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Retail Real Estate and Foreign Direct Investments in Turkey: A Strategic Exploratory Analysis

Yıl 2020, , 850 - 875, 31.10.2020

Dursun Onur İlhan

https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.733257

Öz

As a key element of the commercial real estate world, retail real estate (i.e. shopping centers, retail parks and other retail, leisure and entertainment facilities) has commanded large investment volumes globally. Shopping centers have especially become an integral part of Turkey’s recent urban development. There was also a period of foreign interest in the Turkish market. Since these investments create large-scale, long-term and value-add ecosystems through professional business practices, attracting more foreign direct investment in this field would be advantageous. Yet, amid decreasing global appetite in the asset class and Turkey’s macro, industry-specific and urbanization-related challenges, a strategic approach is necessary to realize the country’s potential. In this respect, this study puts forward; (1) a new four-level pathway proposal (international, national, investment approach and project levels), (2) the related infrastructure (re-modeling the public-private cooperation, offering an online investor interface and creating a GIS-supported list of region-based investment opportunities) and (3) an overview of Turkish provinces. A new umbrella business association and efficient use of technology are also foreseen within this context. Literature review is used in this exploratory analysis.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Retail real estate Foreign Direct Investment Turkey Business Development

Kaynakça

  • Acar, Salih, Kazancık, Leyla Bilen, Meydan, Mustafa Caner, and Işık, Mustafa. İllerin ve Bölgelerin Sosyo-Ekonomik Gelişmişlik Sıralaması Araştırması SEGE-2017. Ankara: General Directorate of Development Agencies, 2019.
  • Aga, Ahmed Khder. “The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Turkey 1980–2012.” International Journal of Economics and Finance 6, no. 7 (2014): 71-84.
  • Ağır, Hüseyin, and Rutbil, Merve. “Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ile Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Ekonometrik Analizi.” Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 16, no. 2 (2019): 469-488.
  • Aktaş, Talip. “Cari açığın finansmanında konut satışının payı artıyor.” Dünya, February 21, 2020.
  • Balta, Münevver Özge. “Urban Development Policy and Urban Sprawl in Turkey.” Energy, Transportation and Global Warming. Green Energy and Technology, edited by Panagiotis Grammelis, 5-11. Cham: Springer.
  • Bird, Jon. “The Future Of The Shopping Mall Is Not About Shopping.” Forbes, June 17, 2018.
  • Çalışkan, Gülçin. “Gayrimenkul Piyasalarında Proje Geliştirme Yöntemleri ve Uygulamalar.” Master's thesis, Haliç Üniversitesi, 2011.
  • Carkovic, Maria, and Levine, Ross. “Does Foreign Direct Investment Accelerate Economic Growth?” Does Foreign Direct Investment Promote Development?, edited by Theodore H. Moran, Edward Montgomery Graham, and Magnus Blomström, 195-220. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, Center for Global Development, 2005.
  • Clement, Jessica. “E-commerce worldwide - Statistics & Facts.” Statista, March 12, 2019. https://www.statista. com/topics/871/online-shopping/
  • Da Rin, Marco, Di Giacomo, Marina, and Sembenelli, Alessandro. “Trust and foreign ownership: Evidence from intra‐European foreign direct investments.” Rev Int Econ. 27 (2019): 313–346.
  • Göl, Hakan, İlhan, Erdem, Ot, İbrahim, Döm, İlker and Çakır, İlkay. E-Ticaretin Gelişimi, Sınırların Aşılması ve Yeni Normlar 2019. Istanbul: Deloitte Digital and TÜSİAD, 2019.
