Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Turkey-African Trade Relationship; New Insights From Panel Causality Analysis

Year 2020, Volume: 15 Issue: 60, 894 - 919, 31.10.2020

Alper Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.682442

Abstract

This research aims to investigate Turkey African relationship on the basis of international trade between Turkey and selected African countries. Most of African economies have experienced rapid economic growth as an outward oriented nation recently and foreign trade between Africa-Turkey has been grown continuously. In this frame we want to find out contribution of Turkish-African trade relationship on their economic growth on the basis of selected variables. For this purpose we used real gross domestic product (Rgdp) of 20 African countries as a proxy for ‘economic growth’’ and foreign trade volume (FTV) and balance of trade (BoT) with Turkey as a proxy for ‘’foreign trade’’. In this frame we employed bootstrap panel causality test developed by Kónya (2006) with countryspecific bootstrap critical values for the panel of twenty selected African countries for the period 1990–2016. Empirical results point out a unidirectional causality relationship between variables which runs from foreign trade to real GDP.

Keywords

International Trade Economic Growth Panel Data

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

-

References

  • Adeleye, J. O., Adeteye, O. S. and Adewuyi, M.O. (2015). Impact of International Trade on Economic Growth in Nigeria (1988-2012). International Journal of Financial Research, 6 (3), 163-172.
  • Agosin, M. (1999). Trade and Growth in Chile. Cepal Review, August 1999, 68, 79–100.
  • Ahmed, J. and Kwan, C. C. (1991). Causality Between Exports And Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Africa. Economic Letters, 37 (3), 243-248.
  • Ahmand, J. and Harnhirun, S. (1996). Cointegration and Causality between Exports and Economic Growth: Evidence from the ASEAN Countries. The Canadian Journal of Economics, 29(2), 413-416.
  • Amirkhalkhali, S. and Dar A. (1995). A Varying-Coefficients Model Of Export Expansion, Factor Accumulation And Economic Growth: Evidence From Cross Country Time Series Data. Economic Modelling, 12 (4), 435-441.
  • Amoateng, K. and Amoako-Adu, B. (1996). Economic Growth, Export And External Debt Causality: The Case Of African Countries. Applied Economics, 28 (1), 21-27.
  • Arodoye, N. L. and Iyoha, M.H. (2014). Foreign Trade-Economic Growth Nexus: Evidence from Nigeria. CBN Journal of Applied Statistics, 5 (1), 121-141.
  • Awokuse, T. (2007). Causality between Exports, Imports, and Economic Growth: Evidence from Transition Economies. Economics Letters, 94, 389-395.
  • Awokuse, T. (2008). Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Is Growth Export-led or Import-led?. Applied Economics, 40 (2), 161-173.
  • Bacchi, E. (2015). A Timeline of the Turkish Africa Policy, https://ovipot.hypotheses.org/13639.
  • Bahmani, O. M. and Alse J. (1993). Export Growth and Economic Growth: An Application of Cointegration and Error-Correction Modelling. Journal of Developing Areas, 27, 535–542.
  • Bbaale, E. and Mutenyo, J. (2011). Export Composition and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa A Panel Analysis. Journal of Sustainable Development, 6 (1), 1–19.
  • Bafana, B. (2016). Africa’s Cities of the Future. Africa Renewal, Apr. 2016, Africa’s Cities of the Future, 30 (1), 4-5.
  • Balassa, B. (1978). Exports and Economic Growth. Journal of Development Economics, 5 (2), 181-191.
  • Bhorat, H., Karmen, N. and Kavisha, P. (2015). Aspiring Africa: Overcoming Development Challenges to Meet Its Long- Term Vision. Mimeograph presented at Developmental States Conference (Pretoria).
  • Bilgiç, A. and Nascimento, D. (2014). Turkey’s New Focus on Africa: Causes and Challenges. Norwegian Pace Building Resource Centre (Policy Brief), September 2014.
  • British Petrol. (2016). Statistical Review of World Energy, 65th Edition, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/ bp/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2016/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2016-full-report.pdf.
  • Brempong, K. G. (1991). Export Instability and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 39 (4), 815-828.
  • Breusch, T. S. and Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification Tests in Econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47 (1), 239-253.
  • Breitung, J. (2005). A Parametric Approach to The Estimation Of Cointegration Vectors In Panel Data. Econometric Review, 24 (2), 151–173.
  • Brueckner, M. and Lederman, D. (2015). Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Panel Data Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. Economica, 82, 1302–1323.
  • Bourdon, M. H., Mouel, L. C. and Vijil, M. (2017). The Relationship Between Trade Openness And Economic Growth: Some New Insights On The Openness Measurement Issue. The World Economy, 41 (1), 59-76.
  • Buffie, E. (1992). On the Condition For Export-Led Growth. Canadian Journal of Economics, 25 (1), 211-225.
  • Canning, D. and Pedroni, P. (2008). Infrastructure, Long-Run Economic Growth and Causality Tests For Cointegrated Panels. The Manchester School, 76 (2), 504-527.
  • Clos, J. (2016). Urbanization Is A Tool For Development. Africa Renewal, April 2016, 30 (1), https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/april-2016/urbanization-tool-development.
  • Dodo, M. (2016). Understanding New Turkey-Africa Relations: Rationale and Challenges. Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, 7 (4), 612-642.
  • Dodaro, S. (1993). Comparative Advantage, Trade and Growth: Export-Led Growth Revisited. Journal of World Development, 19 (9), 1153-1165.
  • Dimitrescu, E. I. and Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger Non-Causality in Heterogeneous Panels. Economic Modelling, 29 (4), 1450–1460.
  • Ee C. Y. (2015), Export-Led Growth Hypothesis: Empirical Evidence from Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35 (2016), 232 – 240.
  • Edo, S., Osadolor, N. E. and Dading I. F. (2019). Rowing External Debt And Declining Export: The Concurrent Impediments In Economic Growth Of Subsaharan African Countries. Article In Press, International Economics.
  • Edoho, F. (2011). Globalization and Marginalization of Africa: Contextualization of China-Africa Relations. Africa Today, 58 (1), 103-124.
  • Elumelu, T. (2009). The Global Economic Crisis And Africa, The Royal Institute of International Affairs The World Today. Catham House, 65 (5), 24-25.
  • Emirmahmutoğlu, F. and Köse, N. (2011). Testing For Granger Causality In Heterogeneous Mixed Panels. Economic Modelling, 28 (3), 870–876.
  • Ezenwe, U. (1982). Trade and Growth in West Africa in the 1980’s. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 20 (2), 305-322.
  • Fioramonti, L. (2014). Africa Rising? Think Again. Perspectives: Political Analyses and Commentary, 1 February 2014, 6-9.
  • Fosu, A. K. (1990). Exports and Economic Growth: The African Case. World Development, 18 (6), 831-835.
  • Furuoka, F. (2016). A New Approach to Testing Unemployment Hysteresis. Empirical Economics, doi:10.1007/s00181-016-1164-7.
  • Gadzala, A. (2018). 3D Printing: Shaping Africa’s Future, Atlantic Council African Center. April 2018, http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/3D_Printing_Africa_WEB.pdf.
  • Giles, J. A. and Williams, C. (2000). Export-led Growth: A Survey of the Empirical Literature and Some Non-causality Results. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 9 (3), 261–337.
  • Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods. Econometrica, 37 (3), 424-438.
  • Greenaway, D. and Sapsford, D. (1994). Export, growth, and liberalisation: an evaluation. Journal of Policy Model, 16 (2), 165–186.
  • Grossman, G. M. and Helpman, E. (1991). Trade, Innovation, and Growth in the Global Economy. American Economic Review, 80 (2), 86-99.
  • Gujarati, D. (2004). Basic Econometrics. Fourth Edition, The McGraw−Hill Companies.
  • Guena, N. and Christian, L. (2012). The Role of Foreign Trade in Economic Growth and Individual Heterogeneity Problem in Panel Data: The Case of African Countries, University of Yaoundé. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/49559/.
  • Holtz-Eakin, D., Newey, W. and Rosen, H. S. (1988). Estimating Vector Autoregression with Panel Data. Econometrica, 56 (6), 1371-1395.
  • Hoyos, R. E. and Vasilis, S. (2006). Testing For Cross-Sectional Dependence In Panel-Data Models. The Stata Journal, 6 (4), 482-496.
  • ITC Trade Map, International Trade Statistics. https://www.trademap.org/tradestat/Product_SelProduct_TS.aspx?nvpm =1|||||TOTAL|||2|1|1|1|2|1|1|1|1.
  • Kaberuka, D. (2013). Sustaining Africa’s Economic Growth: The Challenges of Inclusion and Financing Infrastructure’. 21.08.2013, https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/sustaining-africas-economic-growth-the-challenges-of-inclusion-and-financing-infrastructure-afdb-president-donald-kaberuka-12215/.
  • Kar, M., Nazlioglu, Ş. and Ağır, H. (2011). Financial Development And Economic Growth Nexus In The MENA Countries: Bootstrap Panel Granger Causality Analysis. Economic Modelling, 28 (2011), 685–693.
  • Karumbidza, J. B. (2007). Win-Win Economic Cooperation: Can China Save Zimbabwe’s Economy?’ In African Perspectives on China in Africa, Edited by Firoze Manji and Stephen Marks Cape Town Nairobi and Oxford: Fahamu, 87–105.
  • Kherallah, M., Delgado, C. and Gabre, M. (2002). Reforming Agricultural Markets in Africa. Food Policy Statement, Number 38, October 2002.
  • Kim, Y. (1996). Income Effects on the Trade Balance. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 78 (3), 464-469.
  • Konya, L. (2006). Exports and Growth: Granger Causality Analysis On OECD Countries With A Panel Data Approach Economic Modelling, 23 (6), 978–992.
  • Korkut, U. and Civelekoğlu, I. (2013). Becoming A Regional Power While Pursuing Material Gains: The Case Of Turkish Interest In Africa. The international politics of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (Winter 2012-13), International Journal, 68 (1), 187-203.
  • Kunst, M. and Marin, D. (1989). On Exports and Productivity: A Causal Analysis. The Review of Economic and Statistics, 71 (4), 699-703.
  • Kuwonu, F. (2016). Abidjan Regains It Glamour, Spurred By Côte d’Ivoire’s Current Economic Growth, The City Is Turning A Corner, Africa’s Cities of the Future, April 2016, 30(1), 12-13.
  • Lee, C. H., and Huang, B. H. (2002). The Relationship Between Exports and Economic Growth in East Asian Countries: A Multivariate Threshold Autoregressive Approach. Journal of Economic Development, 27, 45–68.
  • Leke, A., Lund, S. and Roxburgh, C. (2010). What’s driving Africa’s growth?. McKinsey&Company, June 2010, https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/middle-east-and-africa/whats-driving-africas-growth.
  • Leke, A. and Barton, D. (2016). 3 Reasons Things Are Looking Up For African Economies, World Economic Forum, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/05/what-s-the-future-of-economic-growth-in-africa/.
  • Lopez, J. and Cruz, A. (2000). Thirlwall’s Law and Beyond: The Latin American Experience. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 22 (3), 477– 495.
  • Luintel, K. B. and Khan, M. (2009). Heterogeneous Ideas Production and Endogenous Growth: An Empirical Investigation. Canadian Journal of Economics, 42 (3), 1176–1205.
  • Menyah, K., Nazlioglu, S. and Rufael, Y. W. (2014). Financial Development, Trade Openness And Economic Growth In African Countries: New Insights From Panel Causality Approach. Economic Modelling, 37(C), 386–394.
  • MFA-Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2016). Turkey-African Relations, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey-africa-relations.en.mfa.
  • Michaely, M. (1977). Exports and Growth: An Emprical Investigation. Journal of Development Economics, 4, 49–54.
  • Moreno, J. (1999). Mexico’s Economic Growth and the Balance of Payments Constraint: A Cointegration Analysis. International Review of Applied Economics, 13 (2), 150–159.
  • Moschos, D. (1989). Export Expansion, Growth And The Level Of Economic Development: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Development Economics, 30 (1), 93- 102.
  • Mosikari, J. T., Senosi, M. C. and Eita, J. H. (2016), Manufactured Exports And Economic Growth In Southern African Development Community (SADC) Region: A Panel Cointegration Approach. Economica, 12 (5), 266-278.
  • Moon, B. E. (1997). Exports, Outward-oriented Development, and Economic Growth, OOD.205, 30 September 1997. https://www.lehigh.edu/~bm05/research/OOD.205.htm.
  • Narayan, P. K., S. Narayan, B. S. Prasad, and A. Prasad. 2007. Export-Led Growth Hypothesis: Evidence from Papua New Guinea and Fiji. Journal of Economic Studies, 34: 341–351.
  • Narayan, P. K. and Smyth, R. (2009). Multivariate Granger Causality Between Electricity Consumption, Exports and Gdp: Evidence From a Panel of Middle Eastern Countries. Energy Policy, 37 (1), 229–236.
  • Ndoricimpa, A. (2014). Heterogeneous Panel Causality Between Exports And Growth In COMESA Countries. Journal of Developing Areas, 48(4), 349-361.
  • Obonyo, R. (2016). Africa Looks To Its Entrepreneurs A Useful Strategy In The Toolbox To Reduce Youth Unemployment. African Renewal, 30(1), 16-17.
  • Olayungbo, D. O. (2015), Effects Of Oil Export Revenue On Economic Growth In Nigeria: A Time Varying Analysis Of Resource Curse. Resource Policy, 64, 101469.
  • Onafowora, O. A., Owoye, O. and Nyatepe-Coo, A. A. (1996). Trade Policy, Export Performance And Economic Growth: Evidence From Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 5 (3), 341-60.
  • Oskooee, M. B. and Economidou, C. (2009). Export Led Growth vs. Growth Led Exports: LDCs Experience. The Journal of Developing Areas, 42 (2), 179-212.
  • Özkan, M. and Akgün, B. (2010). Turkey's Opening To Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 48 (4), 525-546.
  • Özkan, M. (2016). Turkey’s Political-Economic Engagement With Africa, Emerging Powers in Africa A New Wave in the Relationship?. Chapter 11, Editors; Justin van der, Merwe Ian Taylor, Alexandra Arkhangelskaya, International Political Economy Series Published by Springer Nature, ISBN 978-3-319-40735-7.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R. J. (1999). Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94 (446), 621–634.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. June 2004, CWPE 0435, https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.5113.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test In The Presence Of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal Of Applied Econometrics, 22 (2), 265–312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. and Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Independence. Econometrics Journal, 11 (1), 105-127.
  • Pesaran, M. and Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142 (1), 50-93.
  • Ram, R. (1985). Exports And Economic Growth: Some Additional Evidence, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 33 (2), 415-425.
  • Reppas, P. A. and Christopoulos D. K. (2015). The Export-Output Growth Nexus: Evidence From African And Asian Countries, Journal of Policy Modelling, 27 (2005) 929–940.
  • Riezman, R. G., Summers, P. M. and Whiteman, C. H. (1996). The Engine of Growth or its Handmaiden? A Time Series Assessment of Export-led Growth. Empirical Economics, 21 (1), 77-113.
  • Sakyi, D., Villeverde, J., Maza, A. and Bonuedi, I. (2017). The Effects of Trade and Trade Facilitation on Economic Growth in Africa. African Development Review, 29 (2), 350-361.
  • Sedjo, R. A. (1971). Price Trends, Economic Growth, and the Canadian Balance of Trade: A Three-Country Model. Journal of Political Economy, 79 (3), 596-613.
  • Singer H. W. and Gray, P. (1988). Trade Policy And Growth Of Developing Countries: Some New Data. World Development, 16, 395–403.
  • Singh, A., Gowa, E. K. and Lund, H. G. (2017). Atlas of Africa Energy Resources. United Nations Environment Programme, ISBN: 978-92-807-3639-7.
  • Subrmanian, A. and Tamirisa, N. (2003). Is Africa Integrated In The Global Economy?. IMF Staf Papers, 50 (3), 352-372.
  • Sundaram, J. K., Schwank, O. and Arnim, R. (2011). Globalization and Development in Dub-Saharan Africa, Economic and Social Affairs. DESA Working Paper, No: 102 ST/ESA/2011/DWP/102.
  • Sunde, T. (2017), Foreign Direct Investment, Exports And Economic Growth: Adrland Causality Analysis For South Africa. Research in International Business and Finance, 41, 434-444.
  • Tekin, R. B. (2012), Economic Growth, Exports And Foreign Direct Investment Inleast Developed Countries: A Panel Granger Causality Analysis. Economic Modelling, 29 (2012), 868-878.
  • Tepeciklioğlu, E., Tok, E. and Basher, S. (2017). Turkish and BRICS Engagement In Africa: Between Humanitarian and Economic Interests. MPRA Paper, 15 March 2017, https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/77549/.
  • Thurow, R. (2010). The Fertile Continent Africa, Agriculture s Final Frontier. Foreign Affairs The World Ahead, November/December 2010, 89 (6), 102-110.
  • Trading Economics. (2018). Countries Statistics. https://tradingeconomics.com/countries.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute. (2018). Trade Statistics, http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1037.
  • Ujiie, J. and Yeung, P. (1972). Japan Econmic Growth - Balance of Trade. The American Economist, 16 (2), 106-122.
  • Ukpolo, V. (1994). Export Composition and Growth of Selected Low-Income African Countries: Evidence From Time-Series Data. Applied Economics, 26 (5), 445-449.
  • Ulaşan, B. (2015), Trade Openness And Economic Growth: Panel Evidence. Applied Economics Letters, ISSN: 1350-4851 (Print) 1466-4291, 22 (2), 163-167.
  • World Bank. (1987). World Development Report 1987. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-520562-6.
  • World Bank Data. http://databank.worldbank.org/data/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD/1ff4a498 /Popular-Indicators#.
  • Zellner, A. (1962). An Efficient Method Of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regressions And Tests For Aggregation Bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 57 (298), 348-368.

