Sosyal Medyadaki Mahremiyet Algısının Sosyal Medya Kullanımına Yönelik Tutuma Etkisi
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 17 Sayı: 65, 79 - 94, 31.01.2022
Abdülkadir Öztürk
,
Coşkun Erkan
,
Umut Erkuş
Öz
İnsanlar arasında sosyal ilişkiler kurma ve devam ettirme gibi amaçlara yönelik olarak tasarlanan sosyal medya uygulamaları, günlük yaşantımızın vazgeçilmez bir unsuru haline gelmiştir. Sosyal medya kullanıcıları zamanlarının kayda değer bir kısmını bu uygulamaları kullanarak geçirmektedirler. Sosyal medyada paylaşılan kişisel bilgilerin çokluğu ve bu bilgilerin sosyal medya şirketlerince kullanım biçimleri, insanlarda mahremiyetlerine ilişkin kaygılar ortaya çıkmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, insanların mahremiyetlerine ilişkin kaygılarının ve algılarının sosyal medya uygulamaları kullanımına yönelik tutumları üzerindeki etkilerini ölçmektir. Araştırma için gerekli veriler, hazırlanan çevrimiçi anket formu aracılığıyla ve 409 kişinin katılımıyla toplanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerle, araştırma modelinin doğrulanması ve hipotezlerin test edilmesi amacıyla açıklayıcı faktör analizleri ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri yapılmış, araştırma modelinin test edilmesi amacıyla da yapısal eşitlik modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre, mahremiyet kaygısının güven, sosyal medyayı kullanmaya yönelik tutum ve davranışsal niyet üzerinde etkisinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sosyal medyayı kullanmaya yönelik tutumun davranışsal niyet üzerinde etkili olduğu da tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca bulgularımız literatürdeki çalışmaların aksine güvenin davranışsal niyet üzerinde etkisinin olmadığını göstermektedir.
Kaynakça
- Ajzen, I. & Fishbein, M., 1980. “Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior”. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
- Ajzen, I. 1989. “Attitude Structure and Behavior”. In Attitude Structure and Function, edited by A. Pratkanis, S. Breckler, and A. Greenwald. Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum, pp. 241-74.
- Bobbitt, L. M., & Dabholkar, P. A. 2001. “Integrating attitudinal theories to understand and predict use of technology-based self-service”. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 12, 423–450.
- Buchanan T., Paina C., Joinson A.N. & Reips U.D. 2006. “Development of Measures of Online Privacy Concern and Protection for Use on the Internet”. Journal Of The Amerıcan Socıety For Informatıon Scıence And Technology, 58(2):157–165, 2007.
- Casaló, L. V., C. Flavián, & G. Guinalíu. 2010. “Determinants of the Intention to Participate in Firm-Hosted Online Travel Communities and Effects on Consumer Behavioral Intentions”. Tourism Management, 31 (6): 898-911.
- Cebeci U., Ertuğ A. & Türkcan H. 2019. “Exploring the determinants of intention to use self-checkout systems in super market chain and its application”. Management Science Letters 10 (2020) 1027–1036
- Choi J.K. & Ji Y.G. 2015. “Investigating the Importance of Trust on Adopting an Autonomous Vehicle”. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 31:10, 692-702, DOI:10.1080/10447318.2015.1070549
- Coşkun, R. Altunışık, R. Bayraktaroğlu S. & Yıldırım E. 2015. “Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri: spss uygulamalı”. 8. Baskı. Sakarya: Sakarya Kitabevi.
- Davis, F. D., R. P. Bagozzi, & P. R. Warshaw. 1989. “User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models”. Management Science, 35 (8): 982-1003.
- Doll, W., W. Xia & Torkzadeh, G. 1994. “A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the End-User Computing Satisfaction Instrument”. MIS Quarterly, 18(4), 453-461.
- Etzıonı, A. 1999. “The Limits of Privacy”, New York: Basic Books.
- Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. 1981. “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error”. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
- Fukuyama F. 1995. “Trust: the social virtues and the creation of prosperity”. The Free Press, New York
- Hong, W. & Thong, J.Y.L. 2013. “Internet privacy concerns: an integrated conceptualization and four empirical studies”. MIS Q. 37 (1), 275–298.
