Diyabet ve Aterosklerozda İnflamasyon: Makro ve Mikro Besin Ögeleri ile NLRP3 İnflamazomu İlişkisi

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 336 - 349, 01.08.2021

Gülden Arman Reyhan Nergiz Ünal

Abstract

Tip II diyabet ve kardiyovasküler hastalıklar gibi kronik hastalıklar, toplumda giderek artan temel sağlık sorunları haline gelmiştir. Son yıllarda kronik hastalıklarla birlikte bunlara bağlı mortalitenin arttığı bildirilmiştir. Kronik hastalıkların nedenleri ve sonuçları araştırıldığında çeşitli etmenler ile birlikte genel olarak inflamasyonun bu hastalıklara eşlik ettiği ve kronik hastalıkların da hücresel veya metabolik inflamasyon oluşturduğu bildirilmektedir. Ancak bunun tam tersinin, yani inflamasyonun da kronik hastalık oluşumuna ve ilerlemesine etki ettiği düşünülmektedir. Bu sebeple, inflamatuar yanıtta görevli hücre içi reseptörlerden biri olan NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3) ve oluşturduğu inflamazom kompleksin hastalıklarla ilişkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. İnflamatuar yanıt oluşumunda patojen ile ilişkili uyarılar veya patojen dışı uyarılar NLRP3 inflamazomunu indüklenmekte veya baskılanmaktadır. Patojen dışı hücresel uyarılar olarak nitelendirilen, hücre sinyalizyonundaki değişimler, toksinler, oksidatif stres, endoplazmik retikulm stresi, mitokondri fonksiyon bozukluğu, lizozom fonksiyon bozukluğu ve hiperglisemi, lipotoksisite, hücresel ATP gibi diyetsel etmenler NLRP3 inflamazomunu regüle eden ve beslenme ile ilişkilendirilen nedenlerden biri olarak gösterilmektedir. Bu sebeple tip II diyabet ve ateroskleroz gibi hastalıklarda NLRP3 aracılı inflamasyonun modüle edilmesinde beslenmenin rolü olduğu düşünülmektedir. Dolayısıyla diyetin içeriği, makro ve mikro besin ögesi gibi etmenlerin hücresel inflamatuarı etkilediği düşünülmektedir. Bu bağlamda yapılan çalışmalarda yağ asitleri, kolesterol, fruktoz ve sodyum gibi besin ögelerinin, NLRP3 inflamazomu ile ilişkili olduğu bildirilmiştir. Bu nedenle bu derleme diyetin temel bileşimi olan makro ve mikro besin ögelerinin NLRP3 inflamazomuna etkisine ve kronik hastalıklarla olan ilişkisine genel bir bakış açısı sunmak amacıyla yazılmıştır.

Keywords

besin ögeleri, kronik hastalıklar, inflamasyon, inflamazom, NLRP3.

Inflammation in diabetes and atherosclerosis: relationship between macro/micronutrients and the NLRP3 inflammasome

Abstract

Chronic diseases, such as type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, have become an increasingly health problem in society. In recent years, mortality of chronic diseases has also been increased. Type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases have been caused or resulted from many factors. In generally, inflammation is most common factor that links with these diseases. It is known that inflammation develops chronic diseases, and vice versa. In this case, NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) which is a sensor molecule involved in development of inflammation is thought to be associated with chronic diseases. Infammasomes are induced or suppressed by pathogen-associated or damage-associated molecules such as nutrients. Since type II diabetes and atherosclerosis are associated with inflammation, it is also thought to be related to infammasomes and dietary components. Therefore, nutrition is seen as an important factor that can modulate inflammation through NLRP3. Dietary content, micro and macronutrients affect the formation of inflammation or affect prognosis of the diseases. Dietary factors (hyperglycemia, high levels of fatty acids, cholesterol and ATP), changes in cell signaling, toxins, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondria and lysosome dysfunction can regulate NLRP3 inflammasome. Multiple studies have been shown that nutrients like fatty acids, cholesterol, fructose, sodium are stimuli in terms of inflammation and disease. This review presents a brief overview of the possible effects of macro and micronutrients on NLRP3 inflammasome and chronic diseases.

Keywords

nutrients, chronic diseases, inflammation, inflammasomes, NLRP3.

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