Türkiye-Afrika Ticari İlişkileri; Panel Nedensellik Analizi Bağlamında Yeni Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2020, Volume: 15 Issue: 60, 894 - 919, 31.10.2020

Alper Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.682442

Abstract

Bu çalışma Türkiye-Afrika arasındaki ticari ilişkileri seçilmiş Afrika ülkeleri bağlamında incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Geçtiğimiz dönemlerde pek çok Afrika ülkesi dışa dönük ekonomi anlayışı çerçevesinde hızlı bir büyüme sürecine girmiş ve bu süreçte Türkiye-Afrika ticari ilişkileri sürekli gelişmiştir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin söz konusu ticaretinin seçilmiş Afrika ülkeleri bağlamında ekonomik büyüme sürecinde ne kadar etkili olduğunu ortaya koymaya çalıştık. Bu doğrultuda ekonomik büyümeyi temsilen, 20 Afrika ülkesine ait reel GSYİH (Rgdp) rakamlarını ve dış ticaret değikenini temsilen de dış ticaret hacmi (FTV) ve ödemeler dengesi (BoT) verilerini kullandık. Bu çerçevede 2006 yılında Konya tarafından geliştirilen ve SUR (Görünürde İlişkisiz Regresyon) yöntemine dayanan panel nedensellik testi, seçilmiş 20 Afrika ülkesinin 1990-2016 dönemine ait verilerine uygulanmıştır. Ampirik sonuçlara göre dış ticaret değişkenlerinden ekonomik büyüme doğru nedensellik ilişkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Uluslararası Ticaret Ekonomik Büyüme Panel Veri Modelleri

