Effect of Meteorological Parameters on the Frequency of Acute Myocardial İnfarction Events: A Retrospective Study

Abdulkadir Çakmak; Ömer Kertmen

Research Article

Effect of Meteorological Parameters on the Frequency of Acute Myocardial İnfarction Events: A Retrospective Study

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: EK-1, 84 - 93, 20.10.2025

Abstract

Aim: Environmental factors, diet, exercise, smoking, and psychological and physical stress affect the frequency of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Weather events also affect this frequency. This study aimed to investigate the effects of meteorological parameters in Amasya/Türkiye on AMI frequency.
Material and Methods: We evaluated the association of the frequency of AMI subtypes, such as unstable angina pectoris (USAP), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), or ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), with meteorological parameters over 6 years.
Results: AMI frequency significantly increased in the winter. In summer, there was a significant positive relationship between the mean current pressure and the number of NSTEMI events. The STEMI risk was 1,174 times higher in summer than in winter and 1,214 times higher in summer than in spring. Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction risk was 1,138 times higher in winter than in summer. The USAP risk was 1,350 times higher in winter than in summer. In summer, a significant positive relationship was observed between total precipitation and the number of USAP events. Among meteorological parameters, air temperature was closely associated with AMI risk.
Conclusions: We observed that AMI frequency increases, particularly in the winter, when the average temperature is low. Thus, establishing awareness of avoiding long-term exposure to cold weather can help reduce the risk of low-temperature-related AMI.

