Ülkelerin Termal Turizm Harcamaları Bakımından Termal Turizm Verimliliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi
Year 2021,
Volume: 16 Issue: 62, 548 - 559, 30.04.2021
İlknur Arslan Çilhoroz
,
Derya Sivuk
Abstract
Termal turizminin gelişmesi ve sürdürülebilir bir rekabet ortamı yakalayabilmesi için termal turizm harcamalarının önemli bir yeri vardır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, termal turizm kapsamında ilk 20 ülkenin verimlilik düzeylerini inceleyerek, verimlilik ile ilgili sorun yaşayan ülkelere çözüm önerilerinde bulunmaktır. Bu bağlamda ilk 20 ülke örnekleme alınarak amaçlı örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Termal turizm harcamalarının verimliliği yedi girdi ve bir çıktı değişkeni yardımıyla Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) ile değerlendirilmiştir. VZA’nın Girdi Yönelimli CCR (Charnes, Cooper ve Rhodes-Ölçeğe Göre Sabit Getiri) ve BCC (Banker, Charnes ve CooperÖlçeğe Göre Değişken Getiri) modelleri kullanılmıştır. BCC Modeline göre kurgulanan modellemelerde ülkelerin yarısının CCR Modeline göre kurgulanan modellemelerde ise ülkelerin %10’nun etkin olarak faaliyet gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Termal turizmde verimli olan ülkelerin ilk 20 sıralamasında mevcudiyetlerini korumak ve sürdürülebilir rekabet üstünlüğü sağlayabilmek için termal tesislerini ve ülke olanaklarını geliştirmeye devam etmeleri gerekmektedir.
References
- Adler, N., Friedman, L., & Sinuany-Stern, Z. 2002. “Review of ranking methods in the data envelopment analysis context”. European journal of operational research, 140(2), 249-265.
- Behdioğlu, S., & Özcan, G. 2009. “Veri Zarflama Analizi Ve Bankacılık Sektöründe Bir Uygulama”. Suleyman Demirel University Journal Of Faculty Of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 14(3).
- Belkayalı, N. 2009. “Jeotermal Enerji Kaynaklarının Sağlık, Turizm Ve Rekreasyon Amacıyla Kullanımı Ve Ekonomik Değerinin Tespiti”: Yalova termal kaplıcaları örneği. Düzenleyen Odalar.
- Boles, J.S. & N. Donthu & R. Lohtia. 1995. “Salesperson Evaluation Using Relative Performance Efficiency: The Application of Data Envelopment Analysis”. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 15(3), 31-49.
- Boljunčić, V. 2006. “Sensitivity analysis of an efficient DMU in DEA model with variable returns to scale (VRS)”. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 25(1-2), 173-192.
- Boussofiane, A., Dyson, R. G., & Thanassoulis, E. 1991. “Applied data envelopment analysis”. European journal of operational research, 52(1), 1-15.
- Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Rhodes, E. 1978. “Measuring the efficiency of decision-making units”. European journal of operational research, 2(6), 429-444.
- Chen, K. H., Liu, H. H., & Chang, F. H. 2013. “Essential customer service factors and the segmentation of older visitors within wellness tourism based on hot springs hotels”. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 35, 122-132.
- Chen, K., Singla, A., Singh, A., Ramachandran, K., Xu, L., Zhang, Y., ... & Chen, Y. 2013. “OSA: An optical switching architecture for data center networks with unprecedented flexibility”. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 22(2), 498-511.
- Cohen, M., & Bodeker, G. 2008. “Understanding the global spa industry”. Spa management.–2008.
- Cook, W. D., & Seiford, L. M. 2009. “Data envelopment analysis (DEA)–Thirty years on”. European journal of operational research, 192(1), 1-17.
- Çıtak, L. 2008. “Türkiye’deki Menkul Kıymet Yatırım Ortaklıklarının Etkinliklerinin Veri Zarflama Analizi İle Değerlendirilmesi”. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (31), 69-94.
- Ekiz, M. K., & Tuncer Şakar, C. 2020. “A new DEA approach to fully rank DMUs with an application to MBA programs”. International Transactions in Operational Research, 27(4), 1886-1910.
- Emir, O. & Saraçli, S. 2011. “Determinants of customer satisfaction with thermal hotels”. Anatolia–An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 22(01), 56-68.
- Gençay, İ. C. 2014. “Termal Turizm İşletmelerinde Kurumsal Performans Karnesi Oluşturulmasına Yönelik Model Önerisi”. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 11(1).