Project Number

-

References

  • Adeleye, J. O., Adeteye, O. S. and Adewuyi, M.O. (2015). Impact of International Trade on Economic Growth in Nigeria (1988-2012). International Journal of Financial Research, 6 (3), 163-172.
  • Agosin, M. (1999). Trade and Growth in Chile. Cepal Review, August 1999, 68, 79–100.
  • Ahmed, J. and Kwan, C. C. (1991). Causality Between Exports And Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Africa. Economic Letters, 37 (3), 243-248.
  • Ahmand, J. and Harnhirun, S. (1996). Cointegration and Causality between Exports and Economic Growth: Evidence from the ASEAN Countries. The Canadian Journal of Economics, 29(2), 413-416.
  • Amirkhalkhali, S. and Dar A. (1995). A Varying-Coefficients Model Of Export Expansion, Factor Accumulation And Economic Growth: Evidence From Cross Country Time Series Data. Economic Modelling, 12 (4), 435-441.
  • Amoateng, K. and Amoako-Adu, B. (1996). Economic Growth, Export And External Debt Causality: The Case Of African Countries. Applied Economics, 28 (1), 21-27.
  • Arodoye, N. L. and Iyoha, M.H. (2014). Foreign Trade-Economic Growth Nexus: Evidence from Nigeria. CBN Journal of Applied Statistics, 5 (1), 121-141.
  • Awokuse, T. (2007). Causality between Exports, Imports, and Economic Growth: Evidence from Transition Economies. Economics Letters, 94, 389-395.
  • Awokuse, T. (2008). Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Is Growth Export-led or Import-led?. Applied Economics, 40 (2), 161-173.
  • Bacchi, E. (2015). A Timeline of the Turkish Africa Policy, https://ovipot.hypotheses.org/13639.
  • Bahmani, O. M. and Alse J. (1993). Export Growth and Economic Growth: An Application of Cointegration and Error-Correction Modelling. Journal of Developing Areas, 27, 535–542.
  • Bbaale, E. and Mutenyo, J. (2011). Export Composition and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa A Panel Analysis. Journal of Sustainable Development, 6 (1), 1–19.
  • Bafana, B. (2016). Africa’s Cities of the Future. Africa Renewal, Apr. 2016, Africa’s Cities of the Future, 30 (1), 4-5.
  • Balassa, B. (1978). Exports and Economic Growth. Journal of Development Economics, 5 (2), 181-191.
  • Bhorat, H., Karmen, N. and Kavisha, P. (2015). Aspiring Africa: Overcoming Development Challenges to Meet Its Long- Term Vision. Mimeograph presented at Developmental States Conference (Pretoria).
  • Bilgiç, A. and Nascimento, D. (2014). Turkey’s New Focus on Africa: Causes and Challenges. Norwegian Pace Building Resource Centre (Policy Brief), September 2014.
  • British Petrol. (2016). Statistical Review of World Energy, 65th Edition, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/ bp/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2016/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2016-full-report.pdf.
  • Brempong, K. G. (1991). Export Instability and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 39 (4), 815-828.
  • Breusch, T. S. and Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification Tests in Econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47 (1), 239-253.
  • Breitung, J. (2005). A Parametric Approach to The Estimation Of Cointegration Vectors In Panel Data. Econometric Review, 24 (2), 151–173.
  • Brueckner, M. and Lederman, D. (2015). Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Panel Data Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. Economica, 82, 1302–1323.
  • Bourdon, M. H., Mouel, L. C. and Vijil, M. (2017). The Relationship Between Trade Openness And Economic Growth: Some New Insights On The Openness Measurement Issue. The World Economy, 41 (1), 59-76.
  • Buffie, E. (1992). On the Condition For Export-Led Growth. Canadian Journal of Economics, 25 (1), 211-225.
  • Canning, D. and Pedroni, P. (2008). Infrastructure, Long-Run Economic Growth and Causality Tests For Cointegrated Panels. The Manchester School, 76 (2), 504-527.
  • Clos, J. (2016). Urbanization Is A Tool For Development. Africa Renewal, April 2016, 30 (1), https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/april-2016/urbanization-tool-development.
  • Dodo, M. (2016). Understanding New Turkey-Africa Relations: Rationale and Challenges. Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, 7 (4), 612-642.
  • Dodaro, S. (1993). Comparative Advantage, Trade and Growth: Export-Led Growth Revisited. Journal of World Development, 19 (9), 1153-1165.
  • Dimitrescu, E. I. and Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger Non-Causality in Heterogeneous Panels. Economic Modelling, 29 (4), 1450–1460.
  • Ee C. Y. (2015), Export-Led Growth Hypothesis: Empirical Evidence from Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35 (2016), 232 – 240.
  • Edo, S., Osadolor, N. E. and Dading I. F. (2019). Rowing External Debt And Declining Export: The Concurrent Impediments In Economic Growth Of Subsaharan African Countries. Article In Press, International Economics.
  • Edoho, F. (2011). Globalization and Marginalization of Africa: Contextualization of China-Africa Relations. Africa Today, 58 (1), 103-124.
  • Elumelu, T. (2009). The Global Economic Crisis And Africa, The Royal Institute of International Affairs The World Today. Catham House, 65 (5), 24-25.
  • Emirmahmutoğlu, F. and Köse, N. (2011). Testing For Granger Causality In Heterogeneous Mixed Panels. Economic Modelling, 28 (3), 870–876.
  • Ezenwe, U. (1982). Trade and Growth in West Africa in the 1980’s. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 20 (2), 305-322.
  • Fioramonti, L. (2014). Africa Rising? Think Again. Perspectives: Political Analyses and Commentary, 1 February 2014, 6-9.
  • Fosu, A. K. (1990). Exports and Economic Growth: The African Case. World Development, 18 (6), 831-835.
  • Furuoka, F. (2016). A New Approach to Testing Unemployment Hysteresis. Empirical Economics, doi:10.1007/s00181-016-1164-7.
  • Gadzala, A. (2018). 3D Printing: Shaping Africa’s Future, Atlantic Council African Center. April 2018, http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/3D_Printing_Africa_WEB.pdf.
  • Giles, J. A. and Williams, C. (2000). Export-led Growth: A Survey of the Empirical Literature and Some Non-causality Results. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 9 (3), 261–337.
  • Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods. Econometrica, 37 (3), 424-438.
  • Greenaway, D. and Sapsford, D. (1994). Export, growth, and liberalisation: an evaluation. Journal of Policy Model, 16 (2), 165–186.
  • Grossman, G. M. and Helpman, E. (1991). Trade, Innovation, and Growth in the Global Economy. American Economic Review, 80 (2), 86-99.
  • Gujarati, D. (2004). Basic Econometrics. Fourth Edition, The McGraw−Hill Companies.
  • Guena, N. and Christian, L. (2012). The Role of Foreign Trade in Economic Growth and Individual Heterogeneity Problem in Panel Data: The Case of African Countries, University of Yaoundé. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/49559/.
  • Holtz-Eakin, D., Newey, W. and Rosen, H. S. (1988). Estimating Vector Autoregression with Panel Data. Econometrica, 56 (6), 1371-1395.
  • Hoyos, R. E. and Vasilis, S. (2006). Testing For Cross-Sectional Dependence In Panel-Data Models. The Stata Journal, 6 (4), 482-496.
  • ITC Trade Map, International Trade Statistics. https://www.trademap.org/tradestat/Product_SelProduct_TS.aspx?nvpm =1|||||TOTAL|||2|1|1|1|2|1|1|1|1.
  • Kaberuka, D. (2013). Sustaining Africa’s Economic Growth: The Challenges of Inclusion and Financing Infrastructure’. 21.08.2013, https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/sustaining-africas-economic-growth-the-challenges-of-inclusion-and-financing-infrastructure-afdb-president-donald-kaberuka-12215/.
  • Kar, M., Nazlioglu, Ş. and Ağır, H. (2011). Financial Development And Economic Growth Nexus In The MENA Countries: Bootstrap Panel Granger Causality Analysis. Economic Modelling, 28 (2011), 685–693.
  • Karumbidza, J. B. (2007). Win-Win Economic Cooperation: Can China Save Zimbabwe’s Economy?’ In African Perspectives on China in Africa, Edited by Firoze Manji and Stephen Marks Cape Town Nairobi and Oxford: Fahamu, 87–105.
  • Kherallah, M., Delgado, C. and Gabre, M. (2002). Reforming Agricultural Markets in Africa. Food Policy Statement, Number 38, October 2002.
  • Kim, Y. (1996). Income Effects on the Trade Balance. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 78 (3), 464-469.
  • Konya, L. (2006). Exports and Growth: Granger Causality Analysis On OECD Countries With A Panel Data Approach Economic Modelling, 23 (6), 978–992.
  • Korkut, U. and Civelekoğlu, I. (2013). Becoming A Regional Power While Pursuing Material Gains: The Case Of Turkish Interest In Africa. The international politics of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (Winter 2012-13), International Journal, 68 (1), 187-203.
  • Kunst, M. and Marin, D. (1989). On Exports and Productivity: A Causal Analysis. The Review of Economic and Statistics, 71 (4), 699-703.
  • Kuwonu, F. (2016). Abidjan Regains It Glamour, Spurred By Côte d’Ivoire’s Current Economic Growth, The City Is Turning A Corner, Africa’s Cities of the Future, April 2016, 30(1), 12-13.
  • Lee, C. H., and Huang, B. H. (2002). The Relationship Between Exports and Economic Growth in East Asian Countries: A Multivariate Threshold Autoregressive Approach. Journal of Economic Development, 27, 45–68.
  • Leke, A., Lund, S. and Roxburgh, C. (2010). What’s driving Africa’s growth?. McKinsey&Company, June 2010, https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/middle-east-and-africa/whats-driving-africas-growth.
  • Leke, A. and Barton, D. (2016). 3 Reasons Things Are Looking Up For African Economies, World Economic Forum, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/05/what-s-the-future-of-economic-growth-in-africa/.
  • Lopez, J. and Cruz, A. (2000). Thirlwall’s Law and Beyond: The Latin American Experience. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 22 (3), 477– 495.
  • Luintel, K. B. and Khan, M. (2009). Heterogeneous Ideas Production and Endogenous Growth: An Empirical Investigation. Canadian Journal of Economics, 42 (3), 1176–1205.
  • Menyah, K., Nazlioglu, S. and Rufael, Y. W. (2014). Financial Development, Trade Openness And Economic Growth In African Countries: New Insights From Panel Causality Approach. Economic Modelling, 37(C), 386–394.
  • MFA-Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2016). Turkey-African Relations, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey-africa-relations.en.mfa.
  • Michaely, M. (1977). Exports and Growth: An Emprical Investigation. Journal of Development Economics, 4, 49–54.
  • Moreno, J. (1999). Mexico’s Economic Growth and the Balance of Payments Constraint: A Cointegration Analysis. International Review of Applied Economics, 13 (2), 150–159.
  • Moschos, D. (1989). Export Expansion, Growth And The Level Of Economic Development: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Development Economics, 30 (1), 93- 102.
  • Mosikari, J. T., Senosi, M. C. and Eita, J. H. (2016), Manufactured Exports And Economic Growth In Southern African Development Community (SADC) Region: A Panel Cointegration Approach. Economica, 12 (5), 266-278.
  • Moon, B. E. (1997). Exports, Outward-oriented Development, and Economic Growth, OOD.205, 30 September 1997. https://www.lehigh.edu/~bm05/research/OOD.205.htm.
  • Narayan, P. K., S. Narayan, B. S. Prasad, and A. Prasad. 2007. Export-Led Growth Hypothesis: Evidence from Papua New Guinea and Fiji. Journal of Economic Studies, 34: 341–351.
  • Narayan, P. K. and Smyth, R. (2009). Multivariate Granger Causality Between Electricity Consumption, Exports and Gdp: Evidence From a Panel of Middle Eastern Countries. Energy Policy, 37 (1), 229–236.
  • Ndoricimpa, A. (2014). Heterogeneous Panel Causality Between Exports And Growth In COMESA Countries. Journal of Developing Areas, 48(4), 349-361.
  • Obonyo, R. (2016). Africa Looks To Its Entrepreneurs A Useful Strategy In The Toolbox To Reduce Youth Unemployment. African Renewal, 30(1), 16-17.
  • Olayungbo, D. O. (2015), Effects Of Oil Export Revenue On Economic Growth In Nigeria: A Time Varying Analysis Of Resource Curse. Resource Policy, 64, 101469.
  • Onafowora, O. A., Owoye, O. and Nyatepe-Coo, A. A. (1996). Trade Policy, Export Performance And Economic Growth: Evidence From Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 5 (3), 341-60.
  • Oskooee, M. B. and Economidou, C. (2009). Export Led Growth vs. Growth Led Exports: LDCs Experience. The Journal of Developing Areas, 42 (2), 179-212.
  • Özkan, M. and Akgün, B. (2010). Turkey's Opening To Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 48 (4), 525-546.
  • Özkan, M. (2016). Turkey’s Political-Economic Engagement With Africa, Emerging Powers in Africa A New Wave in the Relationship?. Chapter 11, Editors; Justin van der, Merwe Ian Taylor, Alexandra Arkhangelskaya, International Political Economy Series Published by Springer Nature, ISBN 978-3-319-40735-7.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R. J. (1999). Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94 (446), 621–634.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. June 2004, CWPE 0435, https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.5113.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test In The Presence Of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal Of Applied Econometrics, 22 (2), 265–312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. and Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Independence. Econometrics Journal, 11 (1), 105-127.
  • Pesaran, M. and Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142 (1), 50-93.
  • Ram, R. (1985). Exports And Economic Growth: Some Additional Evidence, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 33 (2), 415-425.
  • Reppas, P. A. and Christopoulos D. K. (2015). The Export-Output Growth Nexus: Evidence From African And Asian Countries, Journal of Policy Modelling, 27 (2005) 929–940.
  • Riezman, R. G., Summers, P. M. and Whiteman, C. H. (1996). The Engine of Growth or its Handmaiden? A Time Series Assessment of Export-led Growth. Empirical Economics, 21 (1), 77-113.
  • Sakyi, D., Villeverde, J., Maza, A. and Bonuedi, I. (2017). The Effects of Trade and Trade Facilitation on Economic Growth in Africa. African Development Review, 29 (2), 350-361.
  • Sedjo, R. A. (1971). Price Trends, Economic Growth, and the Canadian Balance of Trade: A Three-Country Model. Journal of Political Economy, 79 (3), 596-613.
  • Singer H. W. and Gray, P. (1988). Trade Policy And Growth Of Developing Countries: Some New Data. World Development, 16, 395–403.
  • Singh, A., Gowa, E. K. and Lund, H. G. (2017). Atlas of Africa Energy Resources. United Nations Environment Programme, ISBN: 978-92-807-3639-7.
  • Subrmanian, A. and Tamirisa, N. (2003). Is Africa Integrated In The Global Economy?. IMF Staf Papers, 50 (3), 352-372.
  • Sundaram, J. K., Schwank, O. and Arnim, R. (2011). Globalization and Development in Dub-Saharan Africa, Economic and Social Affairs. DESA Working Paper, No: 102 ST/ESA/2011/DWP/102.
  • Sunde, T. (2017), Foreign Direct Investment, Exports And Economic Growth: Adrland Causality Analysis For South Africa. Research in International Business and Finance, 41, 434-444.
  • Tekin, R. B. (2012), Economic Growth, Exports And Foreign Direct Investment Inleast Developed Countries: A Panel Granger Causality Analysis. Economic Modelling, 29 (2012), 868-878.
  • Tepeciklioğlu, E., Tok, E. and Basher, S. (2017). Turkish and BRICS Engagement In Africa: Between Humanitarian and Economic Interests. MPRA Paper, 15 March 2017, https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/77549/.
  • Thurow, R. (2010). The Fertile Continent Africa, Agriculture s Final Frontier. Foreign Affairs The World Ahead, November/December 2010, 89 (6), 102-110.
  • Trading Economics. (2018). Countries Statistics. https://tradingeconomics.com/countries.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute. (2018). Trade Statistics, http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1037.
  • Ujiie, J. and Yeung, P. (1972). Japan Econmic Growth - Balance of Trade. The American Economist, 16 (2), 106-122.
  • Ukpolo, V. (1994). Export Composition and Growth of Selected Low-Income African Countries: Evidence From Time-Series Data. Applied Economics, 26 (5), 445-449.
  • Ulaşan, B. (2015), Trade Openness And Economic Growth: Panel Evidence. Applied Economics Letters, ISSN: 1350-4851 (Print) 1466-4291, 22 (2), 163-167.
  • World Bank. (1987). World Development Report 1987. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-520562-6.
  • World Bank Data. http://databank.worldbank.org/data/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD/1ff4a498 /Popular-Indicators#.
  • Zellner, A. (1962). An Efficient Method Of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regressions And Tests For Aggregation Bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 57 (298), 348-368.
There are 103 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Alper Yılmaz 0000-0002-1253-7097

