Research Article
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Mimar Sinan'ın Camilerinde Sembolizm: Kitabeler, Anlamlar ve Mimari Düzen

Year 2024, Issue: 8, 143 - 189, 15.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.54462/kadim.1343868

Abstract

Mimari mekânlar sadece yapısal unsurlardan oluşmazlar aynı zamanda yapıldığı dönemden izler de taşırlar. Bu izler din, kültür, ekonomi, iktidar, teknoloji, soyut kavramlar veya semboler olabilir. Özellikle ibadethaneler, misyonları gereği çeşitli semboller ve göstergeler barındırırlar. İslam dini ibadet mekanı olan camiler, özgün mimari tasarımlarının yanında çeşitli sembolik unsurları da barındırmaktadır. Tarihsel perspektifte bu unsurların soyut süslemeler ve yazıyla cami mimarisinde yer aldığı görülmektedir. Osmanlı döneminde cami mimarisini zirveye taşıyan ve bu çalışmanın konusu olan Mimar Sinan dönemi camilerinde kitabeler ağırlıklı olarak Kur’an ayetlerinden oluşmaktadır. Bu ayetler kubbeden başlayarak birçok mimari elemana yerleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı, bu ayetlerin yerleştirildiği mimari elemanlarla olan ilişkisini göstergebilimsel yöntemle sistematik olarak sorgulamak ve ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada, Mimar Sinan döneminde inşa edilen epigrafi programı bakımından en zengin camiler olan Şehzade Mehmet, Süleymaniye, Selimiye, Kılıç Ali Paşa ve Sokullu-Ismihan Sultan camileri örneklem olarak seçilmiştir. Camilerde yer alan bütün yazılar yerinde tespit edilmiştir, ayrıca dönemle ilgili kaynaklardan da karşılaştırma yapılarak doğruluğu sağlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, daha önce ortaya çıkartılmamış olan Mimar Sinan camilerindeki yazıların sembolizmi yazılar ve yapı elemanları üzerinden okunarak her mimari eleman için özgün olarak sunulmuştur.