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- Global Wellness Institute 2014. “Global, SPA & Wellness Economy Monitor”. Global Wellness Institute Publication, USA.
- Global Wellness Institute 2017. “Global Wellness Economy Monitor”. Global Wellness Institute Publication, USA.
- Global Wellness Institute 2018. “Global Wellness Economy Monitor”. Global Wellness Institute Publication, USA.
- Gray, H. H., & Poland, S. C. 2008. “Medical tourism: crossing borders to access health care”. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 18(2), 193-201.
- Harahsheh, S. 2002. “Curative tourism in Jordan and its potential development”. Bournemouth University, United Kingdom, 3(1), 45-78.
- İbiş, S. 2009. “Performance Measurement by Using Data Envelopment Analysis in Banking Industry: An Application” Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İngilizce İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İzmir.
- Konca, M., Gözlü, M., & Çakmak, C. 2019. “G-20 Ülkelerinin Sağlık Harcamaları Yönünden Etkinliğinin Değerlendirilmesi”. Verimlilik Dergisi, (2), 119-141.
- Kozak, N. 1992. “Termal turizm işletmeciliği ve önemi”. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(3), 33-38.
- LaPlante, A.E. & J.C. Paradi 2015. “Evaluation of Bank Branch Growth Potential Using Data Envelopment Analysis”, Omega, 52, 33-41.
- Lim, Y. J., Kim, H. K., & Lee, T. J. 2016. “Visitor motivational factors and level of satisfaction in wellness tourism: Comparison between first-time visitors and repeat visitors”. Asia pacific journal of tourism research, 21(2), 137-156.
- Massidda, C., & Etzo, I. 2012. “The determinants of Italian domestic tourism: A panel data analysis”. Tourism Management, 33(3), 603-610.
McElroy, J. L. 2006. “Small island tourist economies across the life cycle”. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 47(1), 61-77.
- Medina‐Muñoz, D. R., & Medina‐Muñoz, R. D. 2014. “The attractiveness of wellness destinations”: An importance–performance–satisfaction approach. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(6), 521-533.
- Mihaliova, N. 2016. “Efficiency of utilization of thermal and mineral waters”. 52-53 in the Annual Report
- Moody, C. 2009. “Basic econometrics with STATA. Economics Department”. College of William and Mary.
- Mueller, H., and Kaufmann, E. L. 2001. “Wellness tourism: Market analysis of a special health tourism segment and implications for the hotel industry”. Journal of vacation marketing, 7(1), 5-17.
- Öztürk, M ve Bayat, M. 2011. “Uluslararası Turizm Hareketlerinde Sağlık Turizminin Rolü ve Kalite Çalışmalarının Önemi Bir Literatür Çalışması”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Arşiv: Cilt 1, Sayı 2, Cilt 1, Sayı 2, Sayfalar s.135 - 156 http://iibfdergisi.ksu.edu.tr/issue/10263/125877 18.04.2018
- Rödder, W., & Reucher, E. 2012. “Advanced X-efficiencies for CCR-and BCC-models–towards Peer-based DEA controlling”. European Journal of Operational Research, 219(2), 467-476.
- Sarakiotis, Α. 2012. “Balneotherapy - medical observations and applications”. Retrieved June 20, 2018 from http://www.iama.gr/ethno/Therm/sarakiwt.html
- Sayili, M., Akca, H., Duman, T., & Esengun, K. 2007. “Psoriasis treatment via doctor fishes as part of health tourism: A case study of Kangal Fish Spring, Turkey”. Tourism Management, 28(2), 625-629.
- Sfakianakis, Μ. (2000). Alternative Forms of Tourism. Athens: Hellenic.
- Sherman, H. D., & Zhu, J. 2006. “Service Productivity Management: Improving Service Performance Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)”. New York: Springer Science and Business Media.
- Silvestri, C., Aquilani, B., & Ruggieri, A. 2017. “Service quality and customer satisfaction in thermal tourism”. The TQM Journal.
- Tengilimoğlu, D. ve Karakoç, G. 2013. “Termal Turizm ve SPA Turizm”. (Ed.) Tengilimioğlu, D. Sağlık Turizmi. Siyasal Kitabevi, Ankara.
- Wang, J., Yan, R., Hollister, K., & Zhu, D. 2008. “A historic review of management science research in China”. Omega, 36(6), 919-932.
- Zengin, B. ve Eker, N. 2016. “Sakarya İli Termal Turizm Potansiyelinin Değerlendirilmesi”. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (13). 165-181
Evaluation of Thermal Tourism Effıciency in Terms of Thermal Tourism Expenditures of Countries
Year 2021,
Volume: 16 Issue: 62, 548 - 559, 30.04.2021
İlknur Arslan Çilhoroz
,
Derya Sivuk
Abstract
Thermal tourism expenditures have an important role in the development of thermal tourism and achieving a sustainable competitive environment. The main purpose of this study is to examine the thermal tourism efficiency levels of the top 20 countries that provide thermal tourism services and to offer solutions for increasing efficiency for countries that have problems with efficiency. In the study, the first 20 countries serving within the scope of Thermal Tourism were sampled and a purposeful sampling method was used. The efficiency of these thermal tourism expenditures was evaluated with Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with the help of seven inputs and one output variable. VZA's input-oriented CCR (Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes-Fixed Scale Based on Scale) and BCC (Banker, Charnes and Cooper Variable Return by Scale) models were used. It was determined that half of the countries according to BCC model and 10% of the countries according to CCR model operated effectively. It should continue to improve its thermal facilities and country facilities in order to maintain its presence in the top 20 rankings of countries that are efficient in these areas and to achieve sustainable competitive advantage.
References
- Adler, N., Friedman, L., & Sinuany-Stern, Z. 2002. “Review of ranking methods in the data envelopment analysis context”. European journal of operational research, 140(2), 249-265.
- Behdioğlu, S., & Özcan, G. 2009. “Veri Zarflama Analizi Ve Bankacılık Sektöründe Bir Uygulama”. Suleyman Demirel University Journal Of Faculty Of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 14(3).
- Belkayalı, N. 2009. “Jeotermal Enerji Kaynaklarının Sağlık, Turizm Ve Rekreasyon Amacıyla Kullanımı Ve Ekonomik Değerinin Tespiti”: Yalova termal kaplıcaları örneği. Düzenleyen Odalar.
- Boles, J.S. & N. Donthu & R. Lohtia. 1995. “Salesperson Evaluation Using Relative Performance Efficiency: The Application of Data Envelopment Analysis”. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 15(3), 31-49.
- Boljunčić, V. 2006. “Sensitivity analysis of an efficient DMU in DEA model with variable returns to scale (VRS)”. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 25(1-2), 173-192.
- Boussofiane, A., Dyson, R. G., & Thanassoulis, E. 1991. “Applied data envelopment analysis”. European journal of operational research, 52(1), 1-15.
- Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Rhodes, E. 1978. “Measuring the efficiency of decision-making units”. European journal of operational research, 2(6), 429-444.
- Chen, K. H., Liu, H. H., & Chang, F. H. 2013. “Essential customer service factors and the segmentation of older visitors within wellness tourism based on hot springs hotels”. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 35, 122-132.
- Chen, K., Singla, A., Singh, A., Ramachandran, K., Xu, L., Zhang, Y., ... & Chen, Y. 2013. “OSA: An optical switching architecture for data center networks with unprecedented flexibility”. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 22(2), 498-511.
- Cohen, M., & Bodeker, G. 2008. “Understanding the global spa industry”. Spa management.–2008.
- Cook, W. D., & Seiford, L. M. 2009. “Data envelopment analysis (DEA)–Thirty years on”. European journal of operational research, 192(1), 1-17.
- Çıtak, L. 2008. “Türkiye’deki Menkul Kıymet Yatırım Ortaklıklarının Etkinliklerinin Veri Zarflama Analizi İle Değerlendirilmesi”. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (31), 69-94.
- Ekiz, M. K., & Tuncer Şakar, C. 2020. “A new DEA approach to fully rank DMUs with an application to MBA programs”. International Transactions in Operational Research, 27(4), 1886-1910.
- Emir, O. & Saraçli, S. 2011. “Determinants of customer satisfaction with thermal hotels”. Anatolia–An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 22(01), 56-68.
- Gençay, İ. C. 2014. “Termal Turizm İşletmelerinde Kurumsal Performans Karnesi Oluşturulmasına Yönelik Model Önerisi”. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 11(1).
- Ghasemi, N., Najafi, E., Lotfi, F. H., & Sobhani, F. M. 2020. “Assessing the performance of organizations with the hierarchical structure using data envelopment analysis”: An efficiency analysis of Farhangian University. Measurement, 156, 107609.
