Cyclospora cayetanensis Infection

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 336 - 342, 30.12.2023

Betül Adem , Ufuk Kamber

Abstract

Foodborne infections cause significant health problems worldwide. Among the causative agents of these infections, bacteria and viruses are more common, but there are also some protozoans. Among these protozoa, the infection caused by Cyclospora cayetanensis, which has been widely researched recently, is thought to be quite common in our country. Water and food contaminated with human feces are the main reservoirs of the agent. The agent is transmitted by fecal-oral route. Inattentions in eating habits, wrong practices, consumption of undercooked or raw foods, and contaminated drinking and utility water lead to infection. The infection affects the digestive system, and patients mainly suffer from diarrhea. C. cayetanensis symptoms are more severe in patients with HIV/AIDS. The infection is widespread in areas with poor hygiene and sanitation. Improving the hygiene conditions in these areas, washing vegetables and fruits well, filtering the water used for washing and drinking, and paying attention to general hygiene rules, especially hand hygiene, of the personnel working in the food production line significantly reduces the transmission and prevalence of infection.

Keywords

food hygiene, Cyclospora cayetanensis, food infection, protozoan

References

• 1. Internet access www.who.int/topics/foodborne_ diseases /en //; 2023(accessed 29.04.2023).
• 2. İrfan E. Yeni ve yeniden önem kazanan gıda kaynaklı bakteriyel zoonozların epidemiyolojisi: Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi. 2016; 87(2): 63-76.
• 3. Arisue N, Hashimoto T. Phylogeny and evolution of apicoplasts and apicomplexan parasites: Parasitology International. 2015; 64(3): 254-9.
• 4. Adl SM, Leander BS, Simpson AG, Archibald JM, Anderson OR, Bass D et al. Diversity, nomenclature, and taxonomy of protists: Systems Biology and the Future of Medicine. 2007; 56(4): 684-9.
• 5. Frazier WC, Westhoff DC. Food Microbiology. Indian: McGraw Tepesi; 1993.
• 6. Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, McCaig LF, Bresee JS, Shapiro C, Griffin PM, Tauxe RV. Foodrelated illness and death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999; 5:607-25.
• 7. Steinhart CE, Doyle ME, Cochrane BA. Food Safety. Department of Food Microbiology and Toxicology University of Wisconsin, Madison, 10th edition. 1996; 561-4.
• 8. Soave R, Johnson WD. Cyclospora: conquest of an emerging pathogen. The Lancet. 1995; 345(8951): 667-8.
• 9. Ortega YR, Gilman RH, Sterling CR. A new coccidian parasite (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from humans.Journal of Parasitology.1994; 80(4): 625-9
• 10. Abou el Naga, IF: Studies on a newly emerging protozoal pathogen: Cyclospora cayetanensis. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 29, 575–586, 1999.
• 11. Ashfort RW. Occurrence of a undescriptive coccidian in man in Papua New Guinea: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1979; 73: 497-500.
• 12. Ortega YR ve Sanchez R. Update on C. cayetanensis, a Food-borne and waterborne parasite.Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2010; 23(1): 218-34.
• 13. Ortega YR, Sterling CR, Gilman RH, Cama VA, Díaz F.Cyclospora species: A new protozoan pathogen of humans. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993; 328: 1308-12.
• 14. Ortega YR, Nagle R, Gilman RH, Watanabe J, Miyagui J, Quispe H, Kanagusuku P, Roxas C, Sterling CR. Pathologic and clinical findings in patients with cyclosporiasis and a description of intracellular parasite life-cycle stages. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1997; 176: 1584-9.
• 15. Connor BA, Reidy J, Soave R. Cyclosporiasis: Clinical and histopathologic correlates: Clinical Infectious Diseases.1999; 28, 1216-22.
• 16. Ortega YR, Sterling CH, Gilman RH. Cyclospora cayetanensis. Advances in Parasitology. 1998; 40: 399-418.
• 17. Shlim DR, Cohen MT, Eaton M, Rajah R, Long EG, Ungar BLP. An alga- like organism associated with an outbreak of prolonged diarrhea among foreigners in Nepal: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1995; 1092-7
• 18. Soave R, Herwaldt BL, Relman DA. Cyclospora.Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 1998; 12: 1- 12.
• 19. Fletcher SM, Stark D, Harkness J. Enteric protozoa in the developed world: a public health perspective. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2012; 25(3): 420-49