- Gefen, D. 2000. “E-commerce: the role of familiarity and trust”. Omega-Int J Manage Sci 28: 725–737
- Gold, C., Körber, M., Hohenberger, C., Lechner, D. & Bengler, K., 2015. “Trust in automation – before and after the experience of take-over scenarios in a highly automated vehicle”. Procedia Manufact. 3, 3025–3032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.847.
- Groß, M. 2018. “Heterogeneity in consumers’ mobile shopping acceptance: A finite mixture partial least squares modelling approach for exploring and characterising different shopper segments”. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 40, 8-18.
- Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. & Sarstedt, M. 2016. “A Primer On Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM)”. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Incorporated
- Introna, L. & Pouloudi, A. 1999. “Privacy in the information age: stakeholders, interests and values”. J. Bus. Ethics 22 (1), 27–38.
- Jairak R, Sahakhunchai N, Jairak K. & Praneetpolgrang, P. 2010. “Factors affecting intention to use in social networking sites: an empirical study on Thai society”. In: Papasratorn B et al (eds) Advances in information technology. Springer, New York, pp 43–52.
- Jong Kyu Choi & Yong Gu Ji. 2015. “Investigating the Importance of Trust on Adopting an Autonomous Vehicle”. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 31:10.
- Kelvın, P. 1973. “A social-psychological examination of privacy”. British Journal of Social Clinical Psychology, 12, 248 – 261.
- Krasnova H, Spiekermann S, Koroleva K. & Hildebrand, T. 2010. “Online social networks: why we disclose”. J Inform Technol 25:126–136
- Koohikamali, M., French, A.M. & Kim, D.J. 2019. “An investigation of a dynamic model of privacy trade-off in use of mobile social network applications: a longitudinal perspective”. Decision Support Systems, Vol. 119, pp. 46-59.
- Kotler, P. & Armstrong G. 2018. “Pazarlama ilkeleri”. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayın Dağıtım A.Ş.
- Lee, J.D. & See, K.A. 2004. “Trust in automation: designing for appropriate reliance”. Hum. Factors 46 (1), 50.
- Leung, L. S. K., & Matanda, M. J. 2013. “The impact of basic human needs on the use of retailing self-service technologies: A study of self-determination theory”. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 20(6), 549-559.
- Liébana-Cabanillas, F.L., Marinkovic, V., Luna, I.R. & Kalinic, Z., 2018. “Predicting the determinants of mobile payment acceptance: a hybrid SEM-neural network approach”. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 129, 117–130.
- Lin S.W. & Liu Y. C. 2012. “The effects of motivations, trust, and privacy concern in social networking”. Serv Bus (2012) 6:411–424
- Lobb, A. 2004. “A methodological review of the impacts of risk and trust on consumer behaviour towards food safety”. In Proceedings of the 84th EAAE Seminar ‘Food Safety in a Dynamic World’, Zeist, The Netherlands, 8–11 February 2004.
- Malhotra, N.K., Kim, S.S. & Agarwal, J. 2004. “Internet users’ information privacy concerns (IUIPC): the construct, the scale, and a causal model”. Inf. Syst. Res. 15 (4), 336–355.
- Marangunić, N. & Granić, A. 2015. “Technology acceptance model: a literature review from 1986 to 2013”. Univ. Access Inf. Soc. 14 (1), 81–95.
- Martin, K. 2016. “Understanding privacy online: development of a social contract approach to privacy”. J. Bus. Ethics 137 (3), 551–569.
- Maqableh, M., Masa’deh, R.M.T., Shannak, R.O. & Nahar, K.M. 2015. “Perceived Trust and Payment Methods: An Empirical Study of MarkaVIP Company”. Int. J. Communications, Network and System Sciences, 8, 409- 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijcns.2015.811038
- Modahl, M. 1999. “Now or never: How companies must change today to win the battle for internet consumers”. Harper Business, New York, NY.
- Pavlou, P.A. 2003. “Consumer Acceptance of Electronic Commerce: Integrating trust and risk with the technology acceptance model”. International Journal of Electronic Commerce 7(3): 101–134.