Keywords

acute myocardial infarction , air temperature , atherosclerosis , cold weather

References

1. Claeys MJ, Rajagopalan S, Nawrot TS, Brook RD. Climate and environmental triggers of acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:955–60.
2. Claeys MJ, Coenen S, Colpaert C, Bilcke J, Beutels P, Wouters K, et al. Environmental triggers of acute myocardial infarction: Results of a nationwide multiple-factorial population study. Acta Cardiol. 2015;70:693–701.
3. Cheng J, Bambrick H, Tong S, Su H, Xu Z, Hu W. Winter temperature and myocardial infarction in Brisbane, Australia: spatial and temporal analyses. Sci Total Environ. 2020;715:136860.
4. Miao H, Bao W, Lou P, Chen P, Zhang P, Chang G, et al. Relationship between temperature and acute myocardial infarction: A time series study in Xuzhou, China, from 2018 to 2020. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:2645.
5. Vieira S, Santos M, Magalhães R, Oliveira M, Costa R, Brochado B, et al. Atmospheric features and risk of STelevation myocardial infarction in Porto (Portugal): a temperate mediterranean (CSB) city. Rev Port Cardiol. 2022;41:51–8.
6. Wanitschek M, Ulmer H, Süssenbacher A, Dörler J, Pachinger O, Alber HF. Warm winter is associated with low incidence of ST elevation myocardial infarctions and less frequent acute coronary angiographies in an alpine country. Herz. 2013;38:163–70.
7. Kienbacher CL, Kaltenberger R, Schreiber W, Tscherny K, Fuhrmann V, Roth D, et al. Extreme weather conditions as a gender-specific risk factor for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;43:50–3.
8. de Boer AR, Riezebos-Brilman A, van Hout D, van Mourik MSM, Rümke LW, de Hoog MLA, et al. Influenza infection and acute myocardial infarction. NEJM Evid. 2024;3:EVIDoa2300361.
9. Maeda K, Kuriyama N, Noguchi D, Ito T, Gyoten K, Hayasaki A, et al. Xa inhibitor edoxaban ameliorates hepatic ischemiareperfusion injury via PAR-2-ERK 1/2 pathway. PloS One. 2024;19(5):e0292628.
10. Liu X, Kong D, Fu J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhao Y, et al. Association between extreme temperature and acute myocardial infarction hospital admissions in Beijing, China:2013–2016. PLOS One. 2018;13:e0204706.
11. Zhang Y, Peng, M, Wang L, & Yu C. Association of diurnal temperature range with daily mortality in England and Wales: a nationwide time-series study. Science of the total environment. 2018;619:291–300.
12. Requia WJ, Alahmad B, Schwartz JD, & Koutrakis P. Association of low and high ambient temperature with mortality for cardiorespiratory diseases in Brazil. Environmental Research. 2023;234:116532.
13. Higuma T, Yoneyama K, Nakai M, Kaihara T, Sumita Y, Watanabe M, et al. Effects of temperature and humidity on acute myocardial infarction hospitalization in a super-aging society. Sci Rep. 2021;11:22832(123AD).
14. Gebhard C, Gebhard CE, Stähli BE, Maafi F, Bertrand MJ, Wildi K, et al. Weather and risk of ST-elevation myocardial infarction revisited: Impact on young women. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0195602.
15. Yang J, Zhou M, Ou CQ, Yin P, Li M, Tong S, et al. Seasonal variations of temperature-related mortality burden from cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction in China. Environ Pollut. 2017;224:400–6.
16. Marchini JF, Manica, A, Crestani P, Dutzmann J, Folco EJ, Weber H, et al. Oxidized low‐density lipoprotein induces macrophage production of prothrombotic microparticles. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2020;9(15):e015878.
17. Javadi E, Deng Y, Karniadakis GE, & Jamali S. In silico biophysics and hemorheology of blood hyperviscosity syndrome. Biophysical Journal. 2021;120(13):2723–33.
18. Staiger H, Laschewski G, Grätz A. The perceived temperature - A versatile index for the assessment of the human thermal environment. Part A. Scientific basics. Int J Biometeorol. 2012;56:165–76.
19. Chu ML, Shih CY, Hsieh TC, Chen HL, Lee CW, Hsieh JC. Acute myocardial infarction hospitalizations between cold and hot seasons in an island across tropical and subtropical climate zones—A population-based study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:2769.
20. Akhtar Z, Götberg M, Erlinge D, Christiansen EH, Oldroyd KG, Motovska Z. et al. Optimal timing of influenza vaccination among patients with acute myocardial infarction-Findings from the IAMI trial. Vaccine. 2023;41(48):7159–65.
21. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:2231–64.
22. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). Circulation. 2018;138:e618–e651.
23. Yılmaz Y. Amasya Şehri’nin İklim Yapısı ve Özellikleri. Journal of Graduate School of Social Sciences. 2020;31;24:167–86.
24. Ravljen M, Hovelja T, Vavpotič D. Immediate, lag and time window effects of meteorological factors on ST-elevation myocardial infarction incidence. Chronobiol Int. 2018;35:6371.