• 20. Chacín-Bonilla L. Transmission of C. cayetanensis infection: A review focusing on soil-borne cyclosporiasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2008; 102: 215-6.
• 21. Hall RL, Jones JL, Hurd S, Smith G, Mahon BE, Herwalt BL. Population-based active surveillance for Cyclospora. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2012; 54: 7.
• 22. Mansfield LS, Gajadhar AA. C. cayetanensis, a food and waterborne coccidian parasite. Veterinary Parasitology. 2004; 126: 7390.
• 23. Tandukar S, Ansari S, Adhikari N, Shrestha A, Gautam J, Sharma B, Rajbhandari D, Gautam S, Nepal HP, Sherchand JB. Intestinal parasitosis in school children of Lalitpur district of Nepal. BMC Research Notes 6. 2013; 449.
• 24. Hale D, Aldeen W, Carroll K. Diarrhea associated with Cyanobacteria-like bodies in an immunocompetent host. An unusual epidemiological source. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 1994; 27: 144-5.
• 25. Tram NT, Hoang LM, Cam PD, Chung PT, Fyfe MW, Isaac-Renton JL, Ong CS. Cyclospora spp. in herbs and water samples collected from markets and farms in Hanoi, Vietnam. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008; 13: 1415-20.
• 26. Bern C, Hernandez B, Lopez MB, Arrowood MJ, Mejía MA, Merida AM et al. Epidemiologic studies of C. cayetanensis in Guatemala: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999; 5: 766-74.
• 27. Mundaca CC,Torres-Slimming PA, Araujo-Castillo RV, Morán M, Bacon DJ, Ortega Y, Gilman RH, Blazes DL: Use of PCR to improve diagnostic yield in an outbreak of cyclosporiasis in Lima, Peru. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.102, 712–717, 2008.
• 28. Monaghan JM, Hutchison ML. Distribution and decline of human pathogenic bacteria in soil after application in irrigation water and the potential for soil-splash-mediated dispersal onto fresh produce.Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2012; 112(5): 1007-19.
• 29. Chacín-Bonilla L, Barrios F, Sanchez Y. Epidemiology of C. cayetanensis infection in San Carlos Island, Venezuela: Strong association between socio-economic status and infection:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2007; 101: 1018-24.
• 30. Zerpa R, Uchima N, Huicho L. Cyclospora cayetanensis associated with watery diarrhea in Peruvian patients. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1995; 98(5): 325-9.
• 31. Garcia-Lopez HL, Rodriguez-Tovar LE, Medina-De la Garza CE. Identification of Cyclospora in poultry: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1996; 2(4): 356-7.
• 32. Kniel KE, Lindsay DS, Sumner SS, Hackney CR, Pierson MD, Dubey JP. Examination of attachment and survival of T. gondii oocysts on raspberries and blueberries. Journal of Parasitology. 2002; 88(4): 790-3.
• 33. Buisson YJ, Marie JL, Davoust B. These infectious diseases imported with food: Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique. 2008; 101: 343-7.
• 34. Orlandi PA, Chu DM, Bier JW, Jackson GJ. Parasites in the food supply.Food Technology.2002; 56: 72.
• 35. Graczyk TK, Ortega YR, Conn DB. Recovery of waterborne oocysts of C. cayetanensis by Asian freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea). American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998; 59: 928-32.
• 36. Sterling CR, Ortega YR. Cyclospora: an enigma worth unraveling. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999 5(1): 48-53.
• 37. Herwaldt BL. Cyclospora cayetanensis: Review, focusing on the outbreaks of cyclosporiosis in the 1990. Clinical Infectious Diseases.2000; 31: 1040-57.
• 38. Cama VA ve Ortega YR: Cyclospora cayetanensis. In Foodborne Parasites, 2nd ed.; Ortega, Y.R., Sterling, C.R., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 41–56, 2018.
• 39. Shields JM, Olson BH. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method for detection of C. cayetanensis in environmental waters without microscopic confirmation: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003; 69: 4662-9.
• 40. Özcel MA. Tıbbi Parazit Hastalıklar. İzmir: Meta Basım; 2007.
• 41. Koç AN, Aygen B, Şahin I, Kayabaşı Ü. Cyclospora sp. associated with diarrhea in a patient with AIDS in Turkey.Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 1998; 28: 577-8.
• 42. Aksoy Ü, ve Tuncay S. Diyareli hastalarda intestinal koksidiaların araştırılması: Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni. 2007; 41: 127-31.