- Petty, R.E. & Cacioppo, J.T. 1981. “Attitudes and Persuasion: Classic and Contemporary Approaches”. Wm. C. Brown, Dubuque, IA.
- Phelps, J.E., Nowak, G.J. & Ferrell, E. 2000. “Privacy concerns and consumer willingness to provide personal information”. J. Publ. Pol. Market. 19 (1), 27–41.
- Rader E. 2014. “Awareness of Behavioral Tracking and Information Privacy Concern in Facebook and Google”. Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS) 2014, July 9–11, 2014, Menlo Park, CA.
- Ridings, C., Gefen, D. & Arinze, B. 2002. “Some Antecedents and Effects of Trust in Virtual Communities”. Journal of Strategic Information Systems 11(3-4): 271–295.
- Roca J.C., Garcia J.J. & De la Vega J.J. 2008. “The importance of perceived trust, security and privacy in online trading systems”. Information Management & Computer Security. Vol. 17 No. 2, 2009 pp. 96-113.
- Roloff, M. E. 1981. “Interpersonal communication: The social exchange approach”. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
- Rust, R.T., Kannan, P.K. & Peng, N. 2002. “The customer economics of internet privacy”. J. Acad. Market. Sci. 30 (4), 455–464.
- Shin, D.H. 2010. “The effects of trust, security and privacy in social networking: a security-based approach to understand the pattern of adoption”. Interact Comput 22(5):428–438
- Sheehan, K.B. & Hoy, M.G. 2000. “Dimensions of privacy concern among online consumers”. J. Publ. Pol. Market. 19 (1), 62–73.
- Smith, J.H., Milberg, S.J., & Burke, S.J. 1996. “Information privacy: Measuring individuals concerns about organizational practices”. MIS Quarterly, 20, 167–196.
- Smith, J.H., Dinev, T. & Xu, H. 2011. “Information privacy research: an interdisciplinary review”. MIS Q. 35 (4), 989–1015.
- Tan X., Qin L., Kim Y. & Hsu J. 2012. “Impact of privacy concern in social networking web sites”. Internet Research Vol. 22 No. 2, 2012 pp. 211-233
- Tao, D., Yuan, J., Shao, F., Li, D., Zhou, Q. & Qu, X., 2018. “Factors affecting consumer acceptance of an online health information portal among young Internet users”. Comput. Inform. Nurs. https://doi.org/10.1097/CIN.0000000000000467.
- Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. 2000. “A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies”. Management Science, 46(2), 186-204.
- Venkatesh, V. & Davis, F.D. 2003. “User acceptance of information technology: toward a unified view”. Mis Quart. Manage. Inform. Syst. 27 (3), 425–478.
- Wang, E.S.-T. 2019. “Effects of brand awareness and social norms on user-perceived cyber privacy risk”. Int. J. Electron. Commer. 23 (2), 272–293.
- Wang, J., & B. W. Ritchie. 2012. “Understanding Accommodation Managers’ Crisis Planning Intention: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour”. Tourism Management, 33 (5): 1057-67.
- Warren, S., & Brandeis, L.D. 1890. “The right to privacy”. Harvard Law Review, 4, 193–220
- Xie W. & Karan K. 2019. “Consumers’ Privacy Concern and Privacy Protection on Social Network Sites in the Era of Big Data: Empirical Evidence from College Students”. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 19:3, 187-201.
- Yeh, C.H., Wang, Y.S., Lin, S.J., Tseng, T.H., Lin, H.H., Shih, Y.W. & Lai, Y.H. 2018. “What drives internet users’ willingness to provide personal information?”. Online Information Review Vol. 42 No. 6, pp. 923-939.
- Zhang, H. & S. Lei. 2012. “A Structural Model of Residents’ Intention to Participate in Ecotourism: The Case of a Wetland Community”. Tourism Management, 33 (4): 916-25.
- Zhang T., Tao D., Qu X.,⁎, Zhang X., Lin R. & Zhang W. 2019. “The roles of initial trust and perceived risk in public’s acceptance of automated vehicles”. Transportation Research Part C 98 (2019) 207–220.