  • Diduch, Mary. “How will coronavirus affect global CRE deal volume?” The Real Deal, March 23, 2020. https://therealdeal.com/2020/03/23/how-will-coronavirus-affect-global-cre-deal-volume/
  • Eraydın, Zeynep. “Kentsel Markalaşma Stratejilerinin Kent Belleği ve Kent İmgesi Üzerine Etkileri: Ankara Örneği.” idealkent 20, no. 7 (May 2016): 830-855.
  • Ferman, Ali Murat, and İlhan, Dursun Onur. “An Evaluation of the Major Commercial and Financial Components of Shopping Center Investments and a Case Analysis of a Successful Investment in Istanbul, Turkey.” 5th International Annual Meeting of Sosyoekonomi Society, edited by Ahmet Burçin Yereli and Altuğ Murat Köktaş, 69-82. Ankara: Sonçağ Yayıncılık, 2018.
  • GYODER. Gösterge: Türkiye Gayrimenkul Sektörü 2019 3. Çeyrek Raporu - Sayı:18. 2019a. https://www.gyoder. org.tr/uploads/gyoder_gosterge/gosterge1.pdf
  • GYODER. REstate Turkey: A Close Look to Comparable Markets. 2019b. https://www.gyoder.org.tr/uploads/ Yay%C4%B1nlar/rapor-web.pdf
  • Hepcan, Şerif, Hepcan, Çiğdem Çoşkun, Kılıçaslan, Çiğdem, Özkan, Mehmet Bulent, and Koçan, Nurhan. “Analyzing Landscape Change and Urban Sprawl in a Mediterranean Coastal Landscape: A Case Study from Izmir, Turkey.” Journal of Coastal Research 29, no. 2 (2013): 301-310.
  • İlhan, Ceyda, and Ediz, Özgür. “Kent Dokusu Morfolojik Değişiminin Fraktal Geometri Aracılığıyla Hesaplanması: Bursa Örneği.” Mimarlık ve Yaşam Dergisi 4, no. 1 (2019): 117-140.
  • İlhan, Dursun Onur, and Ferman, Ali Murat. “An Evaluation Model Based on Sustainable Development for the Istanbul Shopping Center Market.” Aurum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 4, no. 2 (2019): 129-154.
  • İlhan, Dursun Onur. “A Practical Multiple Factor Index Model for Shopping Center Investment Decisions in Istanbul.” PhD diss., Işık Üniversitesi, 2020.
  • İlhan, Elif, and Kasap, Handan. “Kent Mobilyalarında İşlevsellik ve Algılanabilirlik Kavramlarına Estetik Değerin Katkısı (Sultanahmet Meydanı Örneği).” Kent Akademisi 11, no. 4 (2018): 508-519.
  • Kaymaz, Işıl. “Urban Landscapes and Identity.” Advances in Landscape Architecture, edited by Murat Özyavuz, 2013. https://www.intechopen.com/books/advances-in-landscape-architecture/urban-landscapes-and-identity
  • KGM. Otoyollar Haritası 2020. 2020. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/SiteCollectionImages/KGMimages/Otoyollar/otoyollarharitasi.jpg
  • Kotka, Taavi, Vargas Alvarez del Castillo, Carlos Ivan, and Korjus, Kaspar. “Estonian e-Residency: Redefining the Nation-State in the Digital Era.” Cyber Studies Programme, Working Paper Series, no. 3 (September 2015).
  • Li, Shan. “Some online retailers seeing value in opening bricks-and-mortar shops.” Los Angeles Times, July 20, 2014. https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-etailer-stores-20140720-story.html
  • Lieser, Karsten, and Groh, Alexander. “The Determinants of International Commercial Real Estate Investment.” The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 48, no. 4 (2014): 611-659.
  • Molenaar, Cor. Why Customers Would Rather Have a Smartphone than a Car: Relationship Retailing as an Opportunity. London: Routledge, 2016.
  • Nalbant, Mehmet. “Türkiye’de Kentsel Mekânlarda Kamusal Alanın Konumu: Tarihsel Perspektiften Bir Değerlendirme.” BEU Akademik İzdüşüm 1, no. 1 (September 2016): 12-27.
  • Nyerges, Timothy L., and Jankowski, Piotr. Regional and Urban GIS: A Decision Support Approach. New York: The Guilford Press, 2010.
  • OECD. Foreign Direct Investment for Development: Maximising Benefits, Minimising Costs. Paris: OECD Publications Service, 2002.