• 43. Arslan MÖ, Sarı B, Kulu B, Mor N. Kars doğum ve çocuk bakımevi hastanesine gastrointestinal yakınmalarla başvuran çocuklarda bağırsak parazitlerinin yaygınlığı: Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi 2008; 32(3):253-6.
• 44. Çiçek M, Palancı Y, Ceylan A, Tuncer Ö, Muhsin K. Evaluation of demographic, clinic and treatment features of patients and a cross-sectional survey of cyclosporiasis in patients with diarrhea in Southeastern Turkey: African Journal Microbiology Research. 2012; 6(12): 2949-55.
• 45. Goodgame RW. Understanding intestinal spore forming protozoa: Cryptosporidia, Microsporidia, Isosopora and Cyclospora.Annals of Internal Medicine. 1996; 124: 429-41.
• 46. Ortega YR, Mann A, Torres MP, Cama V. Efficacy of gaseous chlorine dioxide as a sanitizer against C. parvum, C. cayetanensis, and E. intestinalis on produce.Journal of Food Protection. 2008; 71: 2410-2414
• 47. Shlim DR, Cohen MT, Eaton M, Rajah R, Long EG, Ungar BLP. An alga-like organism associated with an outbreak of prolonged diarrhea among foreigners in Nepal. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1991; 45: 383-9.
• 48. Schubach TM, Neves ES, Leite AC, Araújo AQC, Moura H. C. cayetanensis in an asymptomatic patient infected with HIV and HTLV-1. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1997; 91: 175.
• 49. Behera B, Mirdha BR, Makharia GK, Bhatnagar S, Sattagupta S, Samantaray JC. Parasites in patients with malabsorption syndrome: a clinical study in children and adults.Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2008; 53: 672-9.
• 50. Richardson RF, Remler BF, Katirji B, Murad MH. Guillain-Barré syndrome after Cyclospora infection. Muscle and Nerve. 1998; 21: 669-671
• 51. Connor BA, Johnson E, Soave R. Reiter syndrome following protracted symptoms of Cyclospora infection: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7: 453-4.
• 52. Burrell C, Reddy S, Haywood G, Cunningham R. Cardiac arrest associated with febrile illness due to U.K. acquired C. cayetanensis: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2007; 54: 13-15.
• 53. Curry A, Smith HV. Emerging pathogens: Isospora, Cyclospora and Microsporidia: Parasitology.1998; 117: 143-59.
• 54. Eberhard ML, Pieniazek NJ, Arrowood MJ. Laboratory diagnosis of cylospora infections: Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. 1997; 121: 792- 7.
• 55. Visvesvara GS, Moura H, Kovacs-Nace E, Wallace S, Eberhard ML. Uniform staining of Cyclospora oocysts in fecal smears by a modified safranin technique with microwave heating.Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997; 35: 730-3.
• 56. Cann KJ, Chalmers RM, Nichols G, O'Brien SJ. Cyclospora infections in England and Wales: 1993 to 1998. Commun Dis Public Health. 2000; 3: 46-49.
• 57. Korkmaz M, Ok ZÜ. Parazitolojide Laboratuvar. İzmir: Meta Basım; 2011.
• 58. Garcia LS. ve Bruckner DA: Diagnostic Medical Parasitology 3.ed. Washington. DC. USA: ASM PressWashington DC, 1997.
• 59. Becker SL, Vogt J, Knopp S, Panning M, Warhurst DC, Polman K et al. Persistent digestive disorders in the tropics: Causative Infectious Pathogens and Reference Diagnostic Tests.BMC Infectious Diseases.2013; 13: 37.
• 60. Li J, Wang R, Chen Y, Xiao L, Zhang L. C. cayetanensis infection in humans: biological characteristics, clinical features, epidemiology, detection method, and treatment. Parasitology 8. 2019; 1-11.
• 61. Madico G, Gilman RH, Miranda E, Cabrera L, Sterling CR. Treatment of Cyclospora infections with co-trimoxazole. The Lancet. 1993; 342: 122-3.
• 62. Sturbaum GD, Ortega YR, Gilman RH, Sterling CR, Cabrera L, Klein DA. Detection of C. cayetanensis in wastewater. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1998; 64: 2284-6.
• 63. Carter MJ. Enteric ally infecting viruses; pathogenicity, transmission and significance for food and waterborne infection: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2005; 98: 1354-80.
• 64. Hussein EM, Ahmed SA, Mokhtar AB, Elzagawy SM, Yahi SH, Hussein AM El-Tantawey F. Antiprotozoal activity of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles against C. cayetanensis oocysts. Parasitology International. 2018; 67: 666-74.
• 65. El Zawawy LA, El-Said D, Ali SM, Fathy FM. Disinfection efficacy of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NADCC) against common food-borne intestinal protozoa: Journal of The Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 2010; 40: 165-85.
• 66. Internet access www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Frames/AF/Cyclosporiasis/body_ Cyclosporiasis_sporul.htm/; 2023(accessed 29.05.2023).