Çocukluk Çağı Obezitesinde Pupil Fonksiyonları ve Wavefront Aberasyonlar

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 263 - 267, 01.08.2021

Abdullah İlhan Ümit Yolcu Salih Altun Üzeyir Erdem

Abstract

Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı pupiller fonksiyonlar ve wavefront aberasyonların çocukluk çağı obezitesi ile arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılmasıdır.
Materyal ve Metot: Bu vaka kontrol çalışmasında 54 obez çocuk (vücut kitle indeksi ≥95 persentil), yaş ve cinsiyet uyumlu 58 kişilik kontrol grubu (vücut kitle indeksi<85 persentil) ile karşılaştırıldı. Wavefront aberasyonlar ile fotopik ve mezopik pupil boyutu OPD-Scan II [Pupillometer/Corneal Wavefront Analyser]; [ARK-10000 system (Nidek, Japan)] ile tespit edildi.
Bulgular: Fotopik pupil boyutları obez çocuklarda kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı düzeyde küçüktü (3,68±0,64 (2,61-6,09), 4,83±0,63 (2,94-6,26mm, sırasıyla; p˂0,001). Mezopik pupil boyutları obez çocuklarda daha büyüktü ancak fark anlamlı değildi(6,88±0,58 (5,24-8,89), 6,65±0,77 (5,16-8,62) mm; p>0,05 ). Toplam optik aberasyonlar obez çocuklarda anlamlı düzeyde yüksekti(1,17±0,79, 0,88±0,47; p˂0,01). Coma, trefoil ve toplam üst sıra aberasyonları içeren diğer bütün aberasyonlar obez çocuklarda yüksek iken fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildi.
Sonuç: Bu çalışma pupiller fonksiyon, toplam wavefront aberasyonlar ve obezite arasında bir ilişkiyi göstermiştir. Bu veriler obezitenin, çocuklarda azalmış optik kalite ile ilişkili aberasyonlar için önemli bir risk faktörü olabileceğini göstermiştir.

Keywords

Çocukluk Çağı Obezitesi, Oküler Wavefront Aberasyon, Pupil Çapı

Pupillary Functions And Wavefront Aberrations In Childhood Obesity

Abstract

Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between pupillary functions, wavefront aberrations, and childhood obesity.
Material and Method: Fifty-four obese children (≥95th body mass index percentile) were compared with 58 age- and gender-matched controls (<85th body mass index percentile) in this case-control study. Wavefront aberrations, mesopic and photopic pupil diameters were assessed by means of OPD-Scan II [Pupillometer/Corneal Wavefront Analyser]; [ARK-10000 system (Nidek, Japan)].
Results: Photopic pupil sizes in obese children were significantly smaller than the control group (3.68±0.64 (2.61-6.09), 4.83±0.63 (2.94-6.26) mm; p˂0.001). Mesopic pupil sizes in obese children were bigger than control group but it was not significant (6.88±0.58 (5.24-8.89), 6.65±0.77 (5.16-8.62) mm; p>0.05). Total optical aberrations were also significantly higher in obese children (1.17±0.79, 0.88±0.47; p˂0.01). The other aberrations such as tetrafoil, trefoil, coma, and total high order aberrations were higher in obese children but these changes were insignificant.
Conclusion: This study showed an association between pupillary functions, total wavefront aberrations, and obesity. These data suggest that obesity might be an important risk factor for aberrations associated with diminished optical quality in children.

