Review
BibTex RIS Cite
Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 281 - 291, 15.12.2022

Abstract

References

  • 1. Sen GC. Viruses and interferons. Annual Reviews in Microbiology 2001;55:255–81.
  • 2. Koonin EV, Starokadomskyy P. Are viruses alive? The replicator paradigm sheds decisive light on an old but misguided question. Studies in history and philosophy of science part C: Studies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences 2016;59:125–34.
  • 3. Tumer A, Unal S. HIV/AIDS epidemiology and protection. Journal of Continuing Medical Education (STED) 2001;10:4469.
  • 4. Lupton D. Contextualising COVID-19: Sociocultural perspectives on contagion 2021;14–24.
  • 5. Humphreys M. The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–9: New Perspectives. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 2004;59:490–1.
  • 6. Mwenda V, Niyomwungere A, Oyugi E, Githuku J, Obonyo M, Gura Z. Cholera outbreak during a scientific conference at a Nairobi hotel, Kenya 2017. Journal of Public Health 2021;43:e140–4.
  • 7. Urgan S, Kurubacak G. Working Life and Distance Education in Covid-19 Pandemia One of The Epidemics Seen in World History. OPUS International Journal of Society Research 2021;17:1–1.
  • 8. Frieden TR, Damon I, Bell BP, Kenyon T, Nichol S. Ebola 2014— new challenges, new global response and responsibility. New Engl J Med 2014;371:1177–80.
  • 9. Dixon MG, Schafer IJ. Ebola viral disease outbreak—West Africa, 2014. MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report 2014;63:548.
  • 10. Chakraborty C. Therapeutics development for Ebola virus disease: A recent scenario Current Opinion in Pharmacology 2021;60:208–15.
  • 11. Monschein T, Hartung HP, Zrzavy T, Barnett M, Boxberger N, Berger T et al. Vaccination and multiple sclerosis in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2021;92:1033–43.
  • 12. To KKW, Chan WM, Ip JD, Chu AWH, Tam AR, Liu R et al. Unique clusters of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing a large coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in Hong Kong. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2021;73:137–42.
  • 13. Bi F, Jiang L, Huang L, Wei J, Pan X, Ju Y et al. Genetic Characterization of Two Human Cases Infected with the Avian Influenza A (H5N6) Viruses—Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. China CDC Weekly 2021;3:1–6.
  • 14. Claas ECJ, Osterhaus ADME, van Beek R, De Jong JC, Rimmelzwaan GF, Senne DA et al. Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. The Lancet 1998;351:472–7.
  • 15. Swine N. Virus Investigation Team. Emergence of a novel swineorigin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. N Engl J Med 2009;360(25):2605–15.
  • 16. Azhar EI, El-Kafrawy SA, Farraj SA, Hassan AM, Al-Saeed MS, Hashem AM et al. Evidence for camel-to-human transmission of MERS coronavirus. New Engl J Med 2014;370:2499–505.
  • 17. De Groot RJ, Baker SC, Baric RS, Brown CS, Drosten C, Enjuanes L et al. Commentary: Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov): announcement of the coronavirus study group. Journal of Virology 2013;87:7790–2.
  • 18. Gao R, Cao B, Hu Y, Feng Z, Wang D, Hu W et al. Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus. New Engl J Med 2013;368:1888–97.
  • 19. Rashid NN. The Pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Current Molecular Medicine, 2022.
  • 20. Zhao S, Lin Q, Ran J, Musa SS, Yang G, Wang W et al. Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;92:214–7.
  • 21. Du Toit A. Outbreak of a novel coronavirus. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2020;18:123.
  • 22. Ren LL, Wang YM, Wu ZQ, Xiang ZC, Guo L, Xu T et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: a descriptive study. Chin Med J. 2020;133:1015.
  • 23. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. T he lancet 2020;395:497–506.
  • 24. Lu H. Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Bioscience Trends 2020;14:69–71.
  • 25. Nishiura H, Jung SM, Linton NM, Kinoshita R, Yang Y, Hayashi K et al. The extent of transmission of novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. In. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 2020.
  • 26. Bassetti M, Vena A, Giacobbe DR. The novel Chinese coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections: Challenges for fighting the storm. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2020;50.
  • 27. Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H et al. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. New Engl J Med 2020;382:929–36
  • 28. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New Engl J Med 2020;382(8):727–33.
  • 29. Weiss SR, Leibowitz JL. Coronavirus pathogenesis. In: Advances in Virus Research 2011;81:85–164.
  • 30. Yin Y, Wunderink RG. MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia. Respirology 2018;23:130–7.
  • 31. Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric R, Groot RJD, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: The species and its viruses–a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group 2020;536–44.
  • 32. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet 2020;395:565–74.
  • 33. Zho P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W et al. Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin. BioRxiv 2020.
  • 34. Malik YS, Sircar S, Bhat S, Sharun K, Dhama K, Dadar M et al. Emerging novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)—current scenario, evolutionary perspective based on genome analysis and recent developments. Veterinary Quarterly 2020;40:68–76.
  • 35. Luan J, Lu Y, Gao S, Zhang L. A potential inhibitory role for integrin in the receptor targeting of SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Infection 2020;81:318–56.
  • 36. Dikmen AU, Kina MH, Özkan S, İlhan MN. Epidemiology of COVID-19: What We Learn From Pandemic Journal of Biotechnology and Strategic Health Research 2020;4:29–36.
  • 37. Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and pathogenesis. Trends in Immunology 2020;41(12):1100–15.
