EXAMINING THE ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE IN THE IMPACT OF STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP ON COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

Öz

In this study, the relationship between the strategic leadership behaviors of top-level executives and competitive advantage, as well as the moderation effect of organizational culture on this relationship, is being investigated. When we look at the literature, it is evident that there is a strong connection between the approach of strategic leaders, competitive advantage, and organizational culture. In order to reveal the interaction between these relationships, have been measured as business development and organizational creativity in strategic leadership, flexibility and responsiveness in competitive advantage and factors influencing decision-making in organizational culture. Within the context of these variables, a model has been developed in the study. To measure the developed model, data was collected by conducting a survey on top-level executives of businesses registered with the Çerkezköy Chamber of Commerce and Industry (CTSO) in Çerkezköy district of Tekirdağ province. The relationships between the variables included in the study were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling, correlation, and path analysis. Findings obtained from the survey data suggest that strategic leadership behaviors have a positive impact on competitive advantage, and the organizational culture, which acts as a moderator, enhances this relationship. The research results indicate that the organizational culture of businesses registered with CTSO positively moderates the relationship between strategic leadership behaviors and competitive advantage. With these results, the study has contributed to the literature by further expanding the theories adopted and has provided valuable contributions to both leadership and strategic competition topics.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• : Strategic Leadership
• Organizational Culture
• Competitive Advantage
• Flexibility
• Responsiveness

STRATEJİK LİDERLİĞİN, REKABET AVANTAJI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNDE ÖRGÜT KÜLTÜRÜNÜN ROLÜNÜN İNCELENMESİ

Öz

Bu çalışmada, üst düzey yöneticilerin stratejik liderlik davranışlarının rekabet avantajı ile ilişkisi ve örgüt kültürünün bu ilişki üzerindeki düzenleyici etkisi araştırılmaktadır. Literatüre bakıldığında stratejik liderlerin yaklaşımı, rekabet avantajı ve örgüt kültürü arasında güçlü bir bağ olduğu görülmektedir. İlişkiler arası etkileşimi ortaya koymak adına, stratejik liderlikte iş geliştirme ve örgütsel yaratıcılık, rekabet avantajında esneklik ve yanıt verme yeteneği, örgüt kültüründe de karar almayı etkilen unsurlar ölçülmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada, bu değişkenler bağlamında bir model geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen modelin ölçümlenebilmesi için Tekirdağ ili Çerkezköy ilçesinde Çerkezköy Ticaret ve Sanayi Odasına (ÇTSO) kayıtlı işletmelerin üst düzey yöneticilerine anket uygulanarak veriler toplanmıştır. Çalışmada yer alan değişkenler arası ilişkiler kısmi en küçük karelere dayalı yapısal eşitlik modellemesi, korelasyon ve yol analizi yardımıyla analiz edilmiştir. Anket verileri kullanılarak elde edilen bulgular, stratejik liderlik davranışlarının rekabet avantajı üzerinde pozitif etkileri olduğu ve düzenleyici etkide bulunan örgüt kültürünün bu ilişkiyi arttırdığı yönündedir. Araştırma sonuçları, ÇTSO kayıtlı işletmelerin örgüt kültürünün stratejik liderlik davranışları ile rekabet avantajı arasındaki ilişkiyi olumlu yönde düzenlediğini göstermektedir. Bu sonuçlarla, çalışmada benimsenen teoriler daha da genişletilerek literatüre katkı yapılmış, ayrıca hem liderlik hem de stratejik rekabet konusuna katkı sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Stratejik Liderlik
• Örgüt Kültürü
• Rekabet Avantajı
• Esneklik
• Cevaplanabilirlik

Kaynakça

1. Agha, Sabah, Laith Alrubaiee, and Manar Jamhour. “Effect of Core Competence on Competitive Advantage and Organizational Performance”. International Journal of Business and Management 7, no. 1 (2011). https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v7n1p192.