25. García-Lledó A, Rodríguez-Martín S, Tobías A, Alonso-Martín J, Ansede-Cascudo JC, de Abajo FJ. Heat waves, ambient temperature, and risk of myocardial infarction: An ecological study in the Community of Madrid. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2020;73:300–6.
26. Versaci F, Biondi-Zoccai G, Giudici AD, Mariano E, Trivisonno A, Sciarretta S, et al. Climate changes and ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Int J Cardiol. 2019;294:1–5.
27. Fernández-García JM, Dosil Díaz O, Taboada Hidalgo JJ, Fernández JR, Sánchez-Santos L. Influence of weather in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction in Galicia (Spain). Med Clin (Barc). 2015;145:97–101.
28. Wichmann J, Rosengren A, Sjöberg K, Barregard L, Sallsten G. Association between ambient temperature and acute myocardial infarction hospitalisations in Gothenburg, Sweden:1985–2010. PLOS One. 2013;8:e62059.
29. Mohammad MA, Koul S, Rylance R, Fröbert O, Alfredsson J, Sahlén A, et al. Association of weather with day-to-day incidence of myocardial infarction: A SWEDEHEART nationwide observational study. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3:1081–89.
30. Honda T, Fujimoto K, Miyao Y. Influence of weather conditions on the frequent onset of acute myocardial infarction. J Cardiol. 2016;67:42–50.
31. Skea J, Shukla PR, Reisinger A, Slade R, Pathak M, Khourdajie A Al, et al. Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2022 - Mitigation of Climate Change. 2022;17;3–48.
32. Akioka H, Yufu K, Teshima Y, Kawano K, Ishii Y, Abe I, et al. Seasonal variations of weather conditions on acute myocardial infarction onset: Oita AMI Registry. Heart Vessels. 2019;34:918.
33. Vaičiulis V, Jaakkola JJ, Radišauskas R, Tamošiūnas A, Lukšienė D, Ryti NR. Association between winter cold spells and acute myocardial infarction in Lithuania 2000–2015. Scientific Reports. 2021;11. 1:17062.
34. Phung D, Thai PK, Guo Y, Morawska L, Rutherford S, Chu C. Ambient temperature and risk of cardiovascular hospitalization: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ. 2016;550:1084–1102.
35. Tang S, Fu J, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Han Y, et al. Temperature f luctuation and acute myocardial infarction in Beijing: an extended analysis of temperature ranges and differences. Frontiers in Public Health. 2023;11:1287821.
36. Cheng J, Su H, Xu Z, Tong S. Extreme temperature exposure and acute myocardial infarction: elevated risk within hours?. Environmental Research. 2021;202:111691.
37. Rowland ST, Boehme AK, Rush J, Just AC, Kioumourtzoglou MA. Can ultra short-term changes in ambient temperature trigger myocardial infarction? Environ Int. 2020;143:105910.
38. Chen H, & Zhang X. Influences of temperature and humidity on cardiovascular disease among adults 65 years and older in China. Frontiers in public health. 2023;10:1079722.
39. Zeng J, Zhang X, Yang J, Bao J, Xiang H, Dear K, et al. Humidity may modify the relationship between temperature and cardiovascular mortality in Zhejiang Province, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14:1383.
40. Farhadi Z, Abulghasem Gorgi H, Shabaninejad H, Aghajani Delavar M, Torani S. Association between PM2. 5 and risk of hospitalization for myocardial infarction: A systematic review and a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:314.
41. Muszyński P, Pawluczuk E, Januszko T, Kruszyńska J, Duzinkiewicz M, Kurasz A, et al. Exploring the relationship between acute coronary syndrome, lower respiratory tract infections, and atmospheric pollution. J Clin Med. 2024;13:5037.
42. Hong Y, Graham MM, Rosychuk RJ, Southern D, McMurtry MS. The effects of acute atmospheric pressure changes on the occurrence of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A casecrossover study. Can J Cardiol. 2019;35:753–60.
43. Vencloviene J, Babarskiene R, Dobozinskas P, Siurkaite V. Effects of weather conditions on emergency ambulance calls for acute coronary syndromes. Int J Biometeorol. 2015;59:108393.
44. Maphugwi M, Blamey RC, Reason CJ. Rainfall characteristics over the Congo Air Boundary Region in southern Africa: A comparison of station and gridded rainfall products. Atmospheric Research. 2024;311:107718.
45. Abrignani MG, Lombardo A, Braschi A, Renda N, Abrignani V. Climatic influences on cardiovascular diseases. World J Cardiol. 2022;14:152–69.
46. Karakayalı M, Altunova M, Yakışan T, Aslan S, Artaç İ, Omar T, et al. Relationship between nonobstructive coronary arteries and metabolic parameters. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences,. 2024;14(2):138–43.
47. Cha J, Choi SY, Rha SW, Choi BG, Byun JK, Hyun S, et al. Long-term air pollution exposure is associated with higher incidence of ST-elevation myocardial infarction and in-hospital cardiogenic shock. Scientific reports, 2024;14(1):4976

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: EK-1, 84 - 93, 20.10.2025

Abdulkadir Çakmak , Ömer Kertmen

Abstract

References

1. Claeys MJ, Rajagopalan S, Nawrot TS, Brook RD. Climate and environmental triggers of acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:955–60.
2. Claeys MJ, Coenen S, Colpaert C, Bilcke J, Beutels P, Wouters K, et al. Environmental triggers of acute myocardial infarction: Results of a nationwide multiple-factorial population study. Acta Cardiol. 2015;70:693–701.
3. Cheng J, Bambrick H, Tong S, Su H, Xu Z, Hu W. Winter temperature and myocardial infarction in Brisbane, Australia: spatial and temporal analyses. Sci Total Environ. 2020;715:136860.
4. Miao H, Bao W, Lou P, Chen P, Zhang P, Chang G, et al. Relationship between temperature and acute myocardial infarction: A time series study in Xuzhou, China, from 2018 to 2020. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:2645.
5. Vieira S, Santos M, Magalhães R, Oliveira M, Costa R, Brochado B, et al. Atmospheric features and risk of STelevation myocardial infarction in Porto (Portugal): a temperate mediterranean (CSB) city. Rev Port Cardiol. 2022;41:51–8.
6. Wanitschek M, Ulmer H, Süssenbacher A, Dörler J, Pachinger O, Alber HF. Warm winter is associated with low incidence of ST elevation myocardial infarctions and less frequent acute coronary angiographies in an alpine country. Herz. 2013;38:163–70.
7. Kienbacher CL, Kaltenberger R, Schreiber W, Tscherny K, Fuhrmann V, Roth D, et al. Extreme weather conditions as a gender-specific risk factor for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;43:50–3.
8. de Boer AR, Riezebos-Brilman A, van Hout D, van Mourik MSM, Rümke LW, de Hoog MLA, et al. Influenza infection and acute myocardial infarction. NEJM Evid. 2024;3:EVIDoa2300361.
9. Maeda K, Kuriyama N, Noguchi D, Ito T, Gyoten K, Hayasaki A, et al. Xa inhibitor edoxaban ameliorates hepatic ischemiareperfusion injury via PAR-2-ERK 1/2 pathway. PloS One. 2024;19(5):e0292628.
10. Liu X, Kong D, Fu J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhao Y, et al. Association between extreme temperature and acute myocardial infarction hospital admissions in Beijing, China:2013–2016. PLOS One. 2018;13:e0204706.
11. Zhang Y, Peng, M, Wang L, & Yu C. Association of diurnal temperature range with daily mortality in England and Wales: a nationwide time-series study. Science of the total environment. 2018;619:291–300.
12. Requia WJ, Alahmad B, Schwartz JD, & Koutrakis P. Association of low and high ambient temperature with mortality for cardiorespiratory diseases in Brazil. Environmental Research. 2023;234:116532.
13. Higuma T, Yoneyama K, Nakai M, Kaihara T, Sumita Y, Watanabe M, et al. Effects of temperature and humidity on acute myocardial infarction hospitalization in a super-aging society. Sci Rep. 2021;11:22832(123AD).
14. Gebhard C, Gebhard CE, Stähli BE, Maafi F, Bertrand MJ, Wildi K, et al. Weather and risk of ST-elevation myocardial infarction revisited: Impact on young women. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0195602.
15. Yang J, Zhou M, Ou CQ, Yin P, Li M, Tong S, et al. Seasonal variations of temperature-related mortality burden from cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction in China. Environ Pollut. 2017;224:400–6.
16. Marchini JF, Manica, A, Crestani P, Dutzmann J, Folco EJ, Weber H, et al. Oxidized low‐density lipoprotein induces macrophage production of prothrombotic microparticles. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2020;9(15):e015878.
17. Javadi E, Deng Y, Karniadakis GE, & Jamali S. In silico biophysics and hemorheology of blood hyperviscosity syndrome. Biophysical Journal. 2021;120(13):2723–33.
18. Staiger H, Laschewski G, Grätz A. The perceived temperature - A versatile index for the assessment of the human thermal environment. Part A. Scientific basics. Int J Biometeorol. 2012;56:165–76.
19. Chu ML, Shih CY, Hsieh TC, Chen HL, Lee CW, Hsieh JC. Acute myocardial infarction hospitalizations between cold and hot seasons in an island across tropical and subtropical climate zones—A population-based study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:2769.
20. Akhtar Z, Götberg M, Erlinge D, Christiansen EH, Oldroyd KG, Motovska Z. et al. Optimal timing of influenza vaccination among patients with acute myocardial infarction-Findings from the IAMI trial. Vaccine. 2023;41(48):7159–65.
21. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:2231–64.
22. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). Circulation. 2018;138:e618–e651.
23. Yılmaz Y. Amasya Şehri’nin İklim Yapısı ve Özellikleri. Journal of Graduate School of Social Sciences. 2020;31;24:167–86.
24. Ravljen M, Hovelja T, Vavpotič D. Immediate, lag and time window effects of meteorological factors on ST-elevation myocardial infarction incidence. Chronobiol Int. 2018;35:6371.
