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A HISTORICAL CASE STUDY: HUMAN BODY AS A VISUAL FIELD IN 18TH CENTURY ANATOMY

Year 2017, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 698 - 717, 31.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.353385

Abstract

In this article, I will attempt to provide a historical case study, I suggest that the demarcation between perception and how a figure is ‘seen’ is the process of perpetual filtering between the levels of sensation and perception. I argue that this filtering operates through the basic visual principles, which may vary and have divergent functions in different paradigms. This historical case study will focus on the fifty-six plates featured in the influential work of the London surgeon William Cheselden, to reveal the paradigm-based filtering in these prints by arguing that the sense data is organized in the simplest manner to view figures in their unity. Thus, I will focus on the visual principle of simplicity, which features the patterns of similarity, contrast and symmetry. An analysis of Cheselden’s usage of these patterns will demonstrate that he aims to show that every bone in human body is united to one another, which forms an organizing structure. I will conclude that these visual principles were used by Chelselden to achieve perfection by conveying right proportions and the correct number of scales of human body since his observations was laden with Newtonian paradigm. Finally, I will compare this usage to that of Ibn Sina’s, to disclose the paradigm-ladenness of scientific observations. 

References

  • Arnheim, R. 1974. Art and Visual Perception: A Psychology of the Creative Eye. California: UCP. Batirel, H. F. 1999. Early Islamic Physicians and Throax. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 67 (2) : 578-580. Boff, K. R et. al. (eds.) 1986. Handbook of Perception and Human Performance. New York: Wiley. Cheselden, W. 1733. Osteographia, or The anatomy of the bones. By William Cheselden surgeon to Her Majesty; F.R.S. Surgeon to St. Thomas's Hospital, and Member of The Royal Academy of Surgery. London : [s.n.], MDCCXXXIII. Coren, S. 1994. Sensation and Perception. Fort Worth TX: Harcourt Brace Colleague Publishers. Ford, B. 1992. Images of Science: A History of Scientific Illustrations. London: British Library. Ford, B. 2003. Scientific Illustration in the Eighteenth Century, R. Porter (ed) The Cambridge History of Science vol. 4 Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Grossmann, R. 1977. The Philosophical Background of Gestalt Psychology. Critica (9): 24. P. 3-21 Harrison, B. and Matthew, H. C. G. (eds.). 2004. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Israel, J. I. 2007. ‘Enlightenment, Radical Enlightenment and the Medical Revolution of the Late Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, O P Grell (ed) Medicine and Religion in Early Modern Europe. Hampshire: Ashgate. Hartmann, G. W. 1935. Gestalt Psychology. New York: The Ronald Press Company. Ibn Sina, 980-1037. (1930). A treatise on the Canon of medicine of Avicenna, incorporating a translation of the first book. London :Luzac & co., Keskinbora, K. H. et. al. 2016. A systematic review of Ibn Sina’s studies: reflections on anatomy. European Journal of Anatomy 20 (1): 99-10. Knoeff, R. 2007. 'Moral Lessons of Perfection', O P Grell (ed) Medicine and Religion in Early Modern Europe. Hampshire: Ashgate. Nornam, J. M. (ed.) 1991. Morton’s Medical Bibliography: An Annotated Checklist of Texts Illustrating the History of Medicine. 5th edition. Aldershot: Scholar Press. Prioreschi, P. 2006. Anatomy in Medieval Islam. JISHIM 5: 2-6. Roberts, K. B. 1990. The Fabric of the Body. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Slater, A. and Oates, J. 2005. ‘Sensation to Perception’, in Oates, J. Grayson A. and Wood C. (eds.) Psychological Development and Early Childhood. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Stafford, B. M. 1993. Body Criticism: Imaging the Unseen in Enlightenment Art and Medicine. Cambridge: MIT Press. Trevsky, B. 2010. Visualizing Thought. Topics in Cognitive Science 3 (3): 499- 535.

TARİHSEL BİR VAKA ÇALIŞMASI: 18. YÜZYIL ANATOMİSİNDE BİR GÖRSEL ALAN OLARAK İNSAN BEDENİ

Year 2017, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 698 - 717, 31.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.353385

Abstract

Burada, içinde bir figürün görülmesi ile algılanması arasındaki sınır belirleniminin duyumsama ve algılama arasındaki sürekli filtreleme süreci olduğunu savunacağım bir tarihsel vaka çalışması sunmaya çalışacağım. Bu filtrelemenin, farklı paradigmalarda farklılık gösterip, farklı işlevlere sahip olması mümkün temel görsel ilkeler aracılığıyla işlediği iddiasında bulunacağım. Bu tarihsel vaka çalışması, Londralı ünlü cerrah William Cheselden’in insan iskeletine ait 66 şilte içeren etkili eserine odaklanarak bu nüshalardaki paradigma-temelli filtrelemeyi, duyu verilerinin figürü bütünlüğüyle gösterebilmek için en basit biçimde organize edildiğini savunarak ortaya koyacaktır. Burada kullanılan görsel ilkenin benzerlik, karşıtlık ve simetri kalıplarını içeren, basitlik olduğunu göstereceğim. Cheselden’in kullandığı görsel ilkelerin, onun gözlemlerinin Newton paradigması ile dolu olduğundan, insan bedenindeki ölçeklerin doğru sayısını ve doğru orantılarını aksettirerek mükemmelliğe erişmeye çalıştığı sonucuna varacağım. Nihayetinde, bu sonuçların Kelam’ın Tanrı ile Yaratılış arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklamayı amaç edinen nesnel bilişsel içeriğe sahip ilahiyat temelli bilimsel bir araştırma programı olarak ortaya konmasında ileride disiplinler arası bir çalışmaya imkan tanıyacağını vurguladım.