  • Ortegón-Cortázar, Leonardo, and Royo-Vela, Marcelo. “Attraction Factors of Shopping Centers: Effects of Design and Eco-natural environment on Intention to Visit.”, European Journal of Management and Business Economics 26, no. 2 (2017): 199-219.
  • Özden, Ayşe, and Ersan, Ömer. A&T Bank: Perakende Sektörü Mart 2019. 2019. https://www.atbank.com.tr/documents/PERAKENDE%20SEKTORU_MART%202019.PDF
  • Özkul, İsmet. “81 ilin 2018 yılı GSYH ve büyüme karnesi”, Dünya, December 25, 2019.
  • Pektaş, İlhami. Raylı Ulaşım Sistemleri Sektör Analizi 2018. 2019. https://www.anadoluraylisistemler.org/ content/upload/document-files/rayli-sistemler-sektor-an-20190722120532.pdf
  • PwC. A Major Shift for Shopping: How Digital Trends are Transforming Customer Behaviour in Europe. 2019. https://www.pwc.de/de/handel-und-konsumguter/pwc-study-a-major-shift-for-shopping-how-digital-trends-are-transforming-customer-behaviour-in-europe.pdf
  • PwC, and ULI. Emerging Trends in Rea Estate: Europe 2020. 2019. https://www.pwc.de/de/real-estate/pwc-emerging-trends-in-real-estate-europe-2020.pdf
  • Savills Research. Real estate investment in 2020: global outlook. 2020. https://www.savills.com/impacts/market-trends/2020-tips-world-outlook.html
  • Schnitzer, Monika. “Debt v. Foreign Direct Investment: The Impact Sovereign Risk on the Structure of International Capital Flows.” Economica 69 (2002): 41-67.
  • Situs RERC, Deloitte, and National Association of Realtors. Expectations & Market Realities in Real Estate 2017. Intersection of Global Change: Embracing a New Era. 2017. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/ Deloitte/us/Documents/financial-services/us-fsi-expectations-and-market-ealities-in-real-estate-2017.pdf
  • Stevenson, Simon. “International Real Estate Diversification: Empirical Tests Using Hedged Indices.” Journal of Real Estate Research 19, no. 1 (2000):105-131.
  • Süzen, Mustafa. “Alışveriş Merkezi Yönetim Sorunları.” Master's thesis, Hasana Kalyoncu Üniversitesi, 2016.
  • TCDD. Yüksek Hızlı Tren. 2020. http://www.tcddtasimacilik.gov.tr/trenler/yuksek-hizli-tren/
  • TEPAV. Türkiye’ye Gelen ve Türkiye’den Giden Doğrudan Yatırımlardaki Gelişmeler, Ağustos 2019, Sayı: 15. 2019. http://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/mce/2019/bultenler/odi_fdi/odifdi_agustos2019.pdf
  • Thrall, Grant Ian. “GIS Applications in Real Estate and Related Industries.” Journal of Housing Research 9, no. 1 (1998): 33-59.
  • TUIK. Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları, 2019. 2020. http://tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id =33705
  • Turkish Airlines. Planla & Uç. 2020. https://www.turkishairlines.com/tr-de/ucak-bileti/rezervasyon/
  • Turner & Townsend. International construction market survey 2019. 2019. http://www.infrastructure-intelligence.com/sites/default/files/article_uploads/Turner%20Townsend%20International%20Construction%20Market%20Survey%202019.pdf
  • UNCTAD. Investment Trends Monitor, No. 33. 2020. https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/diaeiainf2020d1 _en.pdf
  • UNESCO. Culture Urban Future: Global Report on Culture for Sustainable Urban Development. Paris: UNESCO, 2016.
  • USGS. GIS data layers visualization. 2016. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/gis-data-layers-visualization
  • Walker, Helen. “Mixed Use Development as an Agent of Sustainability.” Reclaiming the City: Mixed Use Development, edited by Andy Coupland, 63-86. London: Spon Press, 2004.
  • World Bank. Ease of Doing Business rankings. 2020. https://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness /pdf/db2020/Doing-Business-2020_rankings.pdf
  • Yeniçağ. “15 milyar dolarlık yapılandırma talebi.” December 6, 2018. https://www.yenicaggazetesi.com.tr/15-milyar-dolarlik-yapilandirma-talebi-215887h.htm