25. García-Lledó A, Rodríguez-Martín S, Tobías A, Alonso-Martín J, Ansede-Cascudo JC, de Abajo FJ. Heat waves, ambient temperature, and risk of myocardial infarction: An ecological study in the Community of Madrid. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2020;73:300–6.
26. Versaci F, Biondi-Zoccai G, Giudici AD, Mariano E, Trivisonno A, Sciarretta S, et al. Climate changes and ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Int J Cardiol. 2019;294:1–5.
27. Fernández-García JM, Dosil Díaz O, Taboada Hidalgo JJ, Fernández JR, Sánchez-Santos L. Influence of weather in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction in Galicia (Spain). Med Clin (Barc). 2015;145:97–101.
28. Wichmann J, Rosengren A, Sjöberg K, Barregard L, Sallsten G. Association between ambient temperature and acute myocardial infarction hospitalisations in Gothenburg, Sweden:1985–2010. PLOS One. 2013;8:e62059.
29. Mohammad MA, Koul S, Rylance R, Fröbert O, Alfredsson J, Sahlén A, et al. Association of weather with day-to-day incidence of myocardial infarction: A SWEDEHEART nationwide observational study. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3:1081–89.
30. Honda T, Fujimoto K, Miyao Y. Influence of weather conditions on the frequent onset of acute myocardial infarction. J Cardiol. 2016;67:42–50.
31. Skea J, Shukla PR, Reisinger A, Slade R, Pathak M, Khourdajie A Al, et al. Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2022 - Mitigation of Climate Change. 2022;17;3–48.
32. Akioka H, Yufu K, Teshima Y, Kawano K, Ishii Y, Abe I, et al. Seasonal variations of weather conditions on acute myocardial infarction onset: Oita AMI Registry. Heart Vessels. 2019;34:918.
33. Vaičiulis V, Jaakkola JJ, Radišauskas R, Tamošiūnas A, Lukšienė D, Ryti NR. Association between winter cold spells and acute myocardial infarction in Lithuania 2000–2015. Scientific Reports. 2021;11. 1:17062.
34. Phung D, Thai PK, Guo Y, Morawska L, Rutherford S, Chu C. Ambient temperature and risk of cardiovascular hospitalization: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ. 2016;550:1084–1102.
35. Tang S, Fu J, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Han Y, et al. Temperature f luctuation and acute myocardial infarction in Beijing: an extended analysis of temperature ranges and differences. Frontiers in Public Health. 2023;11:1287821.
36. Cheng J, Su H, Xu Z, Tong S. Extreme temperature exposure and acute myocardial infarction: elevated risk within hours?. Environmental Research. 2021;202:111691.
37. Rowland ST, Boehme AK, Rush J, Just AC, Kioumourtzoglou MA. Can ultra short-term changes in ambient temperature trigger myocardial infarction? Environ Int. 2020;143:105910.
38. Chen H, & Zhang X. Influences of temperature and humidity on cardiovascular disease among adults 65 years and older in China. Frontiers in public health. 2023;10:1079722.
39. Zeng J, Zhang X, Yang J, Bao J, Xiang H, Dear K, et al. Humidity may modify the relationship between temperature and cardiovascular mortality in Zhejiang Province, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14:1383.
40. Farhadi Z, Abulghasem Gorgi H, Shabaninejad H, Aghajani Delavar M, Torani S. Association between PM2. 5 and risk of hospitalization for myocardial infarction: A systematic review and a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:314.
41. Muszyński P, Pawluczuk E, Januszko T, Kruszyńska J, Duzinkiewicz M, Kurasz A, et al. Exploring the relationship between acute coronary syndrome, lower respiratory tract infections, and atmospheric pollution. J Clin Med. 2024;13:5037.
42. Hong Y, Graham MM, Rosychuk RJ, Southern D, McMurtry MS. The effects of acute atmospheric pressure changes on the occurrence of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A casecrossover study. Can J Cardiol. 2019;35:753–60.
43. Vencloviene J, Babarskiene R, Dobozinskas P, Siurkaite V. Effects of weather conditions on emergency ambulance calls for acute coronary syndromes. Int J Biometeorol. 2015;59:108393.
44. Maphugwi M, Blamey RC, Reason CJ. Rainfall characteristics over the Congo Air Boundary Region in southern Africa: A comparison of station and gridded rainfall products. Atmospheric Research. 2024;311:107718.
45. Abrignani MG, Lombardo A, Braschi A, Renda N, Abrignani V. Climatic influences on cardiovascular diseases. World J Cardiol. 2022;14:152–69.
46. Karakayalı M, Altunova M, Yakışan T, Aslan S, Artaç İ, Omar T, et al. Relationship between nonobstructive coronary arteries and metabolic parameters. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences,. 2024;14(2):138–43.
47. Cha J, Choi SY, Rha SW, Choi BG, Byun JK, Hyun S, et al. Long-term air pollution exposure is associated with higher incidence of ST-elevation myocardial infarction and in-hospital cardiogenic shock. Scientific reports, 2024;14(1):4976

