Akkaya S, Wang S. Local anesthesia techniques for ocular surgery. Transl Perioper Pain Med. 2018;5(1):14–8.
2. Wakeman B, Machuk R, Somani R. Mah D, MacDonald
I. Recognizing and mitigating risk of ophthalmic regional
anesthesia. In: Finucane B., Tsui B. (eds) Complications of
Regional Anesthesia. Springer; 2017. p. 23.
3. Nouvellon E, Cuvillon P, Ripart J. Regional anesthesia and eye
surgery. Anesthesiology. 2010;113(5):1236–42.
4. Bor C, Çertuğ A. Anesthesia in ophtalmic surgery. Ege J Med.
2015;54:46–53.
5. Nysora. Local and Regional Anesthesia for Ophthalmic
Surgery; 2023 [Accessed: 16.07.2023]. https://www.nysora.
com/regional-anesthesia-for-specific-surgical-procedures/headand-neck/ophthalmic/local-regional-anesthesia-ophthalmicsurgery/
6. Alhassan MB, Kyari F, Ejere HO. Peribulbar versus retrobulbar
anaesthesia for cataract surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2015(7):CD004083.
7. Anker R, Kaur N. Regional anaesthesia for ophthalmic surgery.
BJA Educ. 2017;17(7): 221–7.
9. Oğurel T. Two cases possible brain stem anesthesia after
retrobulbar block. KÜ Tıp Fak Derg. 2013:31–2.
10. Yaşar T, Çağlar Ç. Local injection anesthesias in ophthalmic
surgery. T Oft Gaz. 2009;39(6):496–505.
11. Kazancıoğlu L, Batçık Ç, Kazdal H, Şen A, Gediz B, Erdivanlı
B. Peribulbar block complication: Brainstem anesthesia. Turk J
Anaesthesiol Reanim. 2017;45:231-3.
12. Fahmi A, Bowman R. Administering an eye anaesthetic:
principles, techniques and complications. Community Eye
Health. 2008;21(65);14–7.
Vagge A, Simonetti F, Marenco M, Burtolo C, Musolino M,
Traverso CE. Peribulbar anesthesia for strabismus surgery in
adult patients. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2021;31(6):3367–71.
14. Basu C, Başak S. Brainstem anesthesia: A rare complication
after peribulbar anesthesia. Indian J Case Rep. 2021;7(2):47–9.
15. Ripart J, Nouvellon E, Chaumeron A. Regional anesthesia for
eye surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005;30(1):72–82.
16. Carneiro HM, Teixeira KI, de Ávila MP, Limongi RM,
Magacho L. Comparison of needle path, anesthetic dispersion,
and quality of anesthesia in retrobulbar and peribulbar blocks.
Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2016;41(1):37–42.
17. Fang ZT, Liew EC, Keyes MA. Anesthesia for ophthalmic
surgery. Miller’s Anesthesia. 2020, 9th ed. Elsevier Inc.
18. Sirisha CKV, Satish K, Chandra TJ. A comparative study of
the efficacy and safety of peribulbar anaesthesia with that of
retrobulbar anaesthesis in patients undergoing cataract surgeries.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research.
2022;14(10);513–17.
19. Nithisha TM, Neethu N. To compare the effectiveness of
sub-tenon’s anesthesia with peribulbar anesthesia in patients
undergoing manual small-incision cataract surgery. Int J Sci
Study. 2019;7(4):66–9.
20. Tighe R, Burgess PI, Msukwa G. Teaching corner: Regional
anaesthesia for ophthalmic surgery. Malawi Med J.
2012;24(4):89–94.
Yazici B, Poroy C, Yayla U. Combined retro-peribulbar
and subconjunctival anesthesia for evisceration surgery. Int
Ophthalmol. 2020;40(1):1–5.
22. Upadhyay P, Ichhpujani P, Solanki A. Recent trends in
anesthetic agents and techniques for ophthalmic anesthesia. J
Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2022;1–6.
23. McRae L, Presland A. A review of current ophthalmic
anaesthetic practice. Br Med Bull. 2020;135(1):62–72.
24. Wang L, Li J, Li G, Xu X, Tao H, Chen W. Combined topicalintracameral anesthesia in manual small-incision cataract
surgery: A prospective, randomized, double-masked, placebocontrolled trial. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2013;2(1):9–
14.
25. Nebbioso M, Livani ML, Santamaria V, Librando A, Sepe
M. Intracameral lidocaine as supplement to classic topical
anesthesia for relieving ocular pain in cataract surgery. Int J
Ophthalmol. 2018;11(12):1932–35.
There are many anesthesia techniques for use in ophthalmic surgery. In selecting the technique to be applied, individual characteristics and anesthetic and surgical targets should all be considered
for each patient. Regional techniques are preferred over general
anesthesia due to their low complication rate and advantages.
However, although it is relatively rare, regional techniques can
also have life-threatening complications. Ophthalmologists and
anesthesiologists should be prepared to handle the rare yet severe complications that the orbital regional anesthesia technique
may cause. This study aims to uncover the regional anesthesia
techniques used in ophthalmic surgeries and the complications
that may arise
Akkaya S, Wang S. Local anesthesia techniques for ocular surgery. Transl Perioper Pain Med. 2018;5(1):14–8.
2. Wakeman B, Machuk R, Somani R. Mah D, MacDonald
I. Recognizing and mitigating risk of ophthalmic regional
anesthesia. In: Finucane B., Tsui B. (eds) Complications of
Regional Anesthesia. Springer; 2017. p. 23.
3. Nouvellon E, Cuvillon P, Ripart J. Regional anesthesia and eye
surgery. Anesthesiology. 2010;113(5):1236–42.
4. Bor C, Çertuğ A. Anesthesia in ophtalmic surgery. Ege J Med.
2015;54:46–53.
5. Nysora. Local and Regional Anesthesia for Ophthalmic
Surgery; 2023 [Accessed: 16.07.2023]. https://www.nysora.
com/regional-anesthesia-for-specific-surgical-procedures/headand-neck/ophthalmic/local-regional-anesthesia-ophthalmicsurgery/
6. Alhassan MB, Kyari F, Ejere HO. Peribulbar versus retrobulbar
anaesthesia for cataract surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2015(7):CD004083.
7. Anker R, Kaur N. Regional anaesthesia for ophthalmic surgery.
BJA Educ. 2017;17(7): 221–7.
9. Oğurel T. Two cases possible brain stem anesthesia after
retrobulbar block. KÜ Tıp Fak Derg. 2013:31–2.
10. Yaşar T, Çağlar Ç. Local injection anesthesias in ophthalmic
surgery. T Oft Gaz. 2009;39(6):496–505.
11. Kazancıoğlu L, Batçık Ç, Kazdal H, Şen A, Gediz B, Erdivanlı
B. Peribulbar block complication: Brainstem anesthesia. Turk J
Anaesthesiol Reanim. 2017;45:231-3.
12. Fahmi A, Bowman R. Administering an eye anaesthetic:
principles, techniques and complications. Community Eye
Health. 2008;21(65);14–7.
Vagge A, Simonetti F, Marenco M, Burtolo C, Musolino M,
Traverso CE. Peribulbar anesthesia for strabismus surgery in
adult patients. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2021;31(6):3367–71.
14. Basu C, Başak S. Brainstem anesthesia: A rare complication
after peribulbar anesthesia. Indian J Case Rep. 2021;7(2):47–9.
15. Ripart J, Nouvellon E, Chaumeron A. Regional anesthesia for
eye surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005;30(1):72–82.
16. Carneiro HM, Teixeira KI, de Ávila MP, Limongi RM,
Magacho L. Comparison of needle path, anesthetic dispersion,
and quality of anesthesia in retrobulbar and peribulbar blocks.
Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2016;41(1):37–42.
17. Fang ZT, Liew EC, Keyes MA. Anesthesia for ophthalmic
surgery. Miller’s Anesthesia. 2020, 9th ed. Elsevier Inc.
18. Sirisha CKV, Satish K, Chandra TJ. A comparative study of
the efficacy and safety of peribulbar anaesthesia with that of
retrobulbar anaesthesis in patients undergoing cataract surgeries.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research.
2022;14(10);513–17.
19. Nithisha TM, Neethu N. To compare the effectiveness of
sub-tenon’s anesthesia with peribulbar anesthesia in patients
undergoing manual small-incision cataract surgery. Int J Sci
Study. 2019;7(4):66–9.
20. Tighe R, Burgess PI, Msukwa G. Teaching corner: Regional
anaesthesia for ophthalmic surgery. Malawi Med J.
2012;24(4):89–94.
Yazici B, Poroy C, Yayla U. Combined retro-peribulbar
and subconjunctival anesthesia for evisceration surgery. Int
Ophthalmol. 2020;40(1):1–5.
22. Upadhyay P, Ichhpujani P, Solanki A. Recent trends in
anesthetic agents and techniques for ophthalmic anesthesia. J
Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2022;1–6.
23. McRae L, Presland A. A review of current ophthalmic
anaesthetic practice. Br Med Bull. 2020;135(1):62–72.
24. Wang L, Li J, Li G, Xu X, Tao H, Chen W. Combined topicalintracameral anesthesia in manual small-incision cataract
surgery: A prospective, randomized, double-masked, placebocontrolled trial. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2013;2(1):9–
14.
25. Nebbioso M, Livani ML, Santamaria V, Librando A, Sepe
M. Intracameral lidocaine as supplement to classic topical
anesthesia for relieving ocular pain in cataract surgery. Int J
Ophthalmol. 2018;11(12):1932–35.
Şen, A., & Sezer Akman, T. (2023). Regional Anesthesia in Ophthalmic Surgery. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences, 13(2), 209-214.
AMA
Şen A, Sezer Akman T. Regional Anesthesia in Ophthalmic Surgery. KAFKAS TIP BİL DERG. August 2023;13(2):209-214.
Chicago
Şen, Ahmet, and Tuğcehan Sezer Akman. “Regional Anesthesia in Ophthalmic Surgery”. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences 13, no. 2 (August 2023): 209-14.
EndNote
Şen A, Sezer Akman T (August 1, 2023) Regional Anesthesia in Ophthalmic Surgery. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences 13 2 209–214.
IEEE
A. Şen and T. Sezer Akman, “Regional Anesthesia in Ophthalmic Surgery”, KAFKAS TIP BİL DERG, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 209–214, 2023.
ISNAD
Şen, Ahmet - Sezer Akman, Tuğcehan. “Regional Anesthesia in Ophthalmic Surgery”. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences 13/2 (August 2023), 209-214.
JAMA
Şen A, Sezer Akman T. Regional Anesthesia in Ophthalmic Surgery. KAFKAS TIP BİL DERG. 2023;13:209–214.
MLA
Şen, Ahmet and Tuğcehan Sezer Akman. “Regional Anesthesia in Ophthalmic Surgery”. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 13, no. 2, 2023, pp. 209-14.
Vancouver
Şen A, Sezer Akman T. Regional Anesthesia in Ophthalmic Surgery. KAFKAS TIP BİL DERG. 2023;13(2):209-14.