Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Lea'nın Kızı Dinah: Oktateukhos El Yazmalarında Yaratılış 34'ün Bilinmeyen Varyasyonları

Year 2024, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 23 - 38, 07.10.2024

Abstract

Tevrat'ta anlaşılması güç bir anlatı olan Yaratılış 34, Yakup ve Lea'nın kızı Dinah'ın hikâyesini anlatır. Kutsal Kitap’ta geçen hikâye Dinah'ın görünüşte masum bir hareket gibi görünen yerel kızları görmek için dışarı çıkması ve devamında ülkenin prensi Shechem'in onu taciz etmesiyle hayatının karanlığa dönüşmesiyle gelişir. Bunu izleyen olaylar zinciri, Dinah'ı kardeşleri Simeon ve Levi’nin Shechem ve halkını kurnazca aldatmalarını, intikamlarını ve babaları Yakup'la yüzleşmelerini içerir.
Bu çalışma, Yaratılış 34'ün karmaşık katmanlarını inceleyerek, daha geniş Yaratılış anlatısından kopukluğunu ve metinde ahlaki netlik veya ilahi varlığın yokluğunu araştırmaktadır. Anlatı, Dinah'ın kaderi, Şekem'den alınan intikamın sonuçları ve olaylar boyunca Tanrı'nın sessizliği hakkında cevaplanmamış sorular ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu hikâyenin Kutsal Yazılar'da yer alması eski yorumcuların kafasını karıştırmış, onları bu hikâyeden çıkarılması amaçlanan ahlaki ders ve genel mesaj üzerinde düşünmeye itmiştir.
Makale iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde, MS 1000 ve 1300 yılları arasında Dinah'ın öyküsünden bahseden dönem kaynakları incelenerek, o dönemde Kutsal Kitap'taki bu bölümün yorumları ve yansımaları hakkında fikir verilmektedir. İkinci bölümde ise çalışma, Orta Bizans Oktateukhos el yazmalarındaki Dinah resimleri analiz ederek, Ortaçağ sanatı bağlamında hikâyenin görsel yorumlarına ve temsillerine ışık tutmaktadır.
Çalışma ilerledikçe, Dinah'nın hikayesini çevreleyen gizemi çözmeye çalışmakta, önemini, ahlaki çıkarımlarını ve potansiyel kültürel veya tarihsel etkilerini araştırmaktadır. Metinsel ve görsel analizlerin yan yana getirilmesi, bu Kutsal Kitap anlatısının araştırılmasına derinlik katmakta ve okuyucuları Yaratılış 34'ün süregelen muamması ve içerdiği zor dersler üzerinde düşünmeye davet etmektedir.

References

  • Bader, M. A. (2008). Tracing the Evidence Dinah in Post-Hebrew Bible Literature. Peter Lang Punlishing.
  • Burchard, C. (1985). Joseph and Aseneth. In H. Charlesworth (Ed.), The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol. 2: Expansions of the Old Testament and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms, and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic works (pp. 177–201). Doubleday.
  • Charles, R. H. (1908). The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs. Adam and Charles Black.
  • Charles, R. H. (1913). The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English; With Introduction and Critical and Explanatory Notes to The Several Books (Vol. 1). Clarendon Press.
  • Cohen, A. (1961). Midrash Rabbah: Ecclesiastes (H. Freedman & S. Maurice, Eds.; Vol. 8). Soncino Press.
  • Cotton, H. (1832). The Five Books of Maccabees in English: With Notes and Illustrations. Oxford University Press.
  • Fallon, F. (1985). Theodotus. In James H. Charlesworth (Ed.), The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol. 2: Expansions of the Old Testament and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms, and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic works (Vol. 2, pp. 785–793). Doubleday and Company.
  • Feldman, L. H. (2004). Philo, Pseudo-Philo, Josephus, and Theodotus on the Rape of Dinah. The Jewish Quarterly Review, 94(2), 253–277.
  • Freedman, H. (1961). Genesis in Two Volumes. In H. Freedman & M. Simon (Eds.), Midrash Rabbah (Vols 1, 2). Soncino Press.
  • Friedlander, G. (Ed.). (1965). Pirke De Rabbi Eliezer: The Chapters of Rabbi Eliezer the Great According to the Text of the Manuscript Belonging to Abraham Epstein of Vienna. Hermon Press.
  • Ginzberg, L. (1913). Legends of the Jews, volumes 1 and 2. In Legends of the Jews, Volumes 1 and 2 (Vol. 1). Jewish Publication Society of America.
  • Grossfeld, B. (1988). Targum Onkelos to Genesis. The Aramaic Bible. (Vol. 6). Michael Glazier.
  • Hanson, J. (1985). Demetrius the Chronographer. In J. H. Charlesworth (Ed.), The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol. 2: Expansions of the Old Testament and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms, and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic works (Vol. 2, pp. 843–854). Doubleday and Company.
  • Harrington, D. (1986). Pseudo-Philo, Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum. In M. Jonge (Ed.), Outside the Old Testament (Cambridge Commentaries on Writings of the Jewish and Christian World (pp. 6–25). Cambridge University Press.
  • Israelstam, J. & Slotki, J. J. (1961). Midrash Rabbah: Leviticus (H. Freedman & M. Simon, Eds.; (3rd) Third Edition, Vol. 4). Soncino Press.
  • Maher, M. (1992). Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, Genesis (Vol. 1). Liturgical Press.
  • Mangan, C. (1991). Targum of Job. The Aramaic Bible. (Vol. 15). Michael Glazier.
  • McNamara, M. (1992). Targum Neofiti 1: Genesis (Vol. 1A). Liturgical Press.
  • Moore, C. A. (1985). Judith: A New Translation With Introduction and Commentary. Doubleday and Company.
  • Neusner, J. (1985). Genesis Rabbah: The Judaic Commentary to the Book of Genesis : a New American Translation (Vol. 1). Scholars Press.
  • Parry, R. A. (2004). Old Testament Story and Christian Ethics: The Rape of Dinah as a Case Study. Paternoster Press.
  • Roberts, A. & Donaldson, J. (1995). The Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325 Ante-Nicene Fathers Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian I. Apologetic; II. Anti-Marcion; III. Ethical (2nd ed., Vol. 3). Hendrickson Pub.
  • Schaff, P. (1995). Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Ambrose: Select Works and Letters (Second, Vol. 10). Hendrickson Pub.
  • Schaff, P. & Wace, H. (1995). A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of The Christian Church, Jerome: Letters and Select Works (Vol. 6). Hendrickson Pub.
  • Spittler, R. P. (1983). Testament of Job (First Century B.C. - First Century A.D.). In The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments (Vol. 1). Doubleday.
  • Takiguchi, M. (2017). The Octateuch. In V. Tsamakda (Ed.), A companion to Byzantine Illustrated Manuscripts (pp. 214–226). Brill.
  • Townsend, T. J. (Ed.). (1989). Midrash Tanhuma: S. Buber Recension: Vol. 1: Genesis. Ktav Publishing House.
  • Weitzmann, K. & Massimo, B. (1999). The Byzantine octateuchs: Mount Athos, Vatopedi Monastery, codex 602; Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Codex Pluteus 5.38; Istanbul, Topkapi Sarayi Library, codex G. I. 8; Rome, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Codex Vaticanus Graecus 746 and Code. (Vol. 2). Princeton Univ. Pr.
  • Whiston, W. (1988). The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged. Hendrickson Pub.
  • Wintermute, O. S. (1985). Jubilees. In H. Charlesworth (Ed.), The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol. 2: Expansions of the Old Testament and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms, and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic works (Vol. 2, pp. 35–142). Doubleday and Company.
  • Yonge, C. D. (1993). The Works of Philo: Complete and Unabridged. Hendrickson Pub.

Lea's Daughter Dinah: Unknown Variants of Genesis 34 in the Octateuch Manuscripts

Year 2024, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 23 - 38, 07.10.2024

Abstract

Genesis 34, an obscure narrative in the Torah, tells the story of Dinah, the daughter of Jacob and Leah. The biblical story unfolds as Dinah goes out to see the local girls, a seemingly innocent act, and her life is thrown into darkness when Shechem, the prince of the land, harasses her. The following chain of events involves Dinah's brothers, Simeon and Levi, and their cunning deception of Shechem and his clan, revenge, and confrontation with their father, Jacob.
This study examines the complex layers of Genesis 34, exploring its disconnection from the broader Genesis narrative and the absence of moral clarity or divine presence in the text. The narrative raises unanswered questions about Dinah's fate, the consequences of vengeance on Shechem, and God's silence throughout the events. Including this story in Bible has puzzled early commentators, prompting them to reflect on the moral lesson and overall message intended to be drawn from it.
The article is in two parts. The first part analyses the sources from the period between 1000 and 1300 CE that mention the story of Dinah and gives an idea about the interpretations and reflections of this episode in the Bible at that time. In the second part, the study analyses the illustrations of Dinah in the Middle Byzantine Octateuch manuscripts, shedding light on the visual interpretations and representations of the story in the context of medieval art.
As the study progresses, it attempts to unravel the mystery surrounding Dinah's story, exploring its significance, moral implications and potential cultural or historical implications. The juxtaposition of textual and visual analyses adds depth to the exploration of this biblical narrative and invites readers to reflect on the ongoing enigma of Genesis 34 and its complex lessons.