References

  • Açıkgözoğlu, Ahmet Sacit. “Türk Mimarisinde Hat Sanatı”. Hat ve Tezhip Sanatı, Hat ve Tezhip Sanatı. ed. Ali Rıza Özcan. 181-197, Ankara: Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 2009.
  • Ali, Fariha. “Aniconism in Islam”. Al-Salihat (Journal of Women, Society, and Religion) 1/02 (2022), 13-27.
  • Al-Mehri, A. B. (ed.). The Qur'ān: With Sūrah Introductions and Appendices: Saheeh International Translation. Birmingham, UK: Maktabah Booksellers and Publishers, 2010.
  • Alparslan, Ali. “Celî”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 7/265-267. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1993.
  • Barrie, Thomas. The Sacred In-Between: The Mediating Roles of Architecture. Oxon: Routledge, 2010.
  • Blair, Sheila S and Bloom, Jonathan M. Islamic Arts (Art & Ideas). London: Phaidon Press, 1997.
  • Bozkurt, Tolga. “İslam Mimarisinde Mihrap Sembolizmi”. Sanat Tarihi Araştırmaları (Selçuk Mülayim Armağanı). ed. Aziz Doğanay. 185-206, İstanbul: Lale Yayıncılık, 2014.
  • Buhârî, Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed b. İsmail. el-Câmiu’s-Sahih. 1. Cilt. İstanbul: Çağrı Yayınları, 1992.
  • Buhârî, Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed b. İsmail. el-Câmiu’s-Sahih. 7. Cilt. İstanbul: Çağrı Yayınları, 1992.
  • Buhârî, Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed b. İsmail. el-Câmiu’s-Sahih. 8. Cilt. İstanbul: Çağrı Yayınları, 1992.
  • Burckhardt, Titus. Arts of Islam: Language and Meaning. Indiana: World Wisdom Inc., 2009.
  • Dodd, Erica Cruikshank and Khairallah, Shereen. The Image of the Word, A Study of Qur’anic Verses in Islamic Architecture. Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1981.
  • Duyan, Efe. “Rethinking Semiotics in Architecture: Architecture As A Perceived Sign”. Adam Arts 4 (2023), 28-39.
  • Fayda, Mustafa. “Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 18/324-338. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1998.
  • Grabar, Oleg. “Symbols and Signs in Islamic Architecture”. Architecture as Symbol and Self-Identity. ed. J.G. Katz. Philadelphia: Aga Khan Award for Architecture, 1980.
  • Gurlitt, Cornelius. Die Baukunst Konstantinopels. Berlin: Ernst Wasmuth, 1912.
  • Hillenbrand, Robert. Islamic Architecture: Form, Function, and Meaning. Edinburg: Edinburgh University Press, 1994.
  • Kuran, Aptullah. Sinan: The Grand Old Master of Ottoman Architecture. Washington D.C.: Institute of Turkish Studies, 1987.
  • Loeckx, André and Hilde Heynen. “Meaning and Effect: Revisiting Semiotics in Architecture”. Conditioning Architectural Theory, 1960s–1990s. ed. Sebastiaan Loosen and et. al. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2020.
  • Michelle, George (ed.). Architecture of the Islamic World: Its History and Social Meaning. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1995.
  • Müslim, Ebü’l-Hüseyn Müslim b. el-Haccâc. el-Câmiu’s-Sahih. 1. Cilt. İstanbul: Çağrı Yayınları, 1992.
  • Necipoğlu, Gülru. The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.
  • Ogden, Charles Kay and Ivor Armstrong, Richards. The Meaning of Meaning; A Study of the Influence of Language Upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World Inc., 1959.
  • Özsayıner, Zübeyde Cihan. Mimar Sinan’ın İstanbul’daki Camii ve Türbelerindeki Yazı Düzeni ve Anlamı. İstanbul: İstanbul University, Institute of Social Sciences, Doctoral Dissertation, 1993.
  • Rifat, Mehmet. XX. Yüzyılda Dilbilim ve Göstergebilim Kuramları 2 - Temel Metinler. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2008.
  • Rifat, Mehmet. XX. Yüzyılda Dilbilim ve Göstergebilim Kuramları 1 - Tarihçe ve Eleştirel Düşünceler. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2013.
  • Şengün, Cemile Feyzan. Mimar Sinan Dönemi Cami Mimarisinde Yazı ve Kozmolojik İçerik. İstanbul: İstanbul Technical University, Graduate School of Science Engineering and Technology, Master’s Thesis, 2015.
  • Sülün, Murat. Sanat Eserine Vurulan Kuran Mührü. İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları, 2013.
  • Tüfekçioğlu, Abdülhamit. “Osmanlı Sanatının Oluşumunda Yazı”. Hat ve Tezhip Sanatı. ed. Ali Rıza Özcan. 59-73, Ankara: Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 2009.
  • Ülgen, Ali Saim. Mimar Sinan Yapıları (Katalog)/The Buildings of Mimar Sinan (Catalogue). ed. Filiz Yenişehirlioğlu and et. al. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1989.
  • Sunnah.com. “7 The Book of Prayer – Friday”. Access 29 September 2024. https://sunnah.com/virtues:55 Sunnah.com. “11 Friday Prayer”. Access 29 September 2024. https://sunnah.com/bukhari:935

Symbolism In The Mosques of Mimar Sinan: Inscriptions, Meanings, and Architectural Order

Year 2024, Issue: 8, 143 - 189, 15.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.54462/kadim.1343868

Abstract

Architectural spaces not only consist of structural elements but also bear traces from the period in which they were built. These traces can be religion, culture, economy, power, technology, abstract concepts, or symbols. Worship places, in particular, contain diverse symbols and indicators due to their mission. Mosques specific to the Islamic religion also have various symbolic elements besides their original architectural features. It is seen in history that these elements are included in mosque architecture with abstract ornaments and calligraphy. In the mosques of Mimar Sinan’s period, the inscriptions mainly consist of Qur’ān verses. These verses are placed on many architectural elements, starting from the dome. The study aims to systematically question and reveal the relationship between these verses and the architectural elements where they are placed using the semiotic method. Five mosques, the richest in terms of the epigraphy program, were selected as samples for the study. All the inscriptions in the mosques were identified on-site, and their accuracy was ensured by comparing them with sources related to the period. In this study, the symbolism of the inscriptions in Mimar Sinan’s mosques, which has not been revealed before, is presented uniquely for each architectural element by reading them through the inscriptions and structural elements.