Keywords

Childhood Obesity, Ocular Wavefront Aberration, Pupil Size

References

• 1. Collaboration NCDRF. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016:a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2017;390(10113):2627-42.
• 2. Malhotra S, Sivasubramanian R, Singhal V. Adult obesity and its complications:a pediatric disease? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2021;28(1):46-54.
• 3. Kaufman CL, Kaiser DR, Steinberger J, Kelly AS, Dengel DR. Relationships of cardiac autonomic function with metabolic abnormalities in childhood obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15(5):1164-71.
• 4. Tonhajzerova I, Javorka M, Trunkvalterova Z, Chroma O, Javorkova J, Lazarova Z, et al. Cardio-respiratory interaction and autonomic dysfunction in obesity. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008;59 Suppl 6:709-18.
• 5. Yadav RL, Yadav PK, Yadav LK, Agrawal K, Sah SK, Islam MN. Association between obesity and heart rate variability indices:an intuition toward cardiac autonomic alteration - a risk of CVD. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2017;10:57-64.
• 6. Colak R, Donder E, Karaoglu A, Ayhan O, Yalnız M. Obesity and the activity of the autonomic nervous system. Turk j Med Sci. 2000;30(2):173 - 6.
• 7. Alkan A, Eker H, Hallioglu O, Cıtırık D, Parlak E, H. D. Obez ve Spor Yapan Cocuklarda Kalp Hızı Değişkenliğinin Karşılaştırılması. Mersin Unv Sag Bil Der. 2013;6(1):8-13.
• 8. Zahorska-Markiewicz B, Kuagowska E, Kucio C, Klin M. Heart rate variability in obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1993;17(1):21-3.
• 9. Laederach-Hofmann K, Mussgay L, Ruddel H. Autonomic cardiovascular regulation in obesity. J Endocrinol. 2000;164(1):59-66.
• 10. Baum P, Petroff D, Classen J, Kiess W, Bluher S. Dysfunction of autonomic nervous system in childhood obesity:a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54546.
• 11. Rabbia F, Silke B, Conterno A, Grosso T, De Vito B, Rabbone I, et al. Assessment of cardiac autonomic modulation during adolescent obesity. Obes Res. 2003;11(4):541-8.
• 12. Chintala KK, Krishna BH, N MR. Heart rate variability in overweight health care students:correlation with visceral fat. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(1):Cc06-8.
• 13. Lambert GW, Schlaich MP, Eikelis N, Lambert EA. Sympathetic activity in obesity:a brief review of methods and supportive data. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2019;1454(1):56-67.
• 14. Heller PH, Perry F, Jewett DL, Levine JD. Autonomic components of the human pupillary light reflex. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1990;31(1):156-62.
• 15. Fotiou F, Fountoulakis KN, Goulas A, Alexopoulos L, Palikaras A. Automated standardized pupillometry with optical method for purposes of clinical practice and research. Clin Physiol. 2000;20(5):336-47.
• 16. Venkata Sivakumar A, Kalburgi-Narayana M, Kuppusamy M, Ramaswamy P, Bachali S. Computerized dynamic pupillometry as a screening tool for evaluation of autonomic activity. Neurophysiol Clin. 2020;50(5):321-9.
• 17. Shirakawa S, Ishikawa S. [Evaluation of autonomic nervous function by pupil dynamics recording]. Nihon Rinsho. 1992;50(4):708-16.
• 18. Lombardo M, Lombardo G. Wave aberration of human eyes and new descriptors of image optical quality and visual performance. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2010;36(2):313-31.
• 19. Del Aguila-Carrasco AJ, Kruger PB, Lara F, Lopez-Gil N. Aberrations and accommodation. Clin Exp Optom. 2020;103(1):95-103.
• 20. Neyzi O, Gunoz H, Furman A, Bundak R, Gokcay G, Darendeliler F, et al. Türk çocuklarinda vücut ağirliği, boy uzunluğu, baş çevresi ve vücut kitle indeksi referans değerleri. Cocuk Sag Hast Der. 2008;51:1-14.
• 21. Vinik AI, Maser RE, Ziegler D. Autonomic imbalance:prophet of doom or scope for hope? Diabet Med. 2011;28(6):643-51.
• 22. Liao D, Rodriguez-Colon SM, He F, Bixler EO. Childhood obesity and autonomic dysfunction:risk for cardiac morbidity and mortality. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2014;16(10):342.
• 23. Patwari PP, Stewart TM, Rand CM, Carroll MS, Kuntz NL, Kenny AS, et al. Pupillometry in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS):quantitative evidence of autonomic nervous system dysregulation. Pediatr Res. 2012;71(3):280-5.
• 24. Meshcheryakov SV, Semenova ZB, Lukianov VI, Sorokina EG, Karaseva OV. Prognosis of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes in Children. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2018;126:11-6.
• 25. Dinalankara DMR, Miles JH, Nicole Takahashi T, Yao G. Atypical pupillary light reflex in 2-6-year-old children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism Res. 2017;10(5):829-38.
• 26. Philby MF, Aydinoz S, Gozal D, Kilic S, Bhattacharjee R, Bandla HP, et al. Pupillometric findings in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med. 2015;16(10):1187-91.
• 27. Kara K, Karaman D, Erdem U, Congologlu M, Durukan I, Ilhan A. Investigation of autonomic nervous system functions by pupillometry in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bül. 2013;23(1):49-56.
• 28. Sekine M, Izumi I, Yamagami T, Kagamimori S. Obesity and cardiac autonomic nerve activity in healthy children:Results of the toyama birth cohort study. Environ Health Prev Med. 2001;6(3):149-53.
• 29. Nagai N, Matsumoto T, Kita H, Moritani T. Autonomic nervous system activity and the state and development of obesity in Japanese school children. Obes Res. 2003;11(1):25-32.
• 30. Yakinci C, Mungen B, Karabiber H, Tayfun M, Evereklioglu C. Autonomic nervous system functions in obese children. Brain Dev. 2000;22(3):151-3.
• 31. Jacobson DM. A prospective evaluation of cholinergic supersensitivity of the iris sphincter in patients with oculomotor nerve palsies. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;118(3):377-83.