Is There an Association between First Trimester 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus?

Abstract

Aim: Pregnant women have high Vitamin D deficiency rates. Some studies have suggested that vitamin D deficiency is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study aimed to investigate the association between first trimester 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and the risk of developing GDM. Material and Method: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 409 pregnant women aged 18–50 years with singleton pregnancies who had their 25(OH) vitamin D levels checked in the first trimester and underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between 24– 28 weeks of gestation. Demographic data, 25(OH) vitamin D levels, and OGTT results were recorded. Gestational diabetes mellitus was diagnosed according to the criteria of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria. Vitamin D levels were categorized into deficiency (<20 ng/ ml), insufficiency (20–30 ng/ml), and adequacy (>30 ng/ml). Results: The median age of the participants was 33 years, and 24.6% (n=101) had GDM. The median 25(OH) vitamin D level was 18 ng/ml, and deficiency was found in 57.2% (n=234), insufficiency in 34.2% (n=140), and adequate level in 8.6% (n=35). The median age (32 vs 34 years; p=0.008), smoking rate (18.8% vs. 8.4%; p=0.007), and median 25(OH) vitamin D level (10(4–30) ng/ ml vs 20 (3–151) ng/ml; p<0.001) were significantly lower in patients with GDM than in those without GDM. 25(OH) vitamin D <12 ng/ml (aOR: 0.086, 95% C. I.: 0.51–0.144, p<0.001) and 25(OH) vitamin D <20 ng/ml (aOR: 0.073, 95% C. I.: 0.034–0.155, p<0.001) were strongly associated with GDM in logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: The risk of GDM can be minimized by regular vitamin D supplementation at prophylactic doses before pregnancy.

Keywords

• vitamin D deficiency
• gestasyonel diabetes mellitus
• oral glucose tolerance test

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