Perceived Parental Styles as Predictors of Risky Behavior and Emotional Dysregulation Disorder in University Students

Year 2018, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 21 - 49, 01.06.2018

Neslihan Arıcı Özcan , Eyüp Çelik

Abstract

• This study examines the relationship among parenting styles, risk behaviors and emotional dysregulation perceived by university students. The Young Parenting Scale, Risk Behaviors Scale and Emotion Dysregulation Scale were used as data collection tools. The study group of the research consisted of 548 university students. Correlation and regression analysis methods were used to analyze the data. The study demonstrates that perception of mother-parenting styles of belittling/criticizing, of conditional/achievement focused, and of permissive/boundless has a predictive role in producing risk behaviors according to university students. And the perception of father-parenting styles of exploitative/abusive, of pessimistic/worried has a predictive role in risk behaviors according to the same sample of students. Also, the perception of mother-parenting styles of belittling/criticizing, exploitative/abusive has a predictive role in the emotional dysregulation of university students. Lastly, the perception of father-parenting styles of emotional deprivation has a predictive role in emotional dysregulation of university students. The findings were discussed in terms of educational outcomes and suggestions were made

Keywords

Parenting Styles, Risk Behaviors, Emotional Dysregulation

Üniversite Öùrencilerinde Riskli Davranıülar ve Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüùünün Yordayıcısı Olarak Algılanan Ebeveynlik Tarzları

Abstract

• Bu araütırmada üniversite öùrencilerinde algılanan ebeveynlik tarzları ile riskli davranıülar ve duygu düzenleme güçlüùü arasındaki iliüki incelenmiütir. Araütırmada veri toplama araçları olarak Young Ebeveynlik Ölçeùi (YEÖ), Riskli Davranıülar Ölçeùi (RDÖ) ve Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüùü Ölçeùi (DDGÖ) kullanılmıütır. Araütırmanın çalıüma grubunu 548 üniversite öùrencisi oluüturmuütur. Verilerin analizinde korelasyon ve regresyon analizi tekniklerinden yararlanılmıütır. Araütırma sonucunda algılanan anne ebeveynlik tarzlarından küçümseyici/kusur bulucu, koüullu/baüarı odaklı ve aüırı izin verici/sınırsız ebeveynlik tarzlarının üniversite öùrencilerinde riskli davranıüları yordadıùı; algılanan baba ebeveynlik tarzlarından ise sömürücü/istismar edici ve kötümser/endiüeli ebeveynlik tarzlarının üniversite öùrencilerinde riskli davranıüları yordadıùı bulunmuütur. Ayrıca anne ebeveynlik tarzlarından küçümseyici/kusur bulucu ve sömürücü/istismar edici ebeveynlik tarzının duygu düzenleme güçlüùünü yordadıùı; baba ebeveynlik tarzlarından ise sadece duygusal bakımdan yoksun bırakıcı ebeveynlik tarzının üniversite öùrencilerinde duygu düzenleme güçlüùünü yordadıùı sonucuna ulaüılmıütır. Elde edilen bulgular eùitsel sonuçlar açısından tartıüılmıü ve ilgililere önerilerde bulunulmuütur

Keywords

Ebeveynlik Tarzlar, Riskli Davranülar, Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüùü

References

• Aquilino, W. S., & Supple, A. J. (2001). Long-term effects of parenting prac- tices duringadolescence on well-being outcomes in young adulthood. Journal of Family Issues, 22, 289-308.
• Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480.
• Arnett, J. J. (2001). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood: Perspectives from adolescence to midlife. Journal of Adult Development, 8, 133-143.
• Arnett, J. J. (2005). The developmental context of substance use in emerging adulthood. Journal of Drug Issues, 35, 235-253.
• Arnett, J. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for. Society for Research Child Development, 1(2), 68-73.
• Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child beha- vior. Child Development, 37, 887–907.
• Barber, B. K., & Harmon, E. L. (2002). Violating the self: parental psycho- logical control of children and adolescents. In Barber, B. K. (Eds). Intrusive parenting: how psychological and adolescents. Washington, DC: American Psychological Associati- on Press.
• Beebe, B., Rustin, J., Sorter, D., & Knoblauch, S. (2003). An expanded view of intersubjectivity in infancy and its application to Psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Dialogue: A Journal of Relational Perspectives, 13(6), 803-841.
• Beyers, J. M., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Dodhe, K. A. (2003). Neighborhood structure parenting processes, and the development of youths’ exter- nalizing behaviors: Multilevel analysis. American Journal of Commu- nity Psychology, 31(1–2), 35–53.
• Braza, P., Carreras, R., Munoz, J. M., Braza, F., Azurmendi, A., Pascual Sagastizábal, E., & Sanchez-Martín, R. (2015). Negative maternal and paternal parenting styles as predictors of children’s behavioral problems: Moderating effects of the child’s sex. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 847–856.
• Borawski, E. A., Ievers-Landis, C. E., Lovegreen, L. D., & Trapl, E. S. (2003). Parentalmonitoring, negotiated unsupervised time,and parental trust: The role of perceived parenting practices in adolescent health risk behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 33, 60–70.
• Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Vol.1 Attachment. New York:Basic Books.
• Boyer, T. W. (2006). The development of risk-taking: A multi-perspective review. Developmental Review, 26, 291–345.
• Brown, L. K,, Hadley., Stewart, A., Lescano, C., Whiteley, L., & Donenberg, G. (2010). Psychiatric disorders and sexual risk among adolescents in mental health treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psycho- logy, 78, 590-597.
• Campos, J. J., Walle, E. A., Dahl, A., & Main, A. (2011).Reconceptualizing emotion regulation. Emotion Review, 3, 26–35.
• Carr, S. N., & Francis, A. J. P. (2010). Early maladaptive schemas and per- sonality disorder symptoms: An examination in a non-clinical sample. A preliminary investigation in a non-clinical sample. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 83, 333-349.
• Caspi, A., Begg, D., Dickson, N., Harrington, H., Langley, J., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1997). Personality differences predict health-risk beha- viors in young adulthood: Evidence from a longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1052-1063.
• Chassin, L., Presson, C. C., Rose, J., Sherman, S. J., Davis, M. J., & Gonza- lez, J. L. (2005). Parenting style and smoking-specific parenting prac- tices as predictors of adolescent smoking onset. Journal of Pediatric Psychology ,30(4), 333-344.
• Coley, R. L, Votruba-Drzal E., & Schindler, H. S. (2009). Fathers’ and mot- hers’ parenting predicting and responding to adolescent sexual risk behaviors. Child Development, 80(3), 808–827.
• Çakır, Z. (2007). Antisosyal kiüilik bozukluùunda erken dönem uyumsuz üemalar, algılanan ebeveynlik stilleri ve üema sürdürücü baüa çıkma davranıüları arasındaki iliükiler: ûema terapi modeli çerçevesinde bir inceleme(Yayınlanmamıü Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• Çamur, D., Üner, S., Çilingiroùlu, N., & Özcebe, H. (2007). Bir üniversitenin bazı fakülte ve yüksekokullarında okuyan gençlerde bazı risk alma davranıüları. Toplum Hekimliùi Bülteni, 26(3), 32-38.
• Dale, R., Power, K. , Kane, S., Stewart, A. M., & Murray, L. (2010). The role of parental bonding and early maladaptive schemas in the risk of sui- cidal behavior repetition. Archives of Suicide Research, 14(4), 311-328.
• DiClemente, R. J., Wingood, G. M., Crosby, R., Sionean, C., Cobb, B. K., Harrington, K., … Oh. M. K. (2001). Parental monitoring: Association with adolescent risk behaviors. Pediatrics, 107, 1363–1368.
• Dwairy, M., & Achoui, M. (2009). Parental control: A second cross- cultural research on parenting and psychological adjustment of children. Jo- urnal of Child and Family Studies, 19(1), 16-22.
• Eaton, D. K., Kann, L., Kinchen, S., Ross, J., Hawkins, J., Harris, W. A, … Wechsler, H. (2009). Youth risk behavior surveillance, United States, 2009. Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
• Eisenberg, N., Champion, C., & Ma, Y. (2004). Emotion-related regulation: An young construct. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 50, 236–259.
• Eisenberg, N., & Spinrad, T. L. (2004). Emotion-related regulation: Sharpe- ning the definition. Child Development, 75, 334–339.
• English, T., John, O. P., Srivastava, S., & Gross, J. J. (2012). Emotion regu- lation and peer-rated social functioning: A 4-year longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Personality, 46, 780 –784.
• Erel, Ö., & Gölge, Z. B. (2015). Üniversite öùrencilerinde riskli davranıülar ile çocukluk çaùı istismar, dürtüsellik ve riskli davranıülar arasındaki iliüki. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16, 189-197.
• Erikson, E. H. (1964). Childhood and society (2nd ed.). Oxford: W. W. Norton.
• Eyberg, S. M., & Boggs, S. R. (1998). Parent-child interaction therapy for op- positional preschoolers. In C. E. Schaefer, & J. M. Briesmeister (Eds.), Handbook of parent training: Parents as co-therapists for children’s behavior problems (2nd Ed., pp. 61- 97). New York: Wiley.
• Feldstein. S. W., & Miller, W. R. (2006). Substance use and risk-taking among adolescents. Journal of Mental Health, 15(6), 633–643.
• Fisher, P. A., Ellis, B. H., & Chamberlain, P. (2010). Early intervention fos- ter care: A model for preventing risk in young children who have been maltreated. Children’s Services: Social Policy, Research, and Practice, 2(3), 159-182.
• Flouri, E. (2010). Fathers’ behaviors and children’s psychopathology. Clini- cal Psychology Review, 30, 363–369.
• Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E. L., & Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization and development of the self. Other Press, NY.
• Gençtarım-Kuru, D. (2010). Ergenlerde riskli davranıüların yordanması (Ya- yımlanmamıü Doktora Tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• Gençtarım-Kuru, D., & Ergene, T. (2017). Prediction of risk behaviours among Turkish adolescents. Education and Science, 42(189), 137-152.
• Gratz, K. L., Bornovalova, M. A., Delany-Brumse, A., Nick, B., & Lejue, C. W. (2007). A laboratory-based study of the relationship between childhood abuse and experiential avoidance among inner-city subs- tance users: The role of emotional nonacceptance. Behavior Therapy, 38, 256–268.
• Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopat- hology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41-47.
• Gross, J. J., Richards, J. M., & John, O. P. (2006). Emotion regulation in everyday life. In D. A. Snyder, J. A. Simpson,& J. N. Hughes (Eds.), Emotion regulation in families: Pathways to dysfunction and health (pp. 13–35). Washington, DC: American Psychologist Association.
• Grunbaum, J. A., Kann, L., Kinchen, S., Ross, J., Hawkins, J., Lowry, R. & Collins J. (2004).Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2003. MMWR Surveill Summ. 53, 1-29.
• Gullone, E., & Moore, S. (2000). Adolescent risk-taking and the five-factor model of Personality. Journal of Adolescence, 23(4), 393–407.
• Haase, C. M. (2014). Emotion regulation in intimate relationships. Society for the Study of Behavioral Development, 1(65) 17-21.
• Haase, C. M., & Silbereisen, R. K. (2011). Effects of positive affect on risk perceptions in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Adoles- cence, 34, 29-37.
• Hembree-Kigin, T. L., & McNeil, C. B. (1995). Parent-child interaction the- rapy. New York: Plenum.
• Hesse, E., & Main, M. (2000). Disorganized infant, child, and adult attach- ment: Collapse in behavioral and attentional strategies. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 48, 1097–1127.
• Hill, C., & Safran, J. (1994). Assessing interpersonal schemas: Anticipated responses of significant others. Journal of Social Clinical Psycho- logy,13, 366-379.
• Hoeve, M., Dubas, J. S., Gerris, J. R. M., van der Laan, P. H., & Smeenk, W. (2011). Maternal and paternal parenting styles: Unique and combined links to adolescent and early adult delinquency. Journal of Adolescen- ce, 34, 813–827.
• Jekielek, S., & Brown, B. (2005). The transition to adulthood: Characte- ristics of young adults ages 18- 24 in America. Baltimore, MD: Kids Count/PRB/Child T.
• Jessor, R. (Ed). (1998). New perspectives on adolescence risk behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Jessor, R., Turbin, M. S., Costa, F. M., Dong, Q., Zhang, H., & Wang, C. (2003). Adolescent problem behavior in Chine and United States: A cross-national study of psychosocial protective factors. Journal of Re- search on Adolescence, 13(3), 329–342.
• John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2004). Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and life span develop- ment. Journal of Personality,72, 1301–1333.
• Karasar, N. (2012). Bilimsel araütırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Daùıtım.
• Kazemi, D. M., Wagenfeld, M., Van Horn, K. R., Levine, M. J., & Dmochows- ki, J. (2011). Binge drinking among underage college students: Role of impulsivity and the transtheoretical model. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 22(4), 193-199.