Türkiye’de Perakende Gayrimenkulleri ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar: Stratejik Bir Keşfedici Analiz

Yıl 2020, , 850 - 875, 31.10.2020

Dursun Onur İlhan

https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.733257

Öz

Ticari gayrimenkul dünyasının önemli bileşenlerinden olan perakende gayrimenkulleri (alışveriş merkezleri, perakende parkları ve diğer perakende, dinlence ve eğlence yapıları), küresel çapta büyük yatırımlara sahne olagelmiştir. Özellikle de alışveriş merkezlerinin Türkiye’nin yakın dönem kentleşmesi üzerinde hissedilir etkileri olmuştur. Türkiye piyasasına yabancı yatırımcı ilgisinin olduğu bir dönem de yaşanmıştır. Bu yatırımlar profesyonel uygulamalarla büyük ölçekli, uzun vadeli ve katma değerli ekosistemler yarattıkları için, bu alanda daha fazla doğrudan yabancı yatırım çekebilmek faydalı olacaktır. Ancak, perakende gayrimenkullerine ilginin dünya genelinde azaldığı ve Türkiye’nin makro, sektör-spesifik ve kentleşme ile ilgili sorunlarının devam ettiği günümüzde, ülkenin potansiyelini realize edebilmek için stratejik bir yaklaşıma ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. İşbu çalışma bu doğrultuda, (1) dört basamaklı yeni bir yol haritası önerisini (uluslararası, ulusal, yatırım yaklaşımı ve proje basamakları), (2) bunun için gerekli olan altyapıyı (kamu-özel sektör iş birliğini yeniden kurgulamak, çevrimiçi bir yatırımcı ara yüzü sunmak ve CBS destekli bir bölgesel yatırım fırsatları listesi oluşturmak) ve (3) Türkiye’deki illere genel bir bakışı ortaya koymaktadır. Bu kapsamda, yeni bir şemsiye iş örgütünün kurulması ve teknolojinin verimli kullanımı da öngörülmüştür. Bu keşfedici analizde literatür taraması kullanılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Perakende gayrimenkulleri Doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar Türkiye İş geliştirme

Kaynakça

  • Acar, Salih, Kazancık, Leyla Bilen, Meydan, Mustafa Caner, and Işık, Mustafa. İllerin ve Bölgelerin Sosyo-Ekonomik Gelişmişlik Sıralaması Araştırması SEGE-2017. Ankara: General Directorate of Development Agencies, 2019.
  • Aga, Ahmed Khder. “The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Turkey 1980–2012.” International Journal of Economics and Finance 6, no. 7 (2014): 71-84.
  • Ağır, Hüseyin, and Rutbil, Merve. “Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ile Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Ekonometrik Analizi.” Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 16, no. 2 (2019): 469-488.
  • Aktaş, Talip. “Cari açığın finansmanında konut satışının payı artıyor.” Dünya, February 21, 2020.
  • Balta, Münevver Özge. “Urban Development Policy and Urban Sprawl in Turkey.” Energy, Transportation and Global Warming. Green Energy and Technology, edited by Panagiotis Grammelis, 5-11. Cham: Springer.
  • Bird, Jon. “The Future Of The Shopping Mall Is Not About Shopping.” Forbes, June 17, 2018.
  • Çalışkan, Gülçin. “Gayrimenkul Piyasalarında Proje Geliştirme Yöntemleri ve Uygulamalar.” Master's thesis, Haliç Üniversitesi, 2011.
  • Carkovic, Maria, and Levine, Ross. “Does Foreign Direct Investment Accelerate Economic Growth?” Does Foreign Direct Investment Promote Development?, edited by Theodore H. Moran, Edward Montgomery Graham, and Magnus Blomström, 195-220. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, Center for Global Development, 2005.
  • Clement, Jessica. “E-commerce worldwide - Statistics & Facts.” Statista, March 12, 2019. https://www.statista. com/topics/871/online-shopping/
  • Da Rin, Marco, Di Giacomo, Marina, and Sembenelli, Alessandro. “Trust and foreign ownership: Evidence from intra‐European foreign direct investments.” Rev Int Econ. 27 (2019): 313–346.
  • Göl, Hakan, İlhan, Erdem, Ot, İbrahim, Döm, İlker and Çakır, İlkay. E-Ticaretin Gelişimi, Sınırların Aşılması ve Yeni Normlar 2019. Istanbul: Deloitte Digital and TÜSİAD, 2019.
  • Diduch, Mary. “How will coronavirus affect global CRE deal volume?” The Real Deal, March 23, 2020. https://therealdeal.com/2020/03/23/how-will-coronavirus-affect-global-cre-deal-volume/
  • Eraydın, Zeynep. “Kentsel Markalaşma Stratejilerinin Kent Belleği ve Kent İmgesi Üzerine Etkileri: Ankara Örneği.” idealkent 20, no. 7 (May 2016): 830-855.
  • Ferman, Ali Murat, and İlhan, Dursun Onur. “An Evaluation of the Major Commercial and Financial Components of Shopping Center Investments and a Case Analysis of a Successful Investment in Istanbul, Turkey.” 5th International Annual Meeting of Sosyoekonomi Society, edited by Ahmet Burçin Yereli and Altuğ Murat Köktaş, 69-82. Ankara: Sonçağ Yayıncılık, 2018.
  • GYODER. Gösterge: Türkiye Gayrimenkul Sektörü 2019 3. Çeyrek Raporu - Sayı:18. 2019a. https://www.gyoder. org.tr/uploads/gyoder_gosterge/gosterge1.pdf
  • GYODER. REstate Turkey: A Close Look to Comparable Markets. 2019b. https://www.gyoder.org.tr/uploads/ Yay%C4%B1nlar/rapor-web.pdf
  • Hepcan, Şerif, Hepcan, Çiğdem Çoşkun, Kılıçaslan, Çiğdem, Özkan, Mehmet Bulent, and Koçan, Nurhan. “Analyzing Landscape Change and Urban Sprawl in a Mediterranean Coastal Landscape: A Case Study from Izmir, Turkey.” Journal of Coastal Research 29, no. 2 (2013): 301-310.
  • İlhan, Ceyda, and Ediz, Özgür. “Kent Dokusu Morfolojik Değişiminin Fraktal Geometri Aracılığıyla Hesaplanması: Bursa Örneği.” Mimarlık ve Yaşam Dergisi 4, no. 1 (2019): 117-140.
  • İlhan, Dursun Onur, and Ferman, Ali Murat. “An Evaluation Model Based on Sustainable Development for the Istanbul Shopping Center Market.” Aurum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 4, no. 2 (2019): 129-154.
  • İlhan, Dursun Onur. “A Practical Multiple Factor Index Model for Shopping Center Investment Decisions in Istanbul.” PhD diss., Işık Üniversitesi, 2020.
  • İlhan, Elif, and Kasap, Handan. “Kent Mobilyalarında İşlevsellik ve Algılanabilirlik Kavramlarına Estetik Değerin Katkısı (Sultanahmet Meydanı Örneği).” Kent Akademisi 11, no. 4 (2018): 508-519.
  • Kaymaz, Işıl. “Urban Landscapes and Identity.” Advances in Landscape Architecture, edited by Murat Özyavuz, 2013. https://www.intechopen.com/books/advances-in-landscape-architecture/urban-landscapes-and-identity
  • KGM. Otoyollar Haritası 2020. 2020. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/SiteCollectionImages/KGMimages/Otoyollar/otoyollarharitasi.jpg
  • Kotka, Taavi, Vargas Alvarez del Castillo, Carlos Ivan, and Korjus, Kaspar. “Estonian e-Residency: Redefining the Nation-State in the Digital Era.” Cyber Studies Programme, Working Paper Series, no. 3 (September 2015).
  • Li, Shan. “Some online retailers seeing value in opening bricks-and-mortar shops.” Los Angeles Times, July 20, 2014. https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-etailer-stores-20140720-story.html