- Zhou T. 2020. “The effect of information privacy concern on users’ social shopping intention”. Online Information Review Vol. 44 No. 5, 2020 pp. 1119-1133.
- https://www.statista.com/topics/1164/social-networks/#dossierSummary__chapter5
- https://www.statista.com/topics/2018/whatsapp/
- https://www.wearesocial.com/digital-2021
The Effect of Privacy Perception on Social Media on Attitude Towards Social Media Usage
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 17 Sayı: 65, 79 - 94, 31.01.2022
Abdülkadir Öztürk
,
Coşkun Erkan
,
Umut Erkuş
Öz
Social media applications designed for the purposes such as establishing and maintaining social relationships between people have become an indispensable element of our daily life. Social media users spend a considerable part of their time using these applications. The abundance of personal information shared on social media and the way this information is used by social media companies cause people to have concerns about their privacy. The aim of this study is to measure the effects of people's concerns and perceptions of their privacy on their attitudes towards the use of social media applications. The data required for the research were collected through the online questionnaire prepared with the participation of 409 people. Explanatory factor analyzes and confirmatory factor analyzes were performed with the data obtained to verify the research model and test the hypotheses, and the structural equation model was used to test the research model. According to the findings of the research, it was determined that privacy concern had an effect on trust, attitude towards using social media and behavioral intention. It has also been found that the attitude towards using social media has an effect on behavioral intention. In addition, our findings show that, contrary to the studies in the literature, trust has no effect on behavioral intention.
Kaynakça
- Ajzen, I. & Fishbein, M., 1980. “Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior”. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
- Ajzen, I. 1989. “Attitude Structure and Behavior”. In Attitude Structure and Function, edited by A. Pratkanis, S. Breckler, and A. Greenwald. Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum, pp. 241-74.
- Bobbitt, L. M., & Dabholkar, P. A. 2001. “Integrating attitudinal theories to understand and predict use of technology-based self-service”. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 12, 423–450.
- Buchanan T., Paina C., Joinson A.N. & Reips U.D. 2006. “Development of Measures of Online Privacy Concern and Protection for Use on the Internet”. Journal Of The Amerıcan Socıety For Informatıon Scıence And Technology, 58(2):157–165, 2007.
- Casaló, L. V., C. Flavián, & G. Guinalíu. 2010. “Determinants of the Intention to Participate in Firm-Hosted Online Travel Communities and Effects on Consumer Behavioral Intentions”. Tourism Management, 31 (6): 898-911.
- Cebeci U., Ertuğ A. & Türkcan H. 2019. “Exploring the determinants of intention to use self-checkout systems in super market chain and its application”. Management Science Letters 10 (2020) 1027–1036
- Choi J.K. & Ji Y.G. 2015. “Investigating the Importance of Trust on Adopting an Autonomous Vehicle”. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 31:10, 692-702, DOI:10.1080/10447318.2015.1070549
- Coşkun, R. Altunışık, R. Bayraktaroğlu S. & Yıldırım E. 2015. “Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri: spss uygulamalı”. 8. Baskı. Sakarya: Sakarya Kitabevi.
- Davis, F. D., R. P. Bagozzi, & P. R. Warshaw. 1989. “User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models”. Management Science, 35 (8): 982-1003.
- Doll, W., W. Xia & Torkzadeh, G. 1994. “A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the End-User Computing Satisfaction Instrument”. MIS Quarterly, 18(4), 453-461.
- Etzıonı, A. 1999. “The Limits of Privacy”, New York: Basic Books.
- Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. 1981. “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error”. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
- Fukuyama F. 1995. “Trust: the social virtues and the creation of prosperity”. The Free Press, New York
- Hong, W. & Thong, J.Y.L. 2013. “Internet privacy concerns: an integrated conceptualization and four empirical studies”. MIS Q. 37 (1), 275–298.
- Gefen, D. 2000. “E-commerce: the role of familiarity and trust”. Omega-Int J Manage Sci 28: 725–737
- Gold, C., Körber, M., Hohenberger, C., Lechner, D. & Bengler, K., 2015. “Trust in automation – before and after the experience of take-over scenarios in a highly automated vehicle”. Procedia Manufact. 3, 3025–3032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.847.
