ULUSLARARASI ADALET DİVANI ÖNÜNDE SOYKIRIM İDDİALARI: GAMBİYA V. MYANMAR VE GÜNEY AFRİKA V. İSRAİL BAŞVURULARININ ANALİZİ VE KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

Abstract

Bu çalışma, 1948 tarihli Soykırım Sözleşmesi’nin ihlali iddialarıyla Uluslararası Adalet Divanı (UAD) önüne taşınan Gambiya v. Myanmar ve Güney Afrika v. İsrail başvurularını incelemekte ve karşılaştırmaktadır. Bu amaçla ilk önce tarafların yargı yetkisi, dava ehliyeti ve Sözleşme’nin 2. maddesi kapsamındaki hukuki argümanları ile UAD’nin bu taleplere yönelik verdiği ihtiyati tedbir kararları aktarılmaktadır. Sonrasında ise başvuruların benzer ve farklı yönleri ele alınmaktadır. Buna göre karşılaştırılan iki davanın en belirgin ortak özelliği, başvuran devletlerin coğrafi olarak uzakta olmalarına veya siyasi olarak olaylardan doğrudan etkilenmemelerine rağmen, soykırım yasağının uluslararası toplumun tümünü ilgilendiren erga omnes partes niteliğine dayanarak dava açma ehliyetini meşru kılmış olmalarıdır. Nitekim UAD de her iki davanın ihtiyati tedbir aşamasında prima facie olarak yargı yetkisini ve başvuranların dava ehliyetini kabul etmiş; ayrıca Rohingyalar ile Gazze’deki Filistinlilerin Sözleşme kapsamında korunan grup özelliklerini taşıdığına hükmetmiştir. Yine de erga omnes partes kavramının UAD’nin artacak iş yükü ve hukukun siyasallaşması üzerindeki olası etkileri bazı soru işaretleri barındırmaktadır. Ek olarak, esasa geçilecek ilerleyen safhalarda her iki davanın da en çetin tartışma konusunun özel kastın ispatı olacağı düşünülmektedir. UAD’nin dolaylı kanıtlardan hareketle kastı tespit ederken aradığı ‘tek makul çıkarım testi’ şeklindeki yüksek ispat eşiği, davalı devletlerin eylemlerini meşru müdafaa veya isyana karşı mücadele gibi alternatif amaçlarla gerekçelendirme çabaları karşısında başvuran taraflar için kritik bir zorluk teşkil edecektir.

Keywords

• Uluslararası Adalet Divanı
• Soykırım Sözleşmesi
• Korunan Grup
• Erga Omnes Partes
• Özel Kast

Genocide Claims before the International Court of Justice: Analysis and Comparison of the Gambia v. