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Pre-Raphaelite Sanat Hareketinde Lilith’in Dönüşümü

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 41 - 72, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.21798/kadem.2025.173

Abstract

Lilith, M. Ö. 2000’lerde Antik Mezopotamya’da Ana Tanrıça kültüyle ilişkili bir sembol olarak ortaya çıktığı düşünülen bir figürdür. Zaman içerisinde Tanrıça kültleri güçlerini ataerkil geleneklere kaptırmış, Lilith’in kendisi de uzun yıllar süren bu süreç içerisinde dönüşüm geçirmiş ve şeytanlaştırılmıştır. Bu çalışma, Lilith’in temsilinde önemli bir değişimin yaşandığı 19. yüzyıla, özellikle de Viktorya dönemi İngiltere’sinin sanatsal ortamına odaklanmaktadır. Çalışma boyunca, 19. yüzyılın ilk yarısında üç Kraliyet Akademisi sanatçısı tarafından kurulan Pre-Raphaelite Kardeşliği’nin Lilith ile nasıl ilişki kurduğunu incelemek ve onun tam anlamıyla feminist bir figüre evrilmeden önceki dönüm noktalarını keşfetmek amaçlanmıştır. Bu dönüşümü daha iyi anlamak için Lilith’in etimolojik kökeninin ve Mezopotamya’da ortaya çıktığı zamandan Yahudi kültüründeki konumuna kadar olan gelişiminin izi sürülmeye çalışılmıştır. Lilith’in hem bir karakter hem de bir imge olarak şeytanlaştırılmasına karşı, 19. yüzyıl İngiliz sanat dünyasının farklı bir tutum göstermeye başladığı görülmektedir. Çalışmada, Viktorya döneminde kadınlara yönelik geliştirilen toplumsal normlara ve bunun Pre-Raphaelite Kardeşliği’ndeki iz düşümüne değinilmiş, ortaya sürülen farklı bakış açıları incelenerek kardeşliğin kadın tasvirlerine ve Lilith’i eserlerinde nasıl yeniden yorumladıklarına odaklanılmıştır.

Ethical Statement

Bu araştırma etik beyan gerektirmemektedir.

Supporting Institution

Yazar bu çalışma için finansal destek almadığını beyan etmiştir.

Thanks

Yazar teşekkür beyan etmemiştir.

References

  • Akyıldız-Ercan, C. (2013). Mitolojide çocuk katili kadınlar: Lilith, Lamia, Medea. Journal of World of Turks, 5(1), 89–103.
  • Allen, V. M. (1984). ‘One strangling golden hair’: Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s Lady Lilith. The Art Bulletin, 66(2), 285–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043079.1984.10788161
  • Berger, J. (1977). Ways of seeing. Penguin Books.
  • Berktay, F. (2019). Tek tanrılı dinler karşısında kadın: Hıristiyanlıkta ve İslamiyette kadının statüsüne karşılaştırmalı bir yaklaşım. Metis Yayınları.
  • Black, J., & Green, A. (2003). Mezopotamya mitolojisi sözlüğü tanrılar ifritler semboller. Aram Yayıncılık.
  • Blake, K. (1987). Love and the woman question in Victorian literature: The art of self-postponement. The Harvester Press.
  • Browing, R. (1895). The complete poetical works of Robert Browning. Houghton Mifflin.
  • Bullen, J. B. (1998). The pre-raphaelite body: Fear and desire in painting, poetry and criticism. Clarendon Press.
  • Cherry, D., & Pollock, G. (1984). Patriarchal power and the pre-raphaelites. In L. Parris (Ed.), The pre-raphaelites (pp. 480–495). The Tate Gallery and Penguin Books.
  • Collier, J. (1889). Lilith. Retrieved from https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/lilith-65854
  • Çınar, A. (2018). Lilith: Yahudi mitolojisinde ana tanrıça’nın düşüş ve şeytana dönüşüm serüveni. Bilimname, 35, 363–395. https://doi.org/10.28949/bilimname.381879
  • Driver, G. R. (1959). Lilith. Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 91(1), 55–57.
  • Freud, S. (1950). Totem and taboo (Trans. J. Strachey). Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Gauld, N. M. (2005). The nature of the beast: Depictions of the exotic animal in nineteenth-century British visual culture. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Aberdeen.
  • Griffin, B. (2012). The politics of gender in Victorian Britain: Masculinity, political culture and the struggle for women’s rights. Cambridge University Press.
  • Griffiths, M. (1997). ‘Soul’s beauty’ and ‘body’s beauty’: The Feminine Figures in the Poems and Paintings of Dante Gabriel Rossetti. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Kent State University.
  • Grimal, P. (2012). Libitina. Mitoloji sözlüğü: Yunan ve Roma içinde. Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Hall, A. (1898). Lilith. Notes And Queries, 34(2), 157.
  • Hurwitz, S. (1992). Lilith- The first Eve: Historical and psychological aspects of the dark feminine. Daimon Verlag.
  • Ioannou, M. (2012). Viewing and creating female beauty: Victorian fashion illustrations and women’s fashion in Charlotte Bronte’s Villette. The 13th International Conference of ISSEI, Cyprus.
  • Irigaray, L. (1987). Speculum of the Other Woman (Trans. G. G. Gill). Cornell University Press.
  • Jump, J. D. (2020). Ruskin’s reputation in the eighteen-fifties: The evidence of the three principal weeklies. Modern Language Association, 63(2), 678–685. https://doi.org/10.2307/459434
  • Kılıç, Y., & Eser, E. (2018). Lohusalık sendromu (al ana/alkarısı/albastı)’nun eskiçağ yakındoğu toplumlarının kültürlerindeki izleri: Lilith Gerçeği. 5(17), 29–60.
  • Kosior, W. (2018). A tale of two sisters: The image of Eve in early Rabbinic literature and its influence on the portrayal of Lilith in the alphabet of Ben Sira. Indiana University Press, 32, 112–130.
  • Kramer, S. (1938). Gılgamesh and the Huluppu-Tree: A reconstructed Sumerian Text. University of Chicago Press.