There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Clinical Sciences (Other)
Journal Section	Research Article
Authors	Abdulkadir Çakmak Ömer Kertmen
Publication Date	October 20, 2025
Submission Date	June 23, 2025
Acceptance Date	July 10, 2025
Published in Issue	Year 2025 Volume: 15 Issue: EK-1

Cite

APA	Çakmak, A., & Kertmen, Ö. (2025). Effect of Meteorological Parameters on the Frequency of Acute Myocardial İnfarction Events: A Retrospective Study. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences, 15(EK-1), 84-93.
AMA	Çakmak A, Kertmen Ö. Effect of Meteorological Parameters on the Frequency of Acute Myocardial İnfarction Events: A Retrospective Study. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences. October 2025;15(EK-1):84-93.
Chicago	Çakmak, Abdulkadir, and Ömer Kertmen. “Effect of Meteorological Parameters on the Frequency of Acute Myocardial İnfarction Events: A Retrospective Study”. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences 15, no. EK-1 (October 2025): 84-93.
EndNote	Çakmak A, Kertmen Ö (October 1, 2025) Effect of Meteorological Parameters on the Frequency of Acute Myocardial İnfarction Events: A Retrospective Study. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences 15 EK-1 84–93.
IEEE	A. Çakmak and Ö. Kertmen, “Effect of Meteorological Parameters on the Frequency of Acute Myocardial İnfarction Events: A Retrospective Study”, Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 15, no. EK-1, pp. 84–93, 2025.
ISNAD	Çakmak, Abdulkadir - Kertmen, Ömer. “Effect of Meteorological Parameters on the Frequency of Acute Myocardial İnfarction Events: A Retrospective Study”. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences 15/EK-1 (October2025), 84-93.
JAMA	Çakmak A, Kertmen Ö. Effect of Meteorological Parameters on the Frequency of Acute Myocardial İnfarction Events: A Retrospective Study. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences. 2025;15:84–93.
MLA	Çakmak, Abdulkadir and Ömer Kertmen. “Effect of Meteorological Parameters on the Frequency of Acute Myocardial İnfarction Events: A Retrospective Study”. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 15, no. EK-1, 2025, pp. 84-93.
Vancouver	Çakmak A, Kertmen Ö. Effect of Meteorological Parameters on the Frequency of Acute Myocardial İnfarction Events: A Retrospective Study. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences. 2025;15(EK-1):84-93.

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