References

  • Açıkgözoğlu, Ahmet Sacit. “Türk Mimarisinde Hat Sanatı”. Hat ve Tezhip Sanatı, Hat ve Tezhip Sanatı. ed. Ali Rıza Özcan. 181-197, Ankara: Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 2009.
  • Ali, Fariha. “Aniconism in Islam”. Al-Salihat (Journal of Women, Society, and Religion) 1/02 (2022), 13-27.
  • Al-Mehri, A. B. (ed.). The Qur'ān: With Sūrah Introductions and Appendices: Saheeh International Translation. Birmingham, UK: Maktabah Booksellers and Publishers, 2010.
  • Alparslan, Ali. “Celî”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 7/265-267. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1993.
  • Barrie, Thomas. The Sacred In-Between: The Mediating Roles of Architecture. Oxon: Routledge, 2010.
  • Blair, Sheila S and Bloom, Jonathan M. Islamic Arts (Art & Ideas). London: Phaidon Press, 1997.
  • Bozkurt, Tolga. “İslam Mimarisinde Mihrap Sembolizmi”. Sanat Tarihi Araştırmaları (Selçuk Mülayim Armağanı). ed. Aziz Doğanay. 185-206, İstanbul: Lale Yayıncılık, 2014.
  • Buhârî, Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed b. İsmail. el-Câmiu’s-Sahih. 1. Cilt. İstanbul: Çağrı Yayınları, 1992.
  • Buhârî, Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed b. İsmail. el-Câmiu’s-Sahih. 7. Cilt. İstanbul: Çağrı Yayınları, 1992.
  • Buhârî, Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed b. İsmail. el-Câmiu’s-Sahih. 8. Cilt. İstanbul: Çağrı Yayınları, 1992.
  • Burckhardt, Titus. Arts of Islam: Language and Meaning. Indiana: World Wisdom Inc., 2009.
  • Dodd, Erica Cruikshank and Khairallah, Shereen. The Image of the Word, A Study of Qur’anic Verses in Islamic Architecture. Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1981.
  • Duyan, Efe. “Rethinking Semiotics in Architecture: Architecture As A Perceived Sign”. Adam Arts 4 (2023), 28-39.
  • Fayda, Mustafa. “Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 18/324-338. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1998.
  • Grabar, Oleg. “Symbols and Signs in Islamic Architecture”. Architecture as Symbol and Self-Identity. ed. J.G. Katz. Philadelphia: Aga Khan Award for Architecture, 1980.
  • Gurlitt, Cornelius. Die Baukunst Konstantinopels. Berlin: Ernst Wasmuth, 1912.
  • Hillenbrand, Robert. Islamic Architecture: Form, Function, and Meaning. Edinburg: Edinburgh University Press, 1994.
  • Kuran, Aptullah. Sinan: The Grand Old Master of Ottoman Architecture. Washington D.C.: Institute of Turkish Studies, 1987.
  • Loeckx, André and Hilde Heynen. “Meaning and Effect: Revisiting Semiotics in Architecture”. Conditioning Architectural Theory, 1960s–1990s. ed. Sebastiaan Loosen and et. al. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2020.
  • Michelle, George (ed.). Architecture of the Islamic World: Its History and Social Meaning. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1995.
  • Müslim, Ebü’l-Hüseyn Müslim b. el-Haccâc. el-Câmiu’s-Sahih. 1. Cilt. İstanbul: Çağrı Yayınları, 1992.
  • Necipoğlu, Gülru. The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.
  • Ogden, Charles Kay and Ivor Armstrong, Richards. The Meaning of Meaning; A Study of the Influence of Language Upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World Inc., 1959.
  • Özsayıner, Zübeyde Cihan. Mimar Sinan’ın İstanbul’daki Camii ve Türbelerindeki Yazı Düzeni ve Anlamı. İstanbul: İstanbul University, Institute of Social Sciences, Doctoral Dissertation, 1993.
  • Rifat, Mehmet. XX. Yüzyılda Dilbilim ve Göstergebilim Kuramları 2 - Temel Metinler. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2008.
  • Rifat, Mehmet. XX. Yüzyılda Dilbilim ve Göstergebilim Kuramları 1 - Tarihçe ve Eleştirel Düşünceler. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2013.
  • Şengün, Cemile Feyzan. Mimar Sinan Dönemi Cami Mimarisinde Yazı ve Kozmolojik İçerik. İstanbul: İstanbul Technical University, Graduate School of Science Engineering and Technology, Master’s Thesis, 2015.
  • Sülün, Murat. Sanat Eserine Vurulan Kuran Mührü. İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları, 2013.
  • Tüfekçioğlu, Abdülhamit. “Osmanlı Sanatının Oluşumunda Yazı”. Hat ve Tezhip Sanatı. ed. Ali Rıza Özcan. 59-73, Ankara: Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 2009.
  • Ülgen, Ali Saim. Mimar Sinan Yapıları (Katalog)/The Buildings of Mimar Sinan (Catalogue). ed. Filiz Yenişehirlioğlu and et. al. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1989.
  • Sunnah.com. “7 The Book of Prayer – Friday”. Access 29 September 2024. https://sunnah.com/virtues:55 Sunnah.com. “11 Friday Prayer”. Access 29 September 2024. https://sunnah.com/bukhari:935
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Intellectual History of Ottoman, Ottoman Culture and Art, Ottoman Society
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Cemile Feyzan Şimşek 0000-0002-3503-3633