References

  • Bader, M. A. (2008). Tracing the Evidence Dinah in Post-Hebrew Bible Literature. Peter Lang Punlishing.
  • Burchard, C. (1985). Joseph and Aseneth. In H. Charlesworth (Ed.), The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol. 2: Expansions of the Old Testament and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms, and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic works (pp. 177–201). Doubleday.
  • Charles, R. H. (1908). The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs. Adam and Charles Black.
  • Charles, R. H. (1913). The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English; With Introduction and Critical and Explanatory Notes to The Several Books (Vol. 1). Clarendon Press.
  • Cohen, A. (1961). Midrash Rabbah: Ecclesiastes (H. Freedman & S. Maurice, Eds.; Vol. 8). Soncino Press.
  • Cotton, H. (1832). The Five Books of Maccabees in English: With Notes and Illustrations. Oxford University Press.
  • Fallon, F. (1985). Theodotus. In James H. Charlesworth (Ed.), The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol. 2: Expansions of the Old Testament and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms, and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic works (Vol. 2, pp. 785–793). Doubleday and Company.
  • Feldman, L. H. (2004). Philo, Pseudo-Philo, Josephus, and Theodotus on the Rape of Dinah. The Jewish Quarterly Review, 94(2), 253–277.
  • Freedman, H. (1961). Genesis in Two Volumes. In H. Freedman & M. Simon (Eds.), Midrash Rabbah (Vols 1, 2). Soncino Press.
  • Friedlander, G. (Ed.). (1965). Pirke De Rabbi Eliezer: The Chapters of Rabbi Eliezer the Great According to the Text of the Manuscript Belonging to Abraham Epstein of Vienna. Hermon Press.
  • Ginzberg, L. (1913). Legends of the Jews, volumes 1 and 2. In Legends of the Jews, Volumes 1 and 2 (Vol. 1). Jewish Publication Society of America.
  • Grossfeld, B. (1988). Targum Onkelos to Genesis. The Aramaic Bible. (Vol. 6). Michael Glazier.
  • Hanson, J. (1985). Demetrius the Chronographer. In J. H. Charlesworth (Ed.), The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol. 2: Expansions of the Old Testament and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms, and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic works (Vol. 2, pp. 843–854). Doubleday and Company.
  • Harrington, D. (1986). Pseudo-Philo, Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum. In M. Jonge (Ed.), Outside the Old Testament (Cambridge Commentaries on Writings of the Jewish and Christian World (pp. 6–25). Cambridge University Press.
  • Israelstam, J. & Slotki, J. J. (1961). Midrash Rabbah: Leviticus (H. Freedman & M. Simon, Eds.; (3rd) Third Edition, Vol. 4). Soncino Press.
  • Maher, M. (1992). Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, Genesis (Vol. 1). Liturgical Press.
  • Mangan, C. (1991). Targum of Job. The Aramaic Bible. (Vol. 15). Michael Glazier.
  • McNamara, M. (1992). Targum Neofiti 1: Genesis (Vol. 1A). Liturgical Press.
  • Moore, C. A. (1985). Judith: A New Translation With Introduction and Commentary. Doubleday and Company.
  • Neusner, J. (1985). Genesis Rabbah: The Judaic Commentary to the Book of Genesis : a New American Translation (Vol. 1). Scholars Press.
  • Parry, R. A. (2004). Old Testament Story and Christian Ethics: The Rape of Dinah as a Case Study. Paternoster Press.
  • Roberts, A. & Donaldson, J. (1995). The Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325 Ante-Nicene Fathers Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian I. Apologetic; II. Anti-Marcion; III. Ethical (2nd ed., Vol. 3). Hendrickson Pub.
  • Schaff, P. (1995). Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Ambrose: Select Works and Letters (Second, Vol. 10). Hendrickson Pub.
  • Schaff, P. & Wace, H. (1995). A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of The Christian Church, Jerome: Letters and Select Works (Vol. 6). Hendrickson Pub.
  • Spittler, R. P. (1983). Testament of Job (First Century B.C. - First Century A.D.). In The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments (Vol. 1). Doubleday.
  • Takiguchi, M. (2017). The Octateuch. In V. Tsamakda (Ed.), A companion to Byzantine Illustrated Manuscripts (pp. 214–226). Brill.
  • Townsend, T. J. (Ed.). (1989). Midrash Tanhuma: S. Buber Recension: Vol. 1: Genesis. Ktav Publishing House.
  • Weitzmann, K. & Massimo, B. (1999). The Byzantine octateuchs: Mount Athos, Vatopedi Monastery, codex 602; Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Codex Pluteus 5.38; Istanbul, Topkapi Sarayi Library, codex G. I. 8; Rome, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Codex Vaticanus Graecus 746 and Code. (Vol. 2). Princeton Univ. Pr.
  • Whiston, W. (1988). The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged. Hendrickson Pub.
  • Wintermute, O. S. (1985). Jubilees. In H. Charlesworth (Ed.), The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol. 2: Expansions of the Old Testament and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms, and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic works (Vol. 2, pp. 35–142). Doubleday and Company.
  • Yonge, C. D. (1993). The Works of Philo: Complete and Unabridged. Hendrickson Pub.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Gender and Politics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Pınar Serdar Dinçer

Publication Date October 7, 2024
Submission Date March 27, 2024
Acceptance Date June 29, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 25 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Serdar Dinçer, P. (2024). Lea’s Daughter Dinah: Unknown Variants of Genesis 34 in the Octateuch Manuscripts. Kadın/Woman 2000, 25(1), 23-38.