  • 38. Asselah T, Durantel D, Pasmant E, Lau G, Schinazi RF. COVID-19: Discovery, diagnostics and drug development. J Hepatol 2021;74(1):168–84.
  • 39. McCartney DM, Byrne DG. Optimisation of vitamin D status for enhanced immuno-protection against Covid-19. Ir Med J 2020;113:58.
  • 40. Chen J, Wang YK, Gao Y, Hu LS, Yang Jw, Wang JR et al. Protection against COVID-19 injury by qingfei paidu decoction via antiviral, anti-inflammatory activity and metabolic programming. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2020;129, 110281.
  • 41. Ren W, Ma Y, Wang R, Liang P, Sun Q, Pu Q et al. Research Advance on Qingfei Paidu Decoction in Prescription Principle, Mechanism Analysis and Clinical Application. Front Pharmacol 2021;11:2046.
  • 42. Berberoglu S, Buyukpamukcu M, Sarialioglu F, Akyuz C, Ilhan İ. Hepatitis B vaccination in children with cancer. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 1995;12:171–8.
  • 43. Akyuz E, Uner A, Koklu B, Polat K, Eroglu E, Kullu I. Individuals with chronic diseases in our country do not comply with the measures to protect against the corona-virus epidemic. Ankara: TÜBİTAK. 2020.
  • 44. Turner AJ. ACE2 cell biology, regulation, and physiological functions. The Protective Arm of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS), 2015;185.
  • 45. Cakmakoglu B, Ekmekci SS, Kucuksezer UC, Yilmaz V. Covid-19: Molecular and Clinical Approach. 2021
  • 46. Stasi C, Fallani S, Voller F, Silvestri C. Treatment for COVID-19: An overview. European Journal of Pharmacology 2020;173644.
  • 47. Wu D, Wu T, Liu Q, Yang Z. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: what we know. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;94:44–8.
  • 48. Wang MY, Zhao R, Gao LJ, Gao XF, Wang DP, Cao JM. SARSCoV-2: structure, biology, and structure-based therapeutics development. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 2020;10.
  • 49. Bolay H, Gul A, Baykan B. COVID-19 is a Real Headache! Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 2020;60:1415–21.
  • 50. Neumann B, Schmidbauer ML, Dimitriadis K, Otto S, Knier B, Niesen WD et al. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2020;418.
  • 51. Awadasseid A, Wu Y, Tanaka Y, Zhang W. Current advances in the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. International Journal of Biological Sciences 2021;17:8.
  • 52. Dinakaran D, Manjunatha N, Kumar CN, Suresh BM. Neuropsychiatric aspects of COVID-19 pandemic: a selective review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry 2020;53:102188.
  • 53. Zahra SA, Iddawela S, Pillai K, Choudhury RY, Harky A. Can symptoms of anosmia and dysgeusia be diagnostic for COVID-19? Brain and Behavior 2020;10:e01839.
  • 54. Dao TL, Hoang VT, Gautret P. Recurrence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in recovered COVID-19 patients: a narrative review. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 2021;40:13–25.
  • 55. Roy A, Parida SP, Bhatia V. Role of disinfection and hand hygiene: a COVID-19 perspective. Int. J. Community Med. Public Health 2020;7:2845.
  • 56. Feng S, Shen C, Xia N, Song W, Fan M, Cowling BJ. Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 2020;8:434–6.
  • 57. Prata JC, Silva ALP, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T. Disposable over Reusable Face Masks: Public Safety or Environmental Disaster? Environments 2021;8:31.
  • 58. Williams SN, Armitage CJ, Tampe T, Dienes K. Public perceptions and experiences of social distancing and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic: A UK-based focus group study. BMJ Open 2020;10(7):e039334.
  • 59. Wilder-Smith A, Freedman DO. Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Journal of Travel Medicine 2020;1:4.
  • 60. Erdem I. Turkey’s Quarantine and Precautionary Policies Against Coronavirus (Covid-19). Electronic Turkish Studies 2020;15.
  • 61. Zhu FC, Li YH, Guan XH, Hou LH, Wang WJ, Li JX et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a doseescalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial. The Lancet 2020;395:1845–54.
  • 62. Coomes EA, Haghbayan H. Favipiravir, an antiviral for COVID-19? Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2020;75:2013–4.
  • 63. Furuta Y, Komeno T, Nakamura T. Favipiravir (T-705), a broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B 2017;93:449–63.
  • 64. Jacobs M, Aarons E, Bhagani S, Buchanan R, Cropley I, Hopkins S et al. Post-exposure prophylaxis against Ebola virus disease with experimental antiviral agents: a case-series of health-care workers. T he Lancet Infectious Diseases 2015;15:1300–4.
  • 65. Boulware DR, Pullen MF, Bangdiwala AS, Pastick KA, Lofgren SM, Okafor EC et al. A randomized trial of hydroxychloroquine as postexposure prophylaxis for Covid-19. New Engl J Med 2020;383:517–25.
  • 66. Chu CM, Cheng VCC, Hung IFN, Wong MML, Chan KH, Chan KS et al. Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax 2004;59:252–6.
  • 67. Beigi RH, Venkataramanan R, Caritis SN. Oseltamivir for influenza in pregnancy. Elsevier 2014;503–7.
  • 68. Tagarro A, Cruz-Cañete M, Otheo E, Launes C, Couceiro JA, Pérez C et al. Oseltamivir for the treatment of influenza in children and adolescents. Anales de Pediatría (English Edition) 2019;90:317. e311.
  • 69. Hodgson SH, Mansatta K, Mallett G, Harris V, Emary KRW, Pollard AJ. What defines an efficacious COVID-19 vaccine? A review of the challenges assessing the clinical efficacy of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2021;21.2:e26-e35.
  • 70. Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B, Kotloff K, Frey S, Novak R et al. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. New Engl J Med 2021;384:403–16.
  • 71. Tregoning JS, Brown ES, Cheeseman HM, Flight KE, Higham SL, Lemm NM et al. Vaccines for COVID-19. Clinical & Experimental Immunology 2020;202:162–92.
  • 72. Halstead SB, Katzelnick L. COVID-19 Vaccines: Should we fear ADE? The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;222:1946–50.