- Global Wellness Institute 2014. “Global, SPA & Wellness Economy Monitor”. Global Wellness Institute Publication, USA.
- Global Wellness Institute 2017. “Global Wellness Economy Monitor”. Global Wellness Institute Publication, USA.
- Global Wellness Institute 2018. “Global Wellness Economy Monitor”. Global Wellness Institute Publication, USA.
- Gray, H. H., & Poland, S. C. 2008. “Medical tourism: crossing borders to access health care”. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 18(2), 193-201.
- Harahsheh, S. 2002. “Curative tourism in Jordan and its potential development”. Bournemouth University, United Kingdom, 3(1), 45-78.
- İbiş, S. 2009. “Performance Measurement by Using Data Envelopment Analysis in Banking Industry: An Application” Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İngilizce İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İzmir.
- Konca, M., Gözlü, M., & Çakmak, C. 2019. “G-20 Ülkelerinin Sağlık Harcamaları Yönünden Etkinliğinin Değerlendirilmesi”. Verimlilik Dergisi, (2), 119-141.
- Kozak, N. 1992. “Termal turizm işletmeciliği ve önemi”. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(3), 33-38.
- LaPlante, A.E. & J.C. Paradi 2015. “Evaluation of Bank Branch Growth Potential Using Data Envelopment Analysis”, Omega, 52, 33-41.
- Lim, Y. J., Kim, H. K., & Lee, T. J. 2016. “Visitor motivational factors and level of satisfaction in wellness tourism: Comparison between first-time visitors and repeat visitors”. Asia pacific journal of tourism research, 21(2), 137-156.
- Massidda, C., & Etzo, I. 2012. “The determinants of Italian domestic tourism: A panel data analysis”. Tourism Management, 33(3), 603-610.
McElroy, J. L. 2006. “Small island tourist economies across the life cycle”. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 47(1), 61-77.
- Medina‐Muñoz, D. R., & Medina‐Muñoz, R. D. 2014. “The attractiveness of wellness destinations”: An importance–performance–satisfaction approach. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(6), 521-533.
- Mihaliova, N. 2016. “Efficiency of utilization of thermal and mineral waters”. 52-53 in the Annual Report
- Moody, C. 2009. “Basic econometrics with STATA. Economics Department”. College of William and Mary.
- Mueller, H., and Kaufmann, E. L. 2001. “Wellness tourism: Market analysis of a special health tourism segment and implications for the hotel industry”. Journal of vacation marketing, 7(1), 5-17.
- Öztürk, M ve Bayat, M. 2011. “Uluslararası Turizm Hareketlerinde Sağlık Turizminin Rolü ve Kalite Çalışmalarının Önemi Bir Literatür Çalışması”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Arşiv: Cilt 1, Sayı 2, Cilt 1, Sayı 2, Sayfalar s.135 - 156 http://iibfdergisi.ksu.edu.tr/issue/10263/125877 18.04.2018
- Rödder, W., & Reucher, E. 2012. “Advanced X-efficiencies for CCR-and BCC-models–towards Peer-based DEA controlling”. European Journal of Operational Research, 219(2), 467-476.
- Sarakiotis, Α. 2012. “Balneotherapy - medical observations and applications”. Retrieved June 20, 2018 from http://www.iama.gr/ethno/Therm/sarakiwt.html
- Sayili, M., Akca, H., Duman, T., & Esengun, K. 2007. “Psoriasis treatment via doctor fishes as part of health tourism: A case study of Kangal Fish Spring, Turkey”. Tourism Management, 28(2), 625-629.
- Sfakianakis, Μ. (2000). Alternative Forms of Tourism. Athens: Hellenic.
- Sherman, H. D., & Zhu, J. 2006. “Service Productivity Management: Improving Service Performance Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)”. New York: Springer Science and Business Media.
- Silvestri, C., Aquilani, B., & Ruggieri, A. 2017. “Service quality and customer satisfaction in thermal tourism”. The TQM Journal.
- Tengilimoğlu, D. ve Karakoç, G. 2013. “Termal Turizm ve SPA Turizm”. (Ed.) Tengilimioğlu, D. Sağlık Turizmi. Siyasal Kitabevi, Ankara.
- Wang, J., Yan, R., Hollister, K., & Zhu, D. 2008. “A historic review of management science research in China”. Omega, 36(6), 919-932.
- Zengin, B. ve Eker, N. 2016. “Sakarya İli Termal Turizm Potansiyelinin Değerlendirilmesi”. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (13). 165-181