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Kuran’da ve Tefsirlerinde Ruh ve Ruhu’l-Kudüs

Year 2024, Volume: 22 Issue: 2, 362 - 379, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.1545625

Abstract

Kuran'da “Kutsal Ruh” (Rûhulkudüs) terimi dört kez geçmektedir ve bunların üçü doğrudan Hz. İsa ile ilişkilidir. Daha genel anlamda kullanılan ‘el-ruh’ veya ‘ruh’ terimi ise on sekiz kez geçmekte olup, bazıları Hz. İsa'nın annesi Meryem ile bağlantılıdır. Bu çalışma, Kuran'da yer alan Ruh ve Kutsal Ruh kavramlarını ve bunların klasik İslam tefsirlerindeki yorumlarını incelemektedir. Araştırma, Kutsal Ruh’un Hz. İsa ve annesi Meryem ile ilişkilendirildiği Kuran ayetlerini analiz ederek başlamakta, bu ayetlerin ve bağlamlarının derinlemesine bir incelemesini sunmaktadır. Ardından, Kutsal Ruh’un farklı bağlamlarda geçtiği ayetlere yönelerek terimin çeşitli kullanımlarını karşılaştırmalı bir analizle ele almaktadır. Kutsal Ruh tartışmasının ardından çalışma, Kuran'da geçen “ruh” (el-Rûh) ve “bir ruh” (Rûh) terimlerinin incelenmesine odaklanır. Aynı metodolojik yaklaşımı izleyerek, önce Hz. İsa ve Meryem ile bağlantılı ayetleri ele almakta, ardından ruh kavramının farklı bağlamlarda geçtiği diğer ayetleri incelemektedir. Her durumda, ilgili Kuran tefsirlerine dayanarak bu ayetlerin yorumlarını ele alır. Çalışma, rivayete dayalı tefsir (tefsîr bi-l-ma'thûr) ile akla dayalı tefsir (tefsîr bi-l-ra'y) yöntemlerini bir arada kullanmaktadır. Rivayet temelli tefsirlerden Ṭaberî ve Begavî'nin eserleri, akıl temelli tefsirlerden ise İmam Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin çalışmaları örnek olarak incelenmektedir. Ayrıca, müfessirlerin kullandığı kaynakların güvenilirliğini tartışmakta ve bu kaynakların hadisler, sahabe yorumları ve hatta Kutsal kitap'a dayanan bilgiler olup olmadığını değerlendirmektedir. Farklı Kuran yorumlarını sunarak ve karşılaştırarak, bu çalışma İslam geleneğinde ‘Ruh’ ve 'Kutsal Ruh’ kavramları etrafındaki düşünsel çeşitliliği gözler önüne sermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu kavramların İslam’da nasıl anlaşıldığını ve tartışıldığını araştırmak isteyenler için değerli bir kaynak sağlamanın yanı sıra, Hristiyanlık ve Yahudilikteki benzer kavramlarla karşılaştırma imkânı sunarak dinler arası teolojik diyaloğa önemli katkılarda bulunmayı hedeflemektedir.