Ali Uzay Peker 0000-0003-1175-6121

Sinan Mert Şener 0000-0002-8711-104X

Publication Date October 15, 2024
Submission Date August 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 8

Cite

APA Şimşek, C. F., Peker, A. U., & Şener, S. M. (2024). Symbolism In The Mosques of Mimar Sinan: Inscriptions, Meanings, and Architectural Order. Kadim(8), 143-189. https://doi.org/10.54462/kadim.1343868
AMA Şimşek CF, Peker AU, Şener SM. Symbolism In The Mosques of Mimar Sinan: Inscriptions, Meanings, and Architectural Order. Kadim. October 2024;(8):143-189. doi:10.54462/kadim.1343868
Chicago Şimşek, Cemile Feyzan, Ali Uzay Peker, and Sinan Mert Şener. “Symbolism In The Mosques of Mimar Sinan: Inscriptions, Meanings, and Architectural Order”. Kadim, no. 8 (October 2024): 143-89. https://doi.org/10.54462/kadim.1343868.
EndNote Şimşek CF, Peker AU, Şener SM (October 1, 2024) Symbolism In The Mosques of Mimar Sinan: Inscriptions, Meanings, and Architectural Order. Kadim 8 143–189.
IEEE C. F. Şimşek, A. U. Peker, and S. M. Şener, “Symbolism In The Mosques of Mimar Sinan: Inscriptions, Meanings, and Architectural Order”, Kadim, no. 8, pp. 143–189, October 2024, doi: 10.54462/kadim.1343868.
ISNAD Şimşek, Cemile Feyzan et al. “Symbolism In The Mosques of Mimar Sinan: Inscriptions, Meanings, and Architectural Order”. Kadim 8 (October 2024), 143-189. https://doi.org/10.54462/kadim.1343868.
JAMA Şimşek CF, Peker AU, Şener SM. Symbolism In The Mosques of Mimar Sinan: Inscriptions, Meanings, and Architectural Order. Kadim. 2024;:143–189.
MLA Şimşek, Cemile Feyzan et al. “Symbolism In The Mosques of Mimar Sinan: Inscriptions, Meanings, and Architectural Order”. Kadim, no. 8, 2024, pp. 143-89, doi:10.54462/kadim.1343868.
Vancouver Şimşek CF, Peker AU, Şener SM. Symbolism In The Mosques of Mimar Sinan: Inscriptions, Meanings, and Architectural Order. Kadim. 2024(8):143-89.
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