• Keenan, K. (2000). Emotion dysregulation as a risk factorfor child psycho- pathology. Clinical Psychology: Scienceand Practice, 7, 418 – 434.
• Keller, S., Maddock, J. E., Hannöver, W., Thyrian, J. R., & Basler, H. D. (2008). Multiple health risk behaviors in german first-year university students. Preventive Medicine, 46(3), 189–195.
• Kömürcü, B. (2014). Erken dönem uyumsuz üemalar, ebeveynlik biçimleri ve psikolojik belirtiler ile psikolojik dıülanmanın tehdit ettiùi ihtiyaçlar arasındaki iliükiler (Yayımlanmamıü Doktora Tezi). Hacettepe Üni- versitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• Kwan, M., Cairney, J., Faulkner, G. E., & Pullenayegum, E. E. (2012). Physi- cal activity and other health-risk behaviors during the transition into early adulthood: A longitudinal cohort study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42, 14–20.
• Lamborn, S. D., Mounts, N. S., Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from aut- horitative, authoritarian, indulgent, neglectful families. Child Deve- lopment, 62, 1049–1076.
• Larsen, J. K., & English, T. (2014). The importance of authentic emotion regulation. Society for the Study of Behavioral Development, 1(65) 2-5.
• Levenson, R. W., Haase, C. M., Bloch, L., Holley, S., & Seider, B. J. (2013). Emotion regulation in couples. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emo- tion regulation (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
• Lindberg, L. D., Boggess, S., & Williams, S. (2000). Multiple threats: The co-occurrence of teen health risk behaviors. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
• Loukas, A., Paulos, S. K., & Robinson, S. (2005). Early adolescent social and overtagresión: Examining the roles of social anxiety and mater- nal psychologicalcontrol. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(4), 335–345.
• Luster, T., & Okagaki, L. (2005). Parenting: An ecological perspectives. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Association.
• Main, M. (2000a) Special Issue - Psychoanalysis, development, and the life cycle: The organized categories of infant, child, and adult attachment: flexible vs. inflexible attention under attachment-related stress. The- Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 48(4), 1055-1095.
• Main, M. (2000b). Special Issue - Psychoanalysis, development, and the life cycle: Disorganized infant, child, and adult attachment: Collapse in behavioral and attentional strategies. The Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 48(4), 1096-1127.
• Manzeske, D. P., & Stright, A. D. (2009). Parenting styles and emotion regu- lation: The role of behavioral and psychological control during young adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 16, 223–229.
• McEwen, C., & Flouri, E. (2009). Fathers’ parenting, adverse life events, and adolescents’ emotional and eating disorder symptoms: The role of emotion regulation. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 18, 206ï216.
• Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
• Mikluncer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Pereg, D. (2003). Attachment theory and affect regulation: The dynamics, development, and cognitive conse- quences of attachment-related strategies. Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 77-102.
• Montgomery, C., Fisk, J. E., & Craig, L., (2008). The effects of perceived parenting style on the propensity for illicit drug use: the importance of parental warmth and control. Drug Alcohol Review, 27, 640–664.
• Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulati- on. Social Development, 16, 361–388.
• Nelson, D. A., & Crick, N. R. (2002). Parental psychological control: Impli- cations forchildhood physical and relational aggression. In Barber, B. K. (ed.), Intrusive parenting: how psychological control affects children and adolescents. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp. 15–52.
• Oshri, A., Sutton, T., Clay-Warner, H., & Miller, J. (2015). Child maltreat- ment types and risk behaviors: Associations with attachment style and emotion regulation dimensions. Personality and Individual Dif- ferences, 73, 127–133.
• Özcebe, H., Doùan, B. G., şnal, E., Haznedaroùlu, D., & Bertan, M. (2013). Üniversite öùrencilerinin sigara içme davranıüları ve iliükili sosyode- mografik özellikleri. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin,13(1), 19-28.
• Parke, R. D., & Buriel, R. (2006). Socialization in the family: Ethnic and eco- logical perspectives. W. Damon, R. M. Lerner & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), The handbook of child psychology. Social, emotional, and personality development (6. basım. s. 429-504). New York, NY: Wiley.
• Patock-Peckham , J. A., Cheong, J., Balhorn, M. E., & Nagoshi, C. T. (2001). A social learning perspective: A model of parenting styles, self- regulation, perceived drinking control, and alcohol use and problems. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25(9), 1284-1292.
• Patock-Peckham, J. A., & Morgan-Lopez, A. A. (2006). College drinking behaviors: Mediational links between parenting styles, impulse cont- rol, and alcohol-related outcomes. Psychology of Addictive Behavior, 20(2), 117-125.
• Pellerone, M., Tolini, G., & Polopoli C. (2016). Parenting, identity develop- ment, internalizing symptoms and alcohol use. A cross-sectional study in a group of Italian adolescents. Neuropsychiatric Disorder Treat- ment, 12, 1769–1778.
• Peterson, G. W., & Hann, D. (1999). Socializing children and parents in families. New York: Plenum Press.
• Pomerantz, E. M., & Wang, Q. (2009). The role of parental control in children’s development in Western and East Asian countries. Current Directions in Psychological Science,18, 285-289.
• Rodgers, K. B. (1999). Parenting processes related to sexual risk-taking be- haviors of adolescent males and females. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 99-109.
• Roemmele, M., & Messman-Moore, T. L. (2011). Child abuse, early maladap- tive schemas, and risky sexual behavior in college women. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 20(3), 264-283.
• Rugancı, R. N. (2008). The relationship among attachment style, affect regu- lation, psychological distress and mental construction of the relational world (Yayımlanmamıü doktora tezi). Ortadoùu Teknik Üniversitesi, Psikoloji Bölümü.
• Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Ravert, R. D., Kim, S. Y., Weisskirch, R. S., Williams, M. K., . . . Finley, G. E. (2009). Perceived parental relationships and health risk behaviors in college-attending emerging adults. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71, 727–74.
• Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2002). Attachment-related psychodyna- mics. Attachment and Human Development, 4, 133-161.
• Sheffiled A., Waller, G., Emanuelli, F., Murray, J., & Meyer, C. (2005). Links between parenting and core beliefs: Preliminary psychometric validation of the Young parenting inventory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 787-802.
• Shipman, K. L., Schneider, R., Fitzgerald, M. M., Sims, C., Swisher, L., & Edwards, A. (2007). Maternal emotion socialization in maltreating and nonǦmaltreating families: Implications for children’s emotion re- gulation. Social Development, 16(2), 268-285.
• Soygüt, G., & Çakır, Z. (2009). Ebeveynlik biçimleri ile psikolojik belirtiler arasındaki iliükilerde kiüilerarası üemaların aracı rolü: ûema odaklı bir bakıü. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(2), 144-152.
• Soygüt, G., & Savaüır, I. (2001). The relationship between interpersonal schemas and depressive symptomatology. Journal of Counseling Cli- nical Psychology, 48(3), 359-364.
• Soygüt, G., & Türkçapar, H., (2001). Antisosyal kiüilik bozukluùunda kiüile- rarası üema örüntüleri: Biliüsel kiüilerarası bir bakıü. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 16(47), 55-69.
• Soygüt, G., Karaosmanoùlu, A., & Çakir, Z., (2009). Assessment of early maladaptive schemas: A psychometric study of the Turkish Young Schema Questionnaire—Short Form-3. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, XX, 1–10.
• Sroufe, L. A., Coffino, B., & Carlson, E. A. (2010). Conceptualizing the role of early experience: Lessons from the Minnesota longitudinal study. Developmental Review, 30, 36–51.
• Steinberg, L. (2004). Risk-taking in adolescence: What changes, and why? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 51–58.
• Stephenson, M. T., Quick, B. L., Atkinson, J., & Tschida, D. A. (2005). Aut- horitative parenting and drug-prevention practices: Implications for antidrug ads for parents. Health Communication, 17(3), 301-21.
• Tanrıkulu, A. Ç., Çamran, K. B., Palancı, Y., Çetin, D., & Karaca, M. (2009). Kars il merkezinde çeüitli üniversite öùrencileri arasında sigara kulla- nım sıklıùı ve risk faktörleri. Türk Toraks Dergisi,10, 101-106.
• Telef, B. M. (2014). Ergenlerde olumlu ve olumsuz duygular ile riskli dav- raniülar arasindaki iliükinin incelenmesi. Kastamonu Eùitim Dergisi, 22(2), 591-604.
• Volling, B. L., McElwain, N. L., Notaro, P. C., & Herrera, C. (2002). Parents’ emotional availability and infant emotional competence: Predictors of parent-infant attachment and emerging self-regulation. Journal of Family Psychology, 16, 447–465.
• Williams, S. K., & Kelly, F. D. (2005). Relationships among involvement, attachment, and behavioral problems in adolescence: Examining father’s influence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 25, 168–196.
• Young, J. E. (1990). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders. Sarasota, FL. Professional Resource Press.
• Young J. E. (1994) Young Parenting Inventory. Basılmamıü Rapor.
• Young, J. E. (1999). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema focused approach (3rd ed.). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exc- hange
• Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: The Guilford Press.
• Yu, S. L., Clemens, R., Yang, H. M., Li, X. M., Stanton, B., Deveaux, L., … Harris, C. (2006). Youth and parental perceptions of parental mo- nitoring and parentadolescen communication, youth depression, and youth risk behaviors. Social Behavior and Personality, 34, 1297–1310.