References

  • Abdel Haleem, M.A.S. The Qur’an. Oxford: University Press, 2008.
  • al-Baghawī, Al-Ḥusayīn. Tafsīr al-Baghawī. Riyadh: Dar Ṭayba, 1997.
  • al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad bin Ismāʿīl. Saḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Beirut: Dar al-Tawq al-Naja, 2002.
  • al-Damījī, Abdullah. Ismi Allah al-Aʿẓam. Riyadh: Dar al-Watan, 1998.
  • al-Munajid, Muhammad. “Does the Original Gospel Exist Today.” Islam Question and Answer, accessed April 4, 2024. https://islamqa.info/en/answers/85280/does-the-original-gospel-exist-today
  • al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn. Al-Tafseer al-Kabīr. Beirut: Dar Iḥyā al-Turath, 3. Edition, 1999.
  • al-Ṭabarī, Ibn Jarīr. Jamiʿ Bayan ʿan Ta’wīl Ayī al-Quran. Makkah: Dar al-Turath, ??.
  • al-Ẓahabī, Shams al-Dīn. siyar Aʿlam al-Nubala’ . Beirut: Al-Risalā Publication, 3. Edition, 1985.
  • Bin Abī Ḥātim, Abdurḥamān. Tafsir al-Quran al-ʿAẓīm. Riyadh: Mustafa Al-Baz Publication, 1999.
  • Bin al-Jawzī, Jamāl al-Dīn. Zād al-Masīr fi al-Tafsīr. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub, 2002.
  • Bin ʿAṭiya, Abdulḥaq. Al-Muḥarir al-Wajiz fi Tafsīr al-Kitab. Beirut: dar al-Kutub, 2002.
  • Fatoohi, Louy. Abrogation in Quran and Islamic law. London: Routledge, 2024.
  • Haeri, Fadhlalla. Keys to the Quran. London: Zahra Publication, 2. Edition, 2018.
  • Ḥassan, Abās. al-Naḥw al-Wafī. Cairo: Dar al-Maʿārif, 14. Edition, 2007.
  • Khattab, Mustafa. The Clear Quran. Bolingbrook: Books of Signs Foundations, 2016.
  • Musʿāid, Al-Ṭayyar, et al. Mawsūʿat al-Tafsīr bil-Ma’thūr. Beirut: Dar Ibn Ḥazim, 2017.
  • Pickthall, Marmaduke. The Meaning of the Glorious Koran. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1930.
  • Reynolds, Gabriel “On The Qurʾān’s Māʾida Passage And The Wanderings Of The Israelites,” in The Coming of the Comforter: When, Where, and to Whom? Studies on the Rise of Islam and Various Other Topics in Memory of John Wansbrough, ed. Carlos A. Segovia and Basil Lourié, 91-108. New Jersey: Georgia Press: 2021.
  • Shiḥata, Abdullah. ‘Ulum al-Tafsīr. Cairo: Dar al-Shrūk, 2001.

The Spirit and Holy Spirit in The Quran and its Exegeses

Year 2024, Volume: 22 Issue: 2, 362 - 379, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.1545625

Abstract

The term ‘Holy Spirit’ is referenced four times in the Quran, with three instances directly related to Jesus Christ, while the broader term ‘spirit’ or “the spirit” (al-Rūḥ) appears eighteen times, some of which pertain to Mary, the mother of Jesus. This study explores the concepts of the Spirit and Holy Spirit as they are presented in the Quran, as well as their interpretations in classical Islamic exegesis. The research begins by analyzing the Quranic verses where the “Holy Spirit” is associated with Jesus Christ and his mother, providing a detailed examination of these occurrences and their contextual significance. Subsequently, the study delves into the instances of the “Holy Spirit” in other contexts, offering a comparative analysis of the term’s usage across different passages. Following the discussion on the “Holy Spirit,” the study shifts focus to the discussion of “the spirit” (al-Rūḥ) and “a spirit” (Rūḥ) in the Quran. Adopting the same methodological approach, it first addresses the verses connected to Jesus and Mary, before exploring the diverse contexts in which the spirit is mentioned. In each case, the relevant Quranic interpretations are discussed, drawing from key Quranic commentaries (tafsīr). The study relies on a combination of classical exegetical methods, incorporating both narration-based exegesis (tafsīr bi-l-ma'thūr), such as the works of al-Ṭabarī and al-Baghawī, and reasoning-based exegesis (tafsīr bi-l-ra'y), as exemplified by the works of Imām Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī. Additionally, it evaluates the authenticity and sources of the exegetes’ interpretations, scrutinizing their reliance on prophetic traditions (hadith), the explanations of the Prophet’s companions, and even biblical sources. By presenting and comparing a range of Quranic interpretations, this study aims to highlight the diversity of thought surrounding the concepts of the ‘Spirit’ and ‘Holy Spirit’ within Islamic tradition. It provides a valuable resource for those seeking to understand how these notions are interpreted and debated within Islam and offers a platform for comparison with the corresponding concepts in Christianity and Judaism, thereby contributing to broader interfaith theological dialogues.

