Al-Sudur Wa-Ayat Al-Surur, ed. Mohammad Eghbal, annotated and edited by Mojtaba Minovi, Second edition, Tehran: Amir Kabir.
• [18] Safa, Zabihollah (1373/1995 AD), Târikh’e Adabiyyât Dar Irân (From The Middle Of Fifth Century To The Early Seventh Century), second volume, Tehran: Ferdows and Majid.
• [19] Sattar Zadeh, Malihe (1386/2008 AD), Seljukian, third edition, Tehran: Samt.