  • Lieser, Karsten, and Groh, Alexander. “The Determinants of International Commercial Real Estate Investment.” The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 48, no. 4 (2014): 611-659.
  • Molenaar, Cor. Why Customers Would Rather Have a Smartphone than a Car: Relationship Retailing as an Opportunity. London: Routledge, 2016.
  • Nalbant, Mehmet. “Türkiye’de Kentsel Mekânlarda Kamusal Alanın Konumu: Tarihsel Perspektiften Bir Değerlendirme.” BEU Akademik İzdüşüm 1, no. 1 (September 2016): 12-27.
  • Nyerges, Timothy L., and Jankowski, Piotr. Regional and Urban GIS: A Decision Support Approach. New York: The Guilford Press, 2010.
  • OECD. Foreign Direct Investment for Development: Maximising Benefits, Minimising Costs. Paris: OECD Publications Service, 2002.
  • Ortegón-Cortázar, Leonardo, and Royo-Vela, Marcelo. “Attraction Factors of Shopping Centers: Effects of Design and Eco-natural environment on Intention to Visit.”, European Journal of Management and Business Economics 26, no. 2 (2017): 199-219.
  • Özden, Ayşe, and Ersan, Ömer. A&T Bank: Perakende Sektörü Mart 2019. 2019. https://www.atbank.com.tr/documents/PERAKENDE%20SEKTORU_MART%202019.PDF
  • Özkul, İsmet. “81 ilin 2018 yılı GSYH ve büyüme karnesi”, Dünya, December 25, 2019.
  • Pektaş, İlhami. Raylı Ulaşım Sistemleri Sektör Analizi 2018. 2019. https://www.anadoluraylisistemler.org/ content/upload/document-files/rayli-sistemler-sektor-an-20190722120532.pdf
  • PwC. A Major Shift for Shopping: How Digital Trends are Transforming Customer Behaviour in Europe. 2019. https://www.pwc.de/de/handel-und-konsumguter/pwc-study-a-major-shift-for-shopping-how-digital-trends-are-transforming-customer-behaviour-in-europe.pdf
  • PwC, and ULI. Emerging Trends in Rea Estate: Europe 2020. 2019. https://www.pwc.de/de/real-estate/pwc-emerging-trends-in-real-estate-europe-2020.pdf
  • Savills Research. Real estate investment in 2020: global outlook. 2020. https://www.savills.com/impacts/market-trends/2020-tips-world-outlook.html
  • Schnitzer, Monika. “Debt v. Foreign Direct Investment: The Impact Sovereign Risk on the Structure of International Capital Flows.” Economica 69 (2002): 41-67.
  • Situs RERC, Deloitte, and National Association of Realtors. Expectations & Market Realities in Real Estate 2017. Intersection of Global Change: Embracing a New Era. 2017. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/ Deloitte/us/Documents/financial-services/us-fsi-expectations-and-market-ealities-in-real-estate-2017.pdf
  • Stevenson, Simon. “International Real Estate Diversification: Empirical Tests Using Hedged Indices.” Journal of Real Estate Research 19, no. 1 (2000):105-131.
  • Süzen, Mustafa. “Alışveriş Merkezi Yönetim Sorunları.” Master's thesis, Hasana Kalyoncu Üniversitesi, 2016.
  • TCDD. Yüksek Hızlı Tren. 2020. http://www.tcddtasimacilik.gov.tr/trenler/yuksek-hizli-tren/
  • TEPAV. Türkiye’ye Gelen ve Türkiye’den Giden Doğrudan Yatırımlardaki Gelişmeler, Ağustos 2019, Sayı: 15. 2019. http://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/mce/2019/bultenler/odi_fdi/odifdi_agustos2019.pdf
  • Thrall, Grant Ian. “GIS Applications in Real Estate and Related Industries.” Journal of Housing Research 9, no. 1 (1998): 33-59.
  • TUIK. Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları, 2019. 2020. http://tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id =33705
  • Turkish Airlines. Planla & Uç. 2020. https://www.turkishairlines.com/tr-de/ucak-bileti/rezervasyon/
  • Turner & Townsend. International construction market survey 2019. 2019. http://www.infrastructure-intelligence.com/sites/default/files/article_uploads/Turner%20Townsend%20International%20Construction%20Market%20Survey%202019.pdf
  • UNCTAD. Investment Trends Monitor, No. 33. 2020. https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/diaeiainf2020d1 _en.pdf
  • UNESCO. Culture Urban Future: Global Report on Culture for Sustainable Urban Development. Paris: UNESCO, 2016.
  • USGS. GIS data layers visualization. 2016. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/gis-data-layers-visualization
  • Walker, Helen. “Mixed Use Development as an Agent of Sustainability.” Reclaiming the City: Mixed Use Development, edited by Andy Coupland, 63-86. London: Spon Press, 2004.
  • World Bank. Ease of Doing Business rankings. 2020. https://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness /pdf/db2020/Doing-Business-2020_rankings.pdf
  • Yeniçağ. “15 milyar dolarlık yapılandırma talebi.” December 6, 2018. https://www.yenicaggazetesi.com.tr/15-milyar-dolarlik-yapilandirma-talebi-215887h.htm
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Dursun Onur İlhan 0000-0001-8584-0081