References

  • Abdel Haleem, M.A.S. The Qur’an. Oxford: University Press, 2008.
  • al-Baghawī, Al-Ḥusayīn. Tafsīr al-Baghawī. Riyadh: Dar Ṭayba, 1997.
  • al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad bin Ismāʿīl. Saḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Beirut: Dar al-Tawq al-Naja, 2002.
  • al-Damījī, Abdullah. Ismi Allah al-Aʿẓam. Riyadh: Dar al-Watan, 1998.
  • al-Munajid, Muhammad. “Does the Original Gospel Exist Today.” Islam Question and Answer, accessed April 4, 2024. https://islamqa.info/en/answers/85280/does-the-original-gospel-exist-today
  • al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn. Al-Tafseer al-Kabīr. Beirut: Dar Iḥyā al-Turath, 3. Edition, 1999.
  • al-Ṭabarī, Ibn Jarīr. Jamiʿ Bayan ʿan Ta’wīl Ayī al-Quran. Makkah: Dar al-Turath, ??.
  • al-Ẓahabī, Shams al-Dīn. siyar Aʿlam al-Nubala’ . Beirut: Al-Risalā Publication, 3. Edition, 1985.
  • Bin Abī Ḥātim, Abdurḥamān. Tafsir al-Quran al-ʿAẓīm. Riyadh: Mustafa Al-Baz Publication, 1999.
  • Bin al-Jawzī, Jamāl al-Dīn. Zād al-Masīr fi al-Tafsīr. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub, 2002.
  • Bin ʿAṭiya, Abdulḥaq. Al-Muḥarir al-Wajiz fi Tafsīr al-Kitab. Beirut: dar al-Kutub, 2002.
  • Fatoohi, Louy. Abrogation in Quran and Islamic law. London: Routledge, 2024.
  • Haeri, Fadhlalla. Keys to the Quran. London: Zahra Publication, 2. Edition, 2018.
  • Ḥassan, Abās. al-Naḥw al-Wafī. Cairo: Dar al-Maʿārif, 14. Edition, 2007.
  • Khattab, Mustafa. The Clear Quran. Bolingbrook: Books of Signs Foundations, 2016.
  • Musʿāid, Al-Ṭayyar, et al. Mawsūʿat al-Tafsīr bil-Ma’thūr. Beirut: Dar Ibn Ḥazim, 2017.
  • Pickthall, Marmaduke. The Meaning of the Glorious Koran. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1930.
  • Reynolds, Gabriel “On The Qurʾān’s Māʾida Passage And The Wanderings Of The Israelites,” in The Coming of the Comforter: When, Where, and to Whom? Studies on the Rise of Islam and Various Other Topics in Memory of John Wansbrough, ed. Carlos A. Segovia and Basil Lourié, 91-108. New Jersey: Georgia Press: 2021.
  • Shiḥata, Abdullah. ‘Ulum al-Tafsīr. Cairo: Dar al-Shrūk, 2001.
There are 19 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Islamic Studies (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mohammad Makdod 0000-0002-4029-861X

Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date September 9, 2024
Acceptance Date December 4, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 22 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Makdod, M. (2024). The Spirit and Holy Spirit in The Quran and its Exegeses. Kader, 22(2), 362-379. https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.1545625
AMA Makdod M. The Spirit and Holy Spirit in The Quran and its Exegeses. Kader. December 2024;22(2):362-379. doi:10.18317/kaderdergi.1545625
Chicago Makdod, Mohammad. “The Spirit and Holy Spirit in The Quran and Its Exegeses”. Kader 22, no. 2 (December 2024): 362-79. https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.1545625.
EndNote Makdod M (December 1, 2024) The Spirit and Holy Spirit in The Quran and its Exegeses. Kader 22 2 362–379.
IEEE M. Makdod, “The Spirit and Holy Spirit in The Quran and its Exegeses”, Kader, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 362–379, 2024, doi: 10.18317/kaderdergi.1545625.
ISNAD Makdod, Mohammad. “The Spirit and Holy Spirit in The Quran and Its Exegeses”. Kader 22/2 (December 2024), 362-379. https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.1545625.
JAMA Makdod M. The Spirit and Holy Spirit in The Quran and its Exegeses. Kader. 2024;22:362–379.
MLA Makdod, Mohammad. “The Spirit and Holy Spirit in The Quran and Its Exegeses”. Kader, vol. 22, no. 2, 2024, pp. 362-79, doi:10.18317/kaderdergi.1545625.
Vancouver Makdod M. The Spirit and Holy Spirit in The Quran and its Exegeses. Kader. 2024;22(2):362-79.