Past to Present, Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Ways of Treatment: A Review

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 281 - 291, 15.12.2022

Abstract

The rapidly spreading COVID-19 pandemic, which has spread worldwide, emerged at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province of China. It has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization as of March 12, 2020. The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which caused millions of people to be infected and killed many people worldwide, is a severe public health problem. The average incubation period is 4–5 days (0–14 days). The most common symptoms are fever, dry cough, joint pains, headache, and shortness of breath. The disease can show severe and mortal effects in people with advanced age and different treatments. The disease diagnosis is made by molecular analysis of respiratory samples of suspected cases using special primers. In addition to supportive vitamin and protein support in treatment, specific vaccines are produced, the number of which increases day by day. The absence of close contact, such as handshaking and hugging, and the isolation of possible patients are among the most effective methods to prevent the disease’s spread. In addition to personal protective equipment such as masks and gloves, continuous cleaning is essential in the fight against the epidemic. This study looks at the COVID-19 pandemic from a general perspective, especially with the current advances in vaccines, and evaluates the past pandemic processes worldwide. It is to make inferences by considering the impact of COVID-19 on the world and Turkey.

References

  • 1. Sen GC. Viruses and interferons. Annual Reviews in Microbiology 2001;55:255–81.
  • 2. Koonin EV, Starokadomskyy P. Are viruses alive? The replicator paradigm sheds decisive light on an old but misguided question. Studies in history and philosophy of science part C: Studies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences 2016;59:125–34.
  • 3. Tumer A, Unal S. HIV/AIDS epidemiology and protection. Journal of Continuing Medical Education (STED) 2001;10:4469.
  • 4. Lupton D. Contextualising COVID-19: Sociocultural perspectives on contagion 2021;14–24.
  • 5. Humphreys M. The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–9: New Perspectives. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 2004;59:490–1.
  • 6. Mwenda V, Niyomwungere A, Oyugi E, Githuku J, Obonyo M, Gura Z. Cholera outbreak during a scientific conference at a Nairobi hotel, Kenya 2017. Journal of Public Health 2021;43:e140–4.
  • 7. Urgan S, Kurubacak G. Working Life and Distance Education in Covid-19 Pandemia One of The Epidemics Seen in World History. OPUS International Journal of Society Research 2021;17:1–1.
  • 8. Frieden TR, Damon I, Bell BP, Kenyon T, Nichol S. Ebola 2014— new challenges, new global response and responsibility. New Engl J Med 2014;371:1177–80.
  • 9. Dixon MG, Schafer IJ. Ebola viral disease outbreak—West Africa, 2014. MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report 2014;63:548.
  • 10. Chakraborty C. Therapeutics development for Ebola virus disease: A recent scenario Current Opinion in Pharmacology 2021;60:208–15.
  • 11. Monschein T, Hartung HP, Zrzavy T, Barnett M, Boxberger N, Berger T et al. Vaccination and multiple sclerosis in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2021;92:1033–43.
  • 12. To KKW, Chan WM, Ip JD, Chu AWH, Tam AR, Liu R et al. Unique clusters of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing a large coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in Hong Kong. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2021;73:137–42.
  • 13. Bi F, Jiang L, Huang L, Wei J, Pan X, Ju Y et al. Genetic Characterization of Two Human Cases Infected with the Avian Influenza A (H5N6) Viruses—Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. China CDC Weekly 2021;3:1–6.
  • 14. Claas ECJ, Osterhaus ADME, van Beek R, De Jong JC, Rimmelzwaan GF, Senne DA et al. Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. The Lancet 1998;351:472–7.
  • 15. Swine N. Virus Investigation Team. Emergence of a novel swineorigin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. N Engl J Med 2009;360(25):2605–15.
  • 16. Azhar EI, El-Kafrawy SA, Farraj SA, Hassan AM, Al-Saeed MS, Hashem AM et al. Evidence for camel-to-human transmission of MERS coronavirus. New Engl J Med 2014;370:2499–505.
  • 17. De Groot RJ, Baker SC, Baric RS, Brown CS, Drosten C, Enjuanes L et al. Commentary: Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov): announcement of the coronavirus study group. Journal of Virology 2013;87:7790–2.