Project Number -
Publication Date October 31, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 15 Issue: 60

Cite

APA Yılmaz, A. (2020). Turkey-African Trade Relationship; New Insights From Panel Causality Analysis. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 15(60), 894-919. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.682442
AMA Yılmaz A. Turkey-African Trade Relationship; New Insights From Panel Causality Analysis. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. October 2020;15(60):894-919. doi:10.19168/jyasar.682442
Chicago Yılmaz, Alper. “Turkey-African Trade Relationship; New Insights From Panel Causality Analysis”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 15, no. 60 (October 2020): 894-919. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.682442.
EndNote Yılmaz A (October 1, 2020) Turkey-African Trade Relationship; New Insights From Panel Causality Analysis. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 15 60 894–919.
IEEE A. Yılmaz, “Turkey-African Trade Relationship; New Insights From Panel Causality Analysis”, Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, vol. 15, no. 60, pp. 894–919, 2020, doi: 10.19168/jyasar.682442.
ISNAD Yılmaz, Alper. “Turkey-African Trade Relationship; New Insights From Panel Causality Analysis”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 15/60 (October 2020), 894-919. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.682442.
JAMA Yılmaz A. Turkey-African Trade Relationship; New Insights From Panel Causality Analysis. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2020;15:894–919.
MLA Yılmaz, Alper. “Turkey-African Trade Relationship; New Insights From Panel Causality Analysis”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, vol. 15, no. 60, 2020, pp. 894-19, doi:10.19168/jyasar.682442.
Vancouver Yılmaz A. Turkey-African Trade Relationship; New Insights From Panel Causality Analysis. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2020;15(60):894-919.
 Download Cover Image