References

  • Arnheim, R. 1974. Art and Visual Perception: A Psychology of the Creative Eye. California: UCP. Batirel, H. F. 1999. Early Islamic Physicians and Throax. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 67 (2) : 578-580. Boff, K. R et. al. (eds.) 1986. Handbook of Perception and Human Performance. New York: Wiley. Cheselden, W. 1733. Osteographia, or The anatomy of the bones. By William Cheselden surgeon to Her Majesty; F.R.S. Surgeon to St. Thomas's Hospital, and Member of The Royal Academy of Surgery. London : [s.n.], MDCCXXXIII. Coren, S. 1994. Sensation and Perception. Fort Worth TX: Harcourt Brace Colleague Publishers. Ford, B. 1992. Images of Science: A History of Scientific Illustrations. London: British Library. Ford, B. 2003. Scientific Illustration in the Eighteenth Century, R. Porter (ed) The Cambridge History of Science vol. 4 Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Grossmann, R. 1977. The Philosophical Background of Gestalt Psychology. Critica (9): 24. P. 3-21 Harrison, B. and Matthew, H. C. G. (eds.). 2004. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Israel, J. I. 2007. ‘Enlightenment, Radical Enlightenment and the Medical Revolution of the Late Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, O P Grell (ed) Medicine and Religion in Early Modern Europe. Hampshire: Ashgate. Hartmann, G. W. 1935. Gestalt Psychology. New York: The Ronald Press Company. Ibn Sina, 980-1037. (1930). A treatise on the Canon of medicine of Avicenna, incorporating a translation of the first book. London :Luzac & co., Keskinbora, K. H. et. al. 2016. A systematic review of Ibn Sina’s studies: reflections on anatomy. European Journal of Anatomy 20 (1): 99-10. Knoeff, R. 2007. 'Moral Lessons of Perfection', O P Grell (ed) Medicine and Religion in Early Modern Europe. Hampshire: Ashgate. Nornam, J. M. (ed.) 1991. Morton’s Medical Bibliography: An Annotated Checklist of Texts Illustrating the History of Medicine. 5th edition. Aldershot: Scholar Press. Prioreschi, P. 2006. Anatomy in Medieval Islam. JISHIM 5: 2-6. Roberts, K. B. 1990. The Fabric of the Body. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Slater, A. and Oates, J. 2005. ‘Sensation to Perception’, in Oates, J. Grayson A. and Wood C. (eds.) Psychological Development and Early Childhood. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Stafford, B. M. 1993. Body Criticism: Imaging the Unseen in Enlightenment Art and Medicine. Cambridge: MIT Press. Trevsky, B. 2010. Visualizing Thought. Topics in Cognitive Science 3 (3): 499- 535.
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Details

Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mesut Malik Yavuz

Publication Date December 31, 2017
Submission Date November 15, 2017
Acceptance Date December 22, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 15 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Yavuz, M. M. (2017). A HISTORICAL CASE STUDY: HUMAN BODY AS A VISUAL FIELD IN 18TH CENTURY ANATOMY. Kader, 15(3), 698-717. https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.353385
AMA Yavuz MM. A HISTORICAL CASE STUDY: HUMAN BODY AS A VISUAL FIELD IN 18TH CENTURY ANATOMY. Kader. December 2017;15(3):698-717. doi:10.18317/kaderdergi.353385
Chicago Yavuz, Mesut Malik. “A HISTORICAL CASE STUDY: HUMAN BODY AS A VISUAL FIELD IN 18TH CENTURY ANATOMY”. Kader 15, no. 3 (December 2017): 698-717. https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.353385.
EndNote Yavuz MM (December 1, 2017) A HISTORICAL CASE STUDY: HUMAN BODY AS A VISUAL FIELD IN 18TH CENTURY ANATOMY. Kader 15 3 698–717.
IEEE M. M. Yavuz, “A HISTORICAL CASE STUDY: HUMAN BODY AS A VISUAL FIELD IN 18TH CENTURY ANATOMY”, Kader, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 698–717, 2017, doi: 10.18317/kaderdergi.353385.
ISNAD Yavuz, Mesut Malik. “A HISTORICAL CASE STUDY: HUMAN BODY AS A VISUAL FIELD IN 18TH CENTURY ANATOMY”. Kader 15/3 (December 2017), 698-717. https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.353385.
JAMA Yavuz MM. A HISTORICAL CASE STUDY: HUMAN BODY AS A VISUAL FIELD IN 18TH CENTURY ANATOMY. Kader. 2017;15:698–717.
MLA Yavuz, Mesut Malik. “A HISTORICAL CASE STUDY: HUMAN BODY AS A VISUAL FIELD IN 18TH CENTURY ANATOMY”. Kader, vol. 15, no. 3, 2017, pp. 698-17, doi:10.18317/kaderdergi.353385.
Vancouver Yavuz MM. A HISTORICAL CASE STUDY: HUMAN BODY AS A VISUAL FIELD IN 18TH CENTURY ANATOMY. Kader. 2017;15(3):698-717.