- Groß, M. 2018. “Heterogeneity in consumers’ mobile shopping acceptance: A finite mixture partial least squares modelling approach for exploring and characterising different shopper segments”. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 40, 8-18.
- Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. & Sarstedt, M. 2016. “A Primer On Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM)”. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Incorporated
- Introna, L. & Pouloudi, A. 1999. “Privacy in the information age: stakeholders, interests and values”. J. Bus. Ethics 22 (1), 27–38.
- Jairak R, Sahakhunchai N, Jairak K. & Praneetpolgrang, P. 2010. “Factors affecting intention to use in social networking sites: an empirical study on Thai society”. In: Papasratorn B et al (eds) Advances in information technology. Springer, New York, pp 43–52.
- Jong Kyu Choi & Yong Gu Ji. 2015. “Investigating the Importance of Trust on Adopting an Autonomous Vehicle”. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 31:10.
- Kelvın, P. 1973. “A social-psychological examination of privacy”. British Journal of Social Clinical Psychology, 12, 248 – 261.
- Krasnova H, Spiekermann S, Koroleva K. & Hildebrand, T. 2010. “Online social networks: why we disclose”. J Inform Technol 25:126–136
- Koohikamali, M., French, A.M. & Kim, D.J. 2019. “An investigation of a dynamic model of privacy trade-off in use of mobile social network applications: a longitudinal perspective”. Decision Support Systems, Vol. 119, pp. 46-59.
- Kotler, P. & Armstrong G. 2018. “Pazarlama ilkeleri”. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayın Dağıtım A.Ş.
- Lee, J.D. & See, K.A. 2004. “Trust in automation: designing for appropriate reliance”. Hum. Factors 46 (1), 50.
- Leung, L. S. K., & Matanda, M. J. 2013. “The impact of basic human needs on the use of retailing self-service technologies: A study of self-determination theory”. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 20(6), 549-559.
- Liébana-Cabanillas, F.L., Marinkovic, V., Luna, I.R. & Kalinic, Z., 2018. “Predicting the determinants of mobile payment acceptance: a hybrid SEM-neural network approach”. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 129, 117–130.
- Lin S.W. & Liu Y. C. 2012. “The effects of motivations, trust, and privacy concern in social networking”. Serv Bus (2012) 6:411–424
- Lobb, A. 2004. “A methodological review of the impacts of risk and trust on consumer behaviour towards food safety”. In Proceedings of the 84th EAAE Seminar ‘Food Safety in a Dynamic World’, Zeist, The Netherlands, 8–11 February 2004.
- Malhotra, N.K., Kim, S.S. & Agarwal, J. 2004. “Internet users’ information privacy concerns (IUIPC): the construct, the scale, and a causal model”. Inf. Syst. Res. 15 (4), 336–355.
- Marangunić, N. & Granić, A. 2015. “Technology acceptance model: a literature review from 1986 to 2013”. Univ. Access Inf. Soc. 14 (1), 81–95.
- Martin, K. 2016. “Understanding privacy online: development of a social contract approach to privacy”. J. Bus. Ethics 137 (3), 551–569.
- Maqableh, M., Masa’deh, R.M.T., Shannak, R.O. & Nahar, K.M. 2015. “Perceived Trust and Payment Methods: An Empirical Study of MarkaVIP Company”. Int. J. Communications, Network and System Sciences, 8, 409- 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijcns.2015.811038
- Modahl, M. 1999. “Now or never: How companies must change today to win the battle for internet consumers”. Harper Business, New York, NY.
- Pavlou, P.A. 2003. “Consumer Acceptance of Electronic Commerce: Integrating trust and risk with the technology acceptance model”. International Journal of Electronic Commerce 7(3): 101–134.
- Petty, R.E. & Cacioppo, J.T. 1981. “Attitudes and Persuasion: Classic and Contemporary Approaches”. Wm. C. Brown, Dubuque, IA.
- Phelps, J.E., Nowak, G.J. & Ferrell, E. 2000. “Privacy concerns and consumer willingness to provide personal information”. J. Publ. Pol. Market. 19 (1), 27–41.