2. Aghili, Nasim, and Mehdi Amirkhani. "SEM-PLS approach to green building." Encyclopedia 1, no. 2 (2021): 472-481.
3. Almeida, Fernando, and Zoltan Buzady. “Recognizing Leadership Styles through the Use of a Serious Game”. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education 14, no. 4 (2022): 1592–1602. https://doi.org/10.1108/jarhe-05-2021-0178.
4. Alrowwad, Ala’aldin, Shadi Habis Abualoush, and Ra’ed Masa’deh. “Innovation and Intellectual Capital as Intermediary Variables among Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, and Organizational Performance”. Journal of Management Development 39, no. 2 (2020): 196–222. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmd-02-2019-0062.
5. Altıok, Pınar. “Applicable Vision, Mission and the Effects of Strategic Management on Crisis Resolve”. Procedia, Social and Behavioral Sciences 24 (2011): 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.09.057.
6. Azeem, Muhammad, Munir Ahmed, Sajid Haider, and Muhammad Sajjad. “Expanding Competitive Advantage through Organizational Culture, Knowledge Sharing and Organizational Innovation”. Technology in Society 66, no. 101635 (2021): 101635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101635.
7. Banmore, O. O., L. Adebayo, M. Mudashiru, G. Oluwatooyin, A. Falilat, and O. Olufunke. “Effect of Strategic Leadership on Competitive Advantage of Selected Quoted Insurance Companies in Nigeria”. The Journal of Accounting and Management 9, no. 2 (2019): 70–78.
8. Barney, Jay B., and Delwyn N. Clark. “Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage”. In Resource-Based Theory, 49–75. Oxford University Press Oxford, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199277681.003.0003.

9. Baron, R. M., and D. A. Kenny. “The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51, no. 6 (1986): 1173–82. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173.
10. Bass, B. M. Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research and Managerial Applications. New York: Free Press, 2009.
11. Bass, B. M. “Executive and Strategic Leadership”. International Journal of Business 12, no. 1 (2007): 33–52.
12. Becker, J. M., J. H. Cheah, R. Gholamzade, C. M. Ringle, and M. Sarstedt. “PLS-SEM’s Most Wanted Quidance”. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 35, no. 1 (2023): 321–46.
13. Bendak, Salaheddine, Amir Moued Shikhli, and Refaat H. Abdel-Razek. “How Changing Organizational Culture Can Enhance Innovation: Development of the Innovative Culture Enhancement Framework”. Cogent Business & Management 7, no. 1 (2020): 1712125. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1712125.
14. Boal, Kimberly B., and Robert Hooijberg. “Strategic Leadership Research”. The Leadership Quarterly 11, no. 4 (2000): 515–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1048-9843(00)00057-6.
15. Birkinshaw, J. “The determinants and consequences of subsidiary initiative in multinational corporations”. Entrepreneurship theory and practice 24, no. 1 (1999): 9-36.
16. Brown, Timothy A. Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research, 2nd ed. Methodology in the Social Sciences. New York, NY: Guilford Publications, 2015.
17. Bujang, Mohamad Adam, Evi Diana Omar, and Nur Akmal Baharum. “A Review on Sample Size Determination for Cronbach’s Alpha Test: A Simple Guide for Researchers”. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences: MJMS 25, no. 6 (2018): 85–99. https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2018.25.6.9.
18. Burak, M. F., and R. B. Deniz. “Kurum Kültürü, Sürdürülebilir Rekabet Avantajı, Çevresel Belirsizlik ve Kurumsal Performans Ilişkisi: Türk Ihracatçı Firmaları”. International Journal of Arts and Social Studies 4, no. 6 (2021): 49–83.
19. Büyüköztürk, Ş. “Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı.” Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yöntemleri 32, (2002): 470-483.
20. Byrne, B. M. Structural Equation Modeling with MPLUS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.
21. Chahal, H., and P. Bakshi. “Examining Intellectual Capital and Competitive Advantage Relationship: Role of Innovation and Organizational Learning”. International Journal of Bank Marketing 33, no. 3 (2015): 376–99.
22. Chtourou Ben Amar, N., and R. Ben Romdhane. “Organizational Culture and Information Systems Strategic Alignment: Exploring the Influence through an Empirical Study from Tunisia”. Journal of Enterprise Information Management 33, no. 1 (2020): 95–119.
23. Correia, Ricardo Jorge, José G. Dias, and Mário Sérgio Teixeira. “Dynamic Capabilities and Competitive Advantages as Mediator Variables between Market Orientation and Business Performance”. Journal of Strategy and Management 14, no. 2 (2021): 187–206. https://doi.org/10.1108/jsma-12-2019-0223.
24. da Silva, Eduardo Teixeira, Márcio André Fernandes Martins, Jorge Laureano Moya Rodríguez, and Adonias Silva Ferreira. “Evaluation of the Influence of Distributed Generation on the Well-Being of the Rural Community Using PLS-SEM”. Journal of Cleaner Production 442, 2024: 141023.
25. Dinh, Jessica E., Robert G. Lord, William L. Gardner, Jeremy D. Meuser, Robert C. Liden, and Jinyu Hu. “Leadership Theory and Research in the New Millennium: Current Theoretical Trends and Changing Perspectives”. The Leadership Quarterly 25, no. 1 (2014): 36–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.005.
26. Distanont, Anyanitha, and Orapan Khongmalai. “The Role of Innovation in Creating a Competitive Advantage”. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences 41, no. 1 (2020): 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2018.07.009.
27. Dixit, Shubham, Shiwangi Singh, Sanjay Dhir, and Swati Dhir. “Antecedents of Strategic Thinking and Its Impact on Competitive Advantage”. Journal of Indian Business Research 13, no. 4 (2021): 437–58. https://doi.org/10.1108/jibr-08-2020-0262.
28. Donaldson, Lex. The Contingency Theory of Organizations. Foundations for Organizational Science. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2014.
29. Duursema, H. Strategic Leadership: Moving beyond the Leader-Follower Dyad. Rotterdam, 2013.
30. Dyer, Jeffrey H., and Harbir Singh. “The Relational View: Cooperative Strategy and Sources of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage”. In Strategic Alliances, 349–77. Oxford University Press Oxford, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199256549.003.0016.
31. Edwards, Steven Marc. “The Technology Paradox: Efficiency versus Creativity”. Creativity Research Journal 13, no. 2 (2001): 221–28. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1302_9.
32. Elenkov, Detelin S., William Judge, and Peter Wright. “Strategic Leadership and Executive Innovation Influence: An International Multi‐cluster Comparative Study”. Strategic Management Journal 26, no. 7 (2005): 665–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.469.
33. Erciş, Aysel, Engin Yavuz, and Türk Bahar. “Marka kişiliğinin marka sadakati üzerindeki etkisinde ürün ilgileniminin düzenleyici (moderatör) rolü”. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi (2017): 45-58.
34. Evans, James R. Applied Production and Operations Management. 4th ed., West Pub Co.,1992.
35. Farndale, Elaine. “Two-Country Study of Engagement, Supervisors and Performance Appraisal”. Journal of Asia Business Studies 11, no. 3 (2017): 342–62. https://doi.org/10.1108/jabs-07-2015-0105.
36. Fiedler, Fred E. A theory of Leadership Effectiveness, New York: McGraw-Hill. (1967).
37. Finkelstein, Sydney, and Donald C. Hambrick. Strategic Leadership: Top Executives and Their Effects on Organizations. Minneapolis, MN: West Publishing Company, 1996.
38. Fisher, Elaine M., and Margaret C. Wilmoth. “Do I Take the Job?: Assessing Fit with the Organization”. Journal of Professional Nursing: Official Journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing 34, no. 2 (2018): 82–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2017.08.003.
39. Fornell, Claes, and David F. Larcker. “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error”. JMR, Journal of Marketing Research 18, no. 1 (1981): 39. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312.
40. Franke, George, and Marko Sarstedt. “Heuristics versus Statistics in Discriminant Validity Testing: A Comparison of Four Procedures”. Internet Research 29, no. 3 (2019): 430–47. https://doi.org/10.1108/intr-12-2017-0515.
41. Frazier, Patricia A., Andrew P. Tix, and Kenneth E. Barron. “Testing Moderator and Mediator Effects in Counseling Psychology Research”. Journal of Counseling Psychology 51, no. 1 (2004): 115–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.115.
42. Gakenia, Clare, Prof Paul Katuse, and Dr Peter Kiriri. “Influence of Strategic Leadership Style on Academic Performance of National Schools in Kenya”. IOSR Journal of Business and Management 19, no. 07 (2017): 9–24. https://doi.org/10.9790/487x-1907010924.
43. Gelfand, M. J., Nishii, L. H., & Raver, J. L. “On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness”. Journal of applied psychology 91, no. 6 (2006): 1225-1244.
44. Guillot, C. W. “Strategic Leadership: Defining the Challenge”. Air & Space Power Journal 17, no. 4 (2003): 67–75.
45. Gupta, Samir, Arch Woodside, Chris Dubelaar, and Don Bradmore. “Diffusing Knowledge-Based Core Competencies for Leveraging Innovation Strategies: Modelling Outsourcing to Knowledge Process Organizations (KPOs) in Pharmaceutical Networks”. Industrial Marketing Management 38, no. 2 (2009): 219–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2008.12.010.
46. Hafer, John, and George G. Gresham. “Organizational Climate Antecedents to the Market Orientation of Cross-Functional New Product Development Teams”. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management 9, no. 2 (2008). https://doi.org/10.21818/001c.17124.
47. Hair, Joseph F., Jeffrey J. Risher, Marko Sarstedt, and Christian M. Ringle. “When to Use and How to Report the Results of PLS-SEM”. European Business Review 31, no. 1 (2019): 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/ebr-11-2018-0203.
48. Hair, Joseph, and Abdullah Alamer. “Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in Second Language and Education Research: Guidelines Using an Applied Example”. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 1, no. 3 (2022): 100027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmal.2022.100027.
49. Hartnell, Chad A., Amy Yi Ou, and Angelo Kinicki. “Organizational Culture and Organizational Effectiveness: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Competing Values Framework’s Theoretical Suppositions”. The Journal of Applied Psychology 96, no. 4 (2011): 677–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021987.
50. Henseler, Jörg, Christian M. Ringle, and Marko Sarstedt. “A New Criterion for Assessing Discriminant Validity in Variance-Based Structural Equation Modeling”. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 43, no. 1 (2015): 115–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8.
51. Hili, Padli, Mursalim Umar Gani, Nazir Hamzah, and Zainuddin Rahman. “Effect of Human Capital and Leadership on Institutions’ Performance and Competitive Advantages”. IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences 7, no. 3 (2017): 479. https://doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v7.n3.p9.
52. Hinterhuber, A. “Can Competitive Advantage Be Predicted? Towards a Predictive Definition of Competitive Advantage in the Resource-Based View of the Firm”. Management Decision 51, no. 4 (2013): 795–812.
53. Hugh, Macmillan, and Tampoe Mahen. Strategic Management: Process Content and Implementation, Oxford University Press, 2000.
54. Hogan, Suellen J., and Leonard V. Coote. “Organizational Culture, Innovation, and Performance: A Test of Schein’s Model”. Journal of Business Research 67, no. 8 (2014): 1609–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.09.007.
55. Ireland, R. Duane, Michael A. Hitt, and David G. Sirmon. “A model of strategic entrepreneurship: The construct and its dimensions”. Journal of Management 29, no. 6 (2003): 963-989.
56. Ireland, R. Duane, and Michael A. Hitt. “Achieving and Maintaining Strategic Competitiveness in the 21st Century: The Role of Strategic Leadership”. The Academy of Management Perspectives 19, no. 4 (2005): 63–77. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2005.19417908.
57. İraz, R., & Efeoğlu, M. S. “Örgütsel Değişimi Başarmak Yolunda Değişime Direnmeyi Ortadan Kaldırmak İçin Örgüt Kültürünün Rolü ve Önemi: Sanayi Sektörüne Yönelik Bir Araştırma”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 51, (2023): 34-53.
58. Glenn, D. Israel. Determining Sample Size (Tech. Rep. No. PEOD-6). Gainesville: University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 1992.
59. Jalal, H. A., and P. Toulson. “Knowledge Sharing and Organizational Culture: The Hidden Moderator for Competitive Advantage”. International Journal of Knowledge Management Studies 9, no. 4 (2018): 325–41.
60. Jansen, Justin J. P., Dusya Vera, and Mary Crossan. “Strategic Leadership for Exploration and Exploitation: The Moderating Role of Environmental Dynamism”. The Leadership Quarterly 20, no. 1 (2009): 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.11.008.
61. Johnson, J. L., R. P. W. Lee, A. Saini, and B. Grohmann. “Market-Focused Strategic Flexibility: Conceptual Advances and an Integrative Model”. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 31, no. 1 (2003): 74–89.
62. Kadarusman, Kadarusman, and Siti Rosyafah. “Competitive Advantage, Entrepreneurial Orientation, Knowledge Sharing, and SMEs’ Performance: Mediation-Moderation Analysis”. Jurnal Minds Manajemen Ide Dan Inspirasi 9, no. 1 (2022): 127–42. https://doi.org/10.24252/minds.v9i1.27569.
63. Kankaew, K., P. Nakpathom, A. Chanitphattana, H. Phungpumkaew, K. Boonnag, and G. C. Magulod. Learning and Development, a Core Strategy of Organizational Culture: Thailand Perspective, in Human Relations Management in Tourism. IGI Global, 2024.
64. Kankaew, Kannapat, Parinya Nakpathom, Alhuda Chanitphattana, Hataipat Phungpumkaew, Kwanporn Boonnag, and Gilbert C. Magulod Jr. “Learning and Development, a Core Strategy of Organizational Culture: Thailand Perspective”. In Human Relations Management in Tourism, pp. 99-114. IGI Global, 2024.
65. Khandwalla, P. N. “Some top management styles, their context and performance.” Organization and administrative sciences 7, no. 4 (1976): 21-51.
66. Long, Yunguang, Taiwen Feng, Youqing Fan, and Lijun Liu. “Adopting blockchain technology to enhance green supply chain integration: The moderating role of organizational culture”. Business Strategy and the Environment 32, no. 6 (2023): 3326-3343.https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3302.
67. Magnusson, Mats, Paolo Boccardelli, and Sofia Börjesson. “Managing the Efficiency-Flexibility Tension in Innovation: Strategic and Organizational Aspects”. Creativity and Innovation Management 18, no. 1 (2009): 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.2009.00506.x.
68. Martínez-Caro, Eva, Juan Gabriel Cegarra-Navarro, and Francisco Javier Alfonso-Ruiz. “Digital Technologies and Firm Performance: The Role of Digital Organisational Culture”. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 154, (2020): 119962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.119962.
69. Mayfield, J., M. Mayfield, and W. C. Sharbrough. “Strategic Vision and Values in Top Leaders’ Communications: Motivating Language at a Higher Level”. International Journal of Business Communication 52, no. 1 (2015): 97–121.
70. Mehmood, Khawaja Khalid, Mehreen Mushtaq, and Jalal Rajeh Hanaysha. “Impact of Organizational Climate, Culture, Leadership and Structure on Competitive Advantage: Mediating Effect of Absorptive Capacity”. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, (2022). https://doi.org/10.1108/sajbs-06-2021-0229.
71. Mingaleva, Zhanna, Elena Shironina, Elena Lobova, Vasiliy Olenev, Lyubov Plyusnina, and Anna Oborina. “Organizational culture management as an element of innovative and sustainable development of enterprises”. Sustainability 14, no. 10 (2022): 6289.
72. Northouse, P. G. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks: CA. Sage Publications, 2021. Nunnally J. Bernstein I. Psychometric theory. McGraw Hill, New York. 1994.
73. Olaka, Mr Habil, Prof Peter Lewa, and Dr Peter Kiriri. “Strategic Leadership and Implementation of Strategy in Commercial Banks in Kenya: A Case Study of Strategic Direction”. American Journal of Leadership and Governance 1, no. 1 (2017): 82–95. https://doi.org/10.47672/ajlg.276.
74. Orçan, F. “Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi: İlk hangisi kullanılmalı.” Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi 9, no.4 (2018): 413-421.
75. Pearce, J. A., and R. B. Robinson. Strategic Management: Formulation, Implementation, and Control. New York: Mc Graw Hill, 2009.
76. Porter, Michael E. “Technology and Competitive Advantage”. The Journal of Business Strategy 5, no. 3 (1985): 60–78. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb039075.
77. Rahman, N., M. Othman, M. Yajid, S. Rahman, A. Yaakob, R. Masri, and Z. J. M. S. L. Ibrahim. “Impact of Strategic Leadership on Organizational Performance, Strategic Orientation and Operational Strategy”. Management Science Letters 8, no. 12 (2018): 1387–98.
78. Richter, Nicole Franziska, Gabriel Cepeda, José Luis Roldán, and Christian M. Ringle. “European Management Research Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM)”. European Management Journal 34, no. 6 (2016): 589–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2016.08.001.
79. Richter, Nicole Franziska, Sandra Schubring, Sven Hauff, Christian M. Ringle, and Marko Sarstedt. “When Predictors of Outcomes Are Necessary: Guidelines for the Combined Use of PLS-SEM and NCA”. Industrial Management & Data Systems 120, no. 12 (2020): 2243–67. https://doi.org/10.1108/imds-11-2019-0638.
80. Rohim, A., and Budhiasa, I. G. S. “Organizational culture as moderator in the relationship between organizational reward on knowledge sharing and employee performance”. Journal of Management Development 38, no.7 (2019): 538-560.
81. Sadler, Philip. Strategic management. 2nd Ed., Kogan Page Publishers, 2003.
82. Sadri, Golnaz, and Brian Lees. “Developing Corporate Culture as a Competitive Advantage”. Journal of Management Development 20, no. 10 (2001): 853–59. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710110410851.
83. Safari, A., A. Adelpanah, R. Soleimani, P. Heidari Aqagoli, R. Eidizadeh, and R. Salehzadeh. “The Effect of Psychological Empowerment on Job Burnout and Competitive Advantage: The Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment and Creativity”. Management Research: Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management 18, no. 1 (2020): 47–71.
84. Sarstedt, Marko, Christian M. Ringle, Jun-Hwa Cheah, Hiram Ting, Ovidiu I. Moisescu, and Lacramioara Radomir. “Structural Model Robustness Checks in PLS-SEM”. Tourism Economics 26, no. 4 (2020): 531–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816618823921.
85. Sarstedt, Marko, Joseph F. Hair, Mandy Pick, Benjamin D. Liengaard, Lăcrămioara Radomir, and Christian M. Ringle. “Progress in Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling Use in Marketing Research in the Last Decade”. Psychology & Marketing 39, no. 5 (2022): 1035–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21640.
86. Schein, Edgar H. “Culture: The Missing Concept in Organization Studies”. Administrative Science Quarterly 41, no. 2 (1996): 229. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393715.
87. Seah, Melody, and Ming Huei Hsieh. “Impact of Leader Adaptability on Organizational Change and Adaptation: The Case of Savecom Communication”. Journal of Asia Business Studies 9, no. 3 (2015): 213–231. https://doi.org/10.1108/jabs-05-2012-0023.
88. Serfontein, K., and J. Hough. “Nature of the Relationship between Strategic Leadership, Operational Strategy and Organizational Performance”. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 14, no. 4 (2011): 393–406.
89. Shao, Zhen. “Interaction Effect of Strategic Leadership Behaviors and Organizational Culture on IS-Business Strategic Alignment and Enterprise Systems Assimilation”. International Journal of Information Management 44 (2019): 96–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.09.010.
90. Sigalas, Christos, and Vassilis M. Papadakis. “Empirical Investigation of Relationship Patterns between Competitive Advantage and Superior Performance”. Journal of Strategy and Management 11, no. 1 (2018): 81–111. https://doi.org/10.1108/jsma-01-2017-0010.
91. Singh, V., S. Vaibhav, and S. K. Sharma. “Using Structural Equation Modelling to Assess the Sustainable Competitive Advantages Provided by the Low-Cost Carrier Model: The Case of Indian Airlines”. Journal of Indian Business Research 13, no. 1 (2021): 43–77.
92. Sousa, Carlos M. P., Emilio Ruzo, and Fernando Losada. “The Key Role of Managers’ Values in Exporting: Influence on Customer Responsiveness and Export Performance”. Journal of International Marketing 18, no. 2 (2010): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1509/jimk.18.2.1.
93. Srivastava, M., A. Franklin, and L. Martinette. “Building a Sustainable Competitive Advantage”. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation 8, no. 2 (2013): 47–60.
94. Srivastava, Saurabh, Shiwangi Singh, and Sanjay Dhir. “Culture and International Business Research: A Review and Research Agenda”. International Business Review 29, no. 4 (2020): 101709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2020.101709.
95. Stock, Gregory N., Kathleen L. McFadden, and Charles R. Gowen III. “Organizational Culture, Critical Success Factors, and the Reduction of Hospital Errors”. International Journal of Production Economics 106, no. 2 (2007): 368–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2006.07.005.
96. Şimşek, M. Ş., Çelik, A., & Akgemci, T. Davranış Bilimleri. Eğitim Yayınevi, 2019.
97. Thomas, A. S., R. Litschert, and K. Ramaswamy. “The Performance Impact of Strategy-Manager Coalignment: An Empirical Examination”. Strategic Management Journal 12, no. 7 (1991): 509–22.
98. Thompson, James D. Organizations in Action: Social Science Bases of Administrative Theory. Routledge, 2017.
99. Tütüncü, Ö., and Y. Akgündüz. “Seyahat Acentelerinde Örgüt Kültürü ve Liderlik Arasındaki Ilişki: Kuşadası Bölgesinde Bir Araştırma”. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 23, no. 1 (2012): 59–72.
100. Tüyen, Zeki, and Akın Marşap. “İşletmelerde Örgüt Kültürünün Sürdürülebilir Rekabet Üstünlüğüne Etkisinde Rekabet Stratejilerinin Aracı Rolü”. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi 14, no. 3 (2022): 2145-2167.
101. Udriyah, Udriyah, Jacquline Tham, and S. M. Ferdous Azam. “The Effects of Market Orientation and Innovation on Competitive Advantage and Business Performance of Textile SMEs”. Management Science Letters, (2019): 1419–28. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.5.009.
102. Van Muijen, J. J. “Organizational culture: The focus questionnaire”. European Journal of work and organizational psychology, 8, no. 4 (1999): 551-568.
103. Voorhees, Clay M., Michael K. Brady, Roger Calantone, and Edward Ramirez. “Discriminant Validity Testing in Marketing: An Analysis, Causes for Concern, and Proposed Remedies”. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 44, no. 1 (2016): 119–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-015-0455-4.
104. Wanaswa, Erpetua S., Zachary B. Awino, Martin Ogutu, and Joseph Owino. “Technological Innovation and Strategic Leadership Axis on Competitive Advantage of Telecommunication Enterprises”. International Journal of Business and Management 16, no. 9 (2021): 48-57. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v16n9p48.
105. Wasti, Arzu S., and Ahmet Murat Fiş. “Örgüt kültüründe sıkılık-esneklik boyutu ve kurumsal girişimciliğe etkisi”. Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi 10 no. 1-2 (2010): 11-33.
106. White, J. Chris, P. Rajan Varadarajan, and Peter A. Dacin. “Market Situation Interpretation and Response: The Role of Cognitive Style, Organizational Culture, and Information Use”. Journal of Marketing 67, no. 3 (2003): 63–79. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.67.3.63.18654.
107. Yağar, F., & Dökme, S. “Niteliksel araştirmalarin planlanmasi: Araştirma sorulari, örneklem seçimi, geçerlik ve güvenirlik”. Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 3, no. 3, (2018): 1-9.
108. Yukl, Gary. “An Evaluation of Conceptual Weaknesses in Transformational and Charismatic Leadership Theories”. The Leadership Quarterly 10, no. 2 (1999): 285–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1048-9843(99)00013-2.
109. Yukl, Gary. “How Leaders Influence Organizational Effectiveness”. The Leadership Quarterly 19, no. 6 (2008): 708–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.09.008.