  • 18. Gao R, Cao B, Hu Y, Feng Z, Wang D, Hu W et al. Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus. New Engl J Med 2013;368:1888–97.
  • 19. Rashid NN. The Pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Current Molecular Medicine, 2022.
  • 20. Zhao S, Lin Q, Ran J, Musa SS, Yang G, Wang W et al. Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;92:214–7.
  • 21. Du Toit A. Outbreak of a novel coronavirus. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2020;18:123.
  • 22. Ren LL, Wang YM, Wu ZQ, Xiang ZC, Guo L, Xu T et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: a descriptive study. Chin Med J. 2020;133:1015.
  • 23. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. T he lancet 2020;395:497–506.
  • 24. Lu H. Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Bioscience Trends 2020;14:69–71.
  • 25. Nishiura H, Jung SM, Linton NM, Kinoshita R, Yang Y, Hayashi K et al. The extent of transmission of novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. In. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 2020.
  • 26. Bassetti M, Vena A, Giacobbe DR. The novel Chinese coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections: Challenges for fighting the storm. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2020;50.
  • 27. Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H et al. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. New Engl J Med 2020;382:929–36
  • 28. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New Engl J Med 2020;382(8):727–33.
  • 29. Weiss SR, Leibowitz JL. Coronavirus pathogenesis. In: Advances in Virus Research 2011;81:85–164.
  • 30. Yin Y, Wunderink RG. MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia. Respirology 2018;23:130–7.
  • 31. Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric R, Groot RJD, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: The species and its viruses–a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group 2020;536–44.
  • 32. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet 2020;395:565–74.
  • 33. Zho P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W et al. Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin. BioRxiv 2020.
  • 34. Malik YS, Sircar S, Bhat S, Sharun K, Dhama K, Dadar M et al. Emerging novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)—current scenario, evolutionary perspective based on genome analysis and recent developments. Veterinary Quarterly 2020;40:68–76.
  • 35. Luan J, Lu Y, Gao S, Zhang L. A potential inhibitory role for integrin in the receptor targeting of SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Infection 2020;81:318–56.
  • 36. Dikmen AU, Kina MH, Özkan S, İlhan MN. Epidemiology of COVID-19: What We Learn From Pandemic Journal of Biotechnology and Strategic Health Research 2020;4:29–36.
  • 37. Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and pathogenesis. Trends in Immunology 2020;41(12):1100–15.
  • 38. Asselah T, Durantel D, Pasmant E, Lau G, Schinazi RF. COVID-19: Discovery, diagnostics and drug development. J Hepatol 2021;74(1):168–84.
  • 39. McCartney DM, Byrne DG. Optimisation of vitamin D status for enhanced immuno-protection against Covid-19. Ir Med J 2020;113:58.
  • 40. Chen J, Wang YK, Gao Y, Hu LS, Yang Jw, Wang JR et al. Protection against COVID-19 injury by qingfei paidu decoction via antiviral, anti-inflammatory activity and metabolic programming. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2020;129, 110281.
  • 41. Ren W, Ma Y, Wang R, Liang P, Sun Q, Pu Q et al. Research Advance on Qingfei Paidu Decoction in Prescription Principle, Mechanism Analysis and Clinical Application. Front Pharmacol 2021;11:2046.
  • 42. Berberoglu S, Buyukpamukcu M, Sarialioglu F, Akyuz C, Ilhan İ. Hepatitis B vaccination in children with cancer. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 1995;12:171–8.
  • 43. Akyuz E, Uner A, Koklu B, Polat K, Eroglu E, Kullu I. Individuals with chronic diseases in our country do not comply with the measures to protect against the corona-virus epidemic. Ankara: TÜBİTAK. 2020.
  • 44. Turner AJ. ACE2 cell biology, regulation, and physiological functions. The Protective Arm of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS), 2015;185.
  • 45. Cakmakoglu B, Ekmekci SS, Kucuksezer UC, Yilmaz V. Covid-19: Molecular and Clinical Approach. 2021
  • 46. Stasi C, Fallani S, Voller F, Silvestri C. Treatment for COVID-19: An overview. European Journal of Pharmacology 2020;173644.