  • Kramer, S. N. (2020). Sümer mitolojisi (Trans. H. Koyukan,). Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Kristeva, J. (1982). Powers of horror: An essay on abjection (Trans. L. S. Roudiez). Columbia University Press.
  • Macdonald, G. (2015). Lilith: A romance. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
  • McCormack, C. (2021). Women in the picture: Woman, art and the power of looking. Icon Books Ltd.
  • McGillis, R. F. (1979). George MacDonald and the Lilith legend in the XIXth century. Mythlore, 6(1).
  • Milton, J. (2021). Yitirilen cennet (Trans. Y. Yavuz). İthaki Yayınları.
  • Mulvey, L. (2016). Görsel zevk ve anlatı sineması (E. Soğancılar & A. Antmen, Trans.). A. Antmen (Ed.), Sanat/Cinsiyet: Sanat Tarihi ve Feminist Eleştiri içinde. İletişim Yayınları.
  • Nelson, J. L. (2000). Dress reform and the bloomer. The Journal of American Culture, 23(1), 21–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-4726.2000.2301_21.x
  • Nizamoğlu, B. (2021). The dynamics of progress and regress in Rossetti’s “Eden Bower”: Lilith as a degenerative force? Anglo Saxonica, 19(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5334/as.41
  • Nochlin, L. (1978). Lost and found: Once more the fallen woman. The Art Bulletin, 60(1), 139–153. https://doi.org/10.2307/3049751
  • Nochlin, L. (2020). Kadınlar, sanat ve iktidar (Trans. S. Evren). Yapı Kredi Yayınları. Paletschek, S., & Pietrow-Ennker, B. (Eds.). (2003). Women’s emancipation movements in the nineteenth century. Stanford University Press.
  • Patai, R. (1968). The Hebrew goddess. KTAV Publishing House.
  • Pereira, F. M. (1995). Lilith: The edge of forever. [Doctoral Dissertation]. San Jose State University.
  • Pittman, P. McM. (1974). The strumpet and the snake: Rossetti’s treatment of sex as original sin. Victorian Poetry, 12(1), 45–54.
  • Plaskow, J. (2005). The coming of lilith: Essays on feminism, judaism, and sexual ethics, 1972-2003 (Ed. D. Berman). Beacon Press.
  • Prettejohn, E. (2007). The art of the pre-raphaelites. Tate Publishing.
  • Rosetti, D. G. (1866-1868). Lady Lilith. Retrieved from https://emuseum.delart.org/objects/6457/lady-lilith
  • Rosetti, D. G. (1866-70). Sibylla Palmifera. Retrieved from https://rossettiarchive. iath.virginia.edu/docs/s193.rap.html
  • Rosetti, D. G. (1867). Lady Lilith. Retrieved from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/337500
  • Rossetti, D. G. (1886). The collected works of Dante Gabriel Rossetti: Vol. Volume 1 (W. M. Rossetti, Ed.). Ellis and Scrutton.
  • Rossetti, D. G. (2018). Yeryüzüne indirilmiş gölgeler (Eds. S. Ö. Pınarbaşı, V. Hacıoğlu, & P. Batu). Artshop Yayıncılık.
  • Shapiro, M. R.-M. (2019). The temptation of legitimacy: Lilith’s adoption and adaption in contemporary feminist spirituality and their meanings. Modern Judaism, 39(2), 125-143. https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjz003
  • Smith, T. L. (2008). Lilith- a mythological study. [Master’s Thesis]. University of Bedfordshire.
  • Thompson, R. C. (1903). The devils and evil spirits of Babylonia. Luzac and Company.
  • Van der Toorn, K., Becking, B., & van der Horst, P. (Eds.). (1999). Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible. Brill.
  • Von Goethe, J. W. (1882). Faust (Trans. M. Swanwick). John D. Williams.
  • Yaşdağ, M. (2013). Pre-rafelit dönemi resimlerinde sembolizm [Doctoral Dissertation]. Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Zingsem, L. (2006). Lilith (Trans. D. D. Yüzer). İlya Yayınevi.