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ekim 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020

Kaynak Göster

APA İlhan, D. O. (2020). Retail Real Estate and Foreign Direct Investments in Turkey: A Strategic Exploratory Analysis. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 15(60), 850-875. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.733257
AMA İlhan DO. Retail Real Estate and Foreign Direct Investments in Turkey: A Strategic Exploratory Analysis. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. Ekim 2020;15(60):850-875. doi:10.19168/jyasar.733257
Chicago İlhan, Dursun Onur. “Retail Real Estate and Foreign Direct Investments in Turkey: A Strategic Exploratory Analysis”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 15, sy. 60 (Ekim 2020): 850-75. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.733257.
EndNote İlhan DO (01 Ekim 2020) Retail Real Estate and Foreign Direct Investments in Turkey: A Strategic Exploratory Analysis. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 15 60 850–875.
IEEE D. O. İlhan, “Retail Real Estate and Foreign Direct Investments in Turkey: A Strategic Exploratory Analysis”, Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 15, sy. 60, ss. 850–875, 2020, doi: 10.19168/jyasar.733257.
ISNAD İlhan, Dursun Onur. “Retail Real Estate and Foreign Direct Investments in Turkey: A Strategic Exploratory Analysis”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 15/60 (Ekim 2020), 850-875. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.733257.
JAMA İlhan DO. Retail Real Estate and Foreign Direct Investments in Turkey: A Strategic Exploratory Analysis. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2020;15:850–875.
MLA İlhan, Dursun Onur. “Retail Real Estate and Foreign Direct Investments in Turkey: A Strategic Exploratory Analysis”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 15, sy. 60, 2020, ss. 850-75, doi:10.19168/jyasar.733257.
Vancouver İlhan DO. Retail Real Estate and Foreign Direct Investments in Turkey: A Strategic Exploratory Analysis. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2020;15(60):850-75.