  • 47. Wu D, Wu T, Liu Q, Yang Z. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: what we know. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;94:44–8.
  • 48. Wang MY, Zhao R, Gao LJ, Gao XF, Wang DP, Cao JM. SARSCoV-2: structure, biology, and structure-based therapeutics development. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 2020;10.
  • 49. Bolay H, Gul A, Baykan B. COVID-19 is a Real Headache! Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 2020;60:1415–21.
  • 50. Neumann B, Schmidbauer ML, Dimitriadis K, Otto S, Knier B, Niesen WD et al. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2020;418.
  • 51. Awadasseid A, Wu Y, Tanaka Y, Zhang W. Current advances in the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. International Journal of Biological Sciences 2021;17:8.
  • 52. Dinakaran D, Manjunatha N, Kumar CN, Suresh BM. Neuropsychiatric aspects of COVID-19 pandemic: a selective review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry 2020;53:102188.
  • 53. Zahra SA, Iddawela S, Pillai K, Choudhury RY, Harky A. Can symptoms of anosmia and dysgeusia be diagnostic for COVID-19? Brain and Behavior 2020;10:e01839.
  • 54. Dao TL, Hoang VT, Gautret P. Recurrence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in recovered COVID-19 patients: a narrative review. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 2021;40:13–25.
  • 55. Roy A, Parida SP, Bhatia V. Role of disinfection and hand hygiene: a COVID-19 perspective. Int. J. Community Med. Public Health 2020;7:2845.
  • 56. Feng S, Shen C, Xia N, Song W, Fan M, Cowling BJ. Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 2020;8:434–6.
  • 57. Prata JC, Silva ALP, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T. Disposable over Reusable Face Masks: Public Safety or Environmental Disaster? Environments 2021;8:31.
  • 58. Williams SN, Armitage CJ, Tampe T, Dienes K. Public perceptions and experiences of social distancing and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic: A UK-based focus group study. BMJ Open 2020;10(7):e039334.
  • 59. Wilder-Smith A, Freedman DO. Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Journal of Travel Medicine 2020;1:4.
  • 60. Erdem I. Turkey’s Quarantine and Precautionary Policies Against Coronavirus (Covid-19). Electronic Turkish Studies 2020;15.
  • 61. Zhu FC, Li YH, Guan XH, Hou LH, Wang WJ, Li JX et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a doseescalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial. The Lancet 2020;395:1845–54.
  • 62. Coomes EA, Haghbayan H. Favipiravir, an antiviral for COVID-19? Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2020;75:2013–4.
  • 63. Furuta Y, Komeno T, Nakamura T. Favipiravir (T-705), a broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B 2017;93:449–63.
  • 64. Jacobs M, Aarons E, Bhagani S, Buchanan R, Cropley I, Hopkins S et al. Post-exposure prophylaxis against Ebola virus disease with experimental antiviral agents: a case-series of health-care workers. T he Lancet Infectious Diseases 2015;15:1300–4.
  • 65. Boulware DR, Pullen MF, Bangdiwala AS, Pastick KA, Lofgren SM, Okafor EC et al. A randomized trial of hydroxychloroquine as postexposure prophylaxis for Covid-19. New Engl J Med 2020;383:517–25.
  • 66. Chu CM, Cheng VCC, Hung IFN, Wong MML, Chan KH, Chan KS et al. Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax 2004;59:252–6.
  • 67. Beigi RH, Venkataramanan R, Caritis SN. Oseltamivir for influenza in pregnancy. Elsevier 2014;503–7.
  • 68. Tagarro A, Cruz-Cañete M, Otheo E, Launes C, Couceiro JA, Pérez C et al. Oseltamivir for the treatment of influenza in children and adolescents. Anales de Pediatría (English Edition) 2019;90:317. e311.
  • 69. Hodgson SH, Mansatta K, Mallett G, Harris V, Emary KRW, Pollard AJ. What defines an efficacious COVID-19 vaccine? A review of the challenges assessing the clinical efficacy of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2021;21.2:e26-e35.
  • 70. Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B, Kotloff K, Frey S, Novak R et al. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. New Engl J Med 2021;384:403–16.
  • 71. Tregoning JS, Brown ES, Cheeseman HM, Flight KE, Higham SL, Lemm NM et al. Vaccines for COVID-19. Clinical & Experimental Immunology 2020;202:162–92.
  • 72. Halstead SB, Katzelnick L. COVID-19 Vaccines: Should we fear ADE? The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;222:1946–50.
There are 72 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Orhan Uluçay This is me