Transformation of Lilith in the Pre-Raphaelite Art Movement

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 41 - 72, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.21798/kadem.2025.173

Abstract

Lilith is a figure believed to have emerged in Ancient Mesopotamia around 2000 B.C. as a symbol associated with the Mother Goddess cult. Over time, the power of the Mother Goddess cult was transferred to patriarchal customs. Concurrently, Lilith herself has been transformed and demonized over an extended period. This study focuses on the art scene of the 19th century, particularly in Victorian Era Britain, where representations of Lilith underwent significant transformation. Lilith’s etymological origins—from her emergence in Mesopotamia to her presence in Jewish culture—have been examined to properly understand this transformation. In response to the demonization of Lilith, both as a character and as an image, the 19th-century British art world began to adopt a different perspective. This study investigates Victorian-era social norms for women and their reflection in the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, concentrating on the Brotherhood’s portrayal of women and the reinterpretation of Lilith in their works.

Ethical Statement

This study does not require ethics committee approval.

Supporting Institution

The author declares that this study received no financial support.

Thanks

The author declares no acknowledgment.

References

  • Akyıldız-Ercan, C. (2013). Mitolojide çocuk katili kadınlar: Lilith, Lamia, Medea. Journal of World of Turks, 5(1), 89–103.
  • Allen, V. M. (1984). ‘One strangling golden hair’: Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s Lady Lilith. The Art Bulletin, 66(2), 285–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043079.1984.10788161
  • Berger, J. (1977). Ways of seeing. Penguin Books.
  • Berktay, F. (2019). Tek tanrılı dinler karşısında kadın: Hıristiyanlıkta ve İslamiyette kadının statüsüne karşılaştırmalı bir yaklaşım. Metis Yayınları.
  • Black, J., & Green, A. (2003). Mezopotamya mitolojisi sözlüğü tanrılar ifritler semboller. Aram Yayıncılık.
  • Blake, K. (1987). Love and the woman question in Victorian literature: The art of self-postponement. The Harvester Press.
  • Browing, R. (1895). The complete poetical works of Robert Browning. Houghton Mifflin.
  • Bullen, J. B. (1998). The pre-raphaelite body: Fear and desire in painting, poetry and criticism. Clarendon Press.
  • Cherry, D., & Pollock, G. (1984). Patriarchal power and the pre-raphaelites. In L. Parris (Ed.), The pre-raphaelites (pp. 480–495). The Tate Gallery and Penguin Books.
  • Collier, J. (1889). Lilith. Retrieved from https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/lilith-65854
  • Çınar, A. (2018). Lilith: Yahudi mitolojisinde ana tanrıça’nın düşüş ve şeytana dönüşüm serüveni. Bilimname, 35, 363–395. https://doi.org/10.28949/bilimname.381879
  • Driver, G. R. (1959). Lilith. Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 91(1), 55–57.
  • Freud, S. (1950). Totem and taboo (Trans. J. Strachey). Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Gauld, N. M. (2005). The nature of the beast: Depictions of the exotic animal in nineteenth-century British visual culture. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Aberdeen.
  • Griffin, B. (2012). The politics of gender in Victorian Britain: Masculinity, political culture and the struggle for women’s rights. Cambridge University Press.
  • Griffiths, M. (1997). ‘Soul’s beauty’ and ‘body’s beauty’: The Feminine Figures in the Poems and Paintings of Dante Gabriel Rossetti. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Kent State University.
  • Grimal, P. (2012). Libitina. Mitoloji sözlüğü: Yunan ve Roma içinde. Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Hall, A. (1898). Lilith. Notes And Queries, 34(2), 157.
  • Hurwitz, S. (1992). Lilith- The first Eve: Historical and psychological aspects of the dark feminine. Daimon Verlag.
  • Ioannou, M. (2012). Viewing and creating female beauty: Victorian fashion illustrations and women’s fashion in Charlotte Bronte’s Villette. The 13th International Conference of ISSEI, Cyprus.
  • Irigaray, L. (1987). Speculum of the Other Woman (Trans. G. G. Gill). Cornell University Press.
  • Jump, J. D. (2020). Ruskin’s reputation in the eighteen-fifties: The evidence of the three principal weeklies. Modern Language Association, 63(2), 678–685. https://doi.org/10.2307/459434