- Rader E. 2014. “Awareness of Behavioral Tracking and Information Privacy Concern in Facebook and Google”. Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS) 2014, July 9–11, 2014, Menlo Park, CA.
- Ridings, C., Gefen, D. & Arinze, B. 2002. “Some Antecedents and Effects of Trust in Virtual Communities”. Journal of Strategic Information Systems 11(3-4): 271–295.
- Roca J.C., Garcia J.J. & De la Vega J.J. 2008. “The importance of perceived trust, security and privacy in online trading systems”. Information Management & Computer Security. Vol. 17 No. 2, 2009 pp. 96-113.
- Roloff, M. E. 1981. “Interpersonal communication: The social exchange approach”. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
- Rust, R.T., Kannan, P.K. & Peng, N. 2002. “The customer economics of internet privacy”. J. Acad. Market. Sci. 30 (4), 455–464.
- Shin, D.H. 2010. “The effects of trust, security and privacy in social networking: a security-based approach to understand the pattern of adoption”. Interact Comput 22(5):428–438
- Sheehan, K.B. & Hoy, M.G. 2000. “Dimensions of privacy concern among online consumers”. J. Publ. Pol. Market. 19 (1), 62–73.
- Smith, J.H., Milberg, S.J., & Burke, S.J. 1996. “Information privacy: Measuring individuals concerns about organizational practices”. MIS Quarterly, 20, 167–196.
- Smith, J.H., Dinev, T. & Xu, H. 2011. “Information privacy research: an interdisciplinary review”. MIS Q. 35 (4), 989–1015.
- Tan X., Qin L., Kim Y. & Hsu J. 2012. “Impact of privacy concern in social networking web sites”. Internet Research Vol. 22 No. 2, 2012 pp. 211-233
- Tao, D., Yuan, J., Shao, F., Li, D., Zhou, Q. & Qu, X., 2018. “Factors affecting consumer acceptance of an online health information portal among young Internet users”. Comput. Inform. Nurs. https://doi.org/10.1097/CIN.0000000000000467.
- Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. 2000. “A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies”. Management Science, 46(2), 186-204.
- Venkatesh, V. & Davis, F.D. 2003. “User acceptance of information technology: toward a unified view”. Mis Quart. Manage. Inform. Syst. 27 (3), 425–478.
- Wang, E.S.-T. 2019. “Effects of brand awareness and social norms on user-perceived cyber privacy risk”. Int. J. Electron. Commer. 23 (2), 272–293.
- Wang, J., & B. W. Ritchie. 2012. “Understanding Accommodation Managers’ Crisis Planning Intention: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour”. Tourism Management, 33 (5): 1057-67.
- Warren, S., & Brandeis, L.D. 1890. “The right to privacy”. Harvard Law Review, 4, 193–220
- Xie W. & Karan K. 2019. “Consumers’ Privacy Concern and Privacy Protection on Social Network Sites in the Era of Big Data: Empirical Evidence from College Students”. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 19:3, 187-201.
- Yeh, C.H., Wang, Y.S., Lin, S.J., Tseng, T.H., Lin, H.H., Shih, Y.W. & Lai, Y.H. 2018. “What drives internet users’ willingness to provide personal information?”. Online Information Review Vol. 42 No. 6, pp. 923-939.
- Zhang, H. & S. Lei. 2012. “A Structural Model of Residents’ Intention to Participate in Ecotourism: The Case of a Wetland Community”. Tourism Management, 33 (4): 916-25.
- Zhang T., Tao D., Qu X.,⁎, Zhang X., Lin R. & Zhang W. 2019. “The roles of initial trust and perceived risk in public’s acceptance of automated vehicles”. Transportation Research Part C 98 (2019) 207–220.
- Zhou T. 2020. “The effect of information privacy concern on users’ social shopping intention”. Online Information Review Vol. 44 No. 5, 2020 pp. 1119-1133.
- https://www.statista.com/topics/1164/social-networks/#dossierSummary__chapter5
- https://www.statista.com/topics/2018/whatsapp/
- https://www.wearesocial.com/digital-2021