Elif Altunkülah This is me

Ünal Alkaşi This is me

Publication Date December 15, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 12 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Uluçay, O., Altunkülah, E., & Alkaşi, Ü. (2022). Past to Present, Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Ways of Treatment: A Review. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences, 12(3), 281-291.
AMA Uluçay O, Altunkülah E, Alkaşi Ü. Past to Present, Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Ways of Treatment: A Review. KAFKAS TIP BİL DERG. December 2022;12(3):281-291.
Chicago Uluçay, Orhan, Elif Altunkülah, and Ünal Alkaşi. “Past to Present, Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Ways of Treatment: A Review”. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences 12, no. 3 (December 2022): 281-91.
EndNote Uluçay O, Altunkülah E, Alkaşi Ü (December 1, 2022) Past to Present, Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Ways of Treatment: A Review. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences 12 3 281–291.
IEEE O. Uluçay, E. Altunkülah, and Ü. Alkaşi, “Past to Present, Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Ways of Treatment: A Review”, KAFKAS TIP BİL DERG, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 281–291, 2022.
ISNAD Uluçay, Orhan et al. “Past to Present, Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Ways of Treatment: A Review”. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences 12/3 (December 2022), 281-291.
JAMA Uluçay O, Altunkülah E, Alkaşi Ü. Past to Present, Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Ways of Treatment: A Review. KAFKAS TIP BİL DERG. 2022;12:281–291.
MLA Uluçay, Orhan et al. “Past to Present, Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Ways of Treatment: A Review”. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 12, no. 3, 2022, pp. 281-9.
Vancouver Uluçay O, Altunkülah E, Alkaşi Ü. Past to Present, Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Ways of Treatment: A Review. KAFKAS TIP BİL DERG. 2022;12(3):281-9.