  • Kılıç, Y., & Eser, E. (2018). Lohusalık sendromu (al ana/alkarısı/albastı)’nun eskiçağ yakındoğu toplumlarının kültürlerindeki izleri: Lilith Gerçeği. 5(17), 29–60.
  • Kosior, W. (2018). A tale of two sisters: The image of Eve in early Rabbinic literature and its influence on the portrayal of Lilith in the alphabet of Ben Sira. Indiana University Press, 32, 112–130.
  • Kramer, S. (1938). Gılgamesh and the Huluppu-Tree: A reconstructed Sumerian Text. University of Chicago Press.
  • Kramer, S. N. (2020). Sümer mitolojisi (Trans. H. Koyukan,). Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Kristeva, J. (1982). Powers of horror: An essay on abjection (Trans. L. S. Roudiez). Columbia University Press.
  • Macdonald, G. (2015). Lilith: A romance. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
  • McCormack, C. (2021). Women in the picture: Woman, art and the power of looking. Icon Books Ltd.
  • McGillis, R. F. (1979). George MacDonald and the Lilith legend in the XIXth century. Mythlore, 6(1).
  • Milton, J. (2021). Yitirilen cennet (Trans. Y. Yavuz). İthaki Yayınları.
  • Mulvey, L. (2016). Görsel zevk ve anlatı sineması (E. Soğancılar & A. Antmen, Trans.). A. Antmen (Ed.), Sanat/Cinsiyet: Sanat Tarihi ve Feminist Eleştiri içinde. İletişim Yayınları.
  • Nelson, J. L. (2000). Dress reform and the bloomer. The Journal of American Culture, 23(1), 21–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-4726.2000.2301_21.x
  • Nizamoğlu, B. (2021). The dynamics of progress and regress in Rossetti’s “Eden Bower”: Lilith as a degenerative force? Anglo Saxonica, 19(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5334/as.41
  • Nochlin, L. (1978). Lost and found: Once more the fallen woman. The Art Bulletin, 60(1), 139–153. https://doi.org/10.2307/3049751
  • Nochlin, L. (2020). Kadınlar, sanat ve iktidar (Trans. S. Evren). Yapı Kredi Yayınları. Paletschek, S., & Pietrow-Ennker, B. (Eds.). (2003). Women’s emancipation movements in the nineteenth century. Stanford University Press.
  • Patai, R. (1968). The Hebrew goddess. KTAV Publishing House.
  • Pereira, F. M. (1995). Lilith: The edge of forever. [Doctoral Dissertation]. San Jose State University.
  • Pittman, P. McM. (1974). The strumpet and the snake: Rossetti’s treatment of sex as original sin. Victorian Poetry, 12(1), 45–54.
  • Plaskow, J. (2005). The coming of lilith: Essays on feminism, judaism, and sexual ethics, 1972-2003 (Ed. D. Berman). Beacon Press.
  • Prettejohn, E. (2007). The art of the pre-raphaelites. Tate Publishing.
  • Rosetti, D. G. (1866-1868). Lady Lilith. Retrieved from https://emuseum.delart.org/objects/6457/lady-lilith
  • Rosetti, D. G. (1866-70). Sibylla Palmifera. Retrieved from https://rossettiarchive. iath.virginia.edu/docs/s193.rap.html
  • Rosetti, D. G. (1867). Lady Lilith. Retrieved from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/337500
  • Rossetti, D. G. (1886). The collected works of Dante Gabriel Rossetti: Vol. Volume 1 (W. M. Rossetti, Ed.). Ellis and Scrutton.
  • Rossetti, D. G. (2018). Yeryüzüne indirilmiş gölgeler (Eds. S. Ö. Pınarbaşı, V. Hacıoğlu, & P. Batu). Artshop Yayıncılık.
  • Shapiro, M. R.-M. (2019). The temptation of legitimacy: Lilith’s adoption and adaption in contemporary feminist spirituality and their meanings. Modern Judaism, 39(2), 125-143. https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjz003
  • Smith, T. L. (2008). Lilith- a mythological study. [Master’s Thesis]. University of Bedfordshire.
  • Thompson, R. C. (1903). The devils and evil spirits of Babylonia. Luzac and Company.
  • Van der Toorn, K., Becking, B., & van der Horst, P. (Eds.). (1999). Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible. Brill.
  • Von Goethe, J. W. (1882). Faust (Trans. M. Swanwick). John D. Williams.
  • Yaşdağ, M. (2013). Pre-rafelit dönemi resimlerinde sembolizm [Doctoral Dissertation]. Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Zingsem, L. (2006). Lilith (Trans. D. D. Yüzer). İlya Yayınevi.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Women's Studies
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Zeynep Sandalcı 0000-0003-0272-1509

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date March 12, 2025
Acceptance Date June 10, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sandalcı, Z. (2025). Transformation of Lilith in the Pre-Raphaelite Art Movement. KADEM Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(1), 41-72. https://doi.org/10.21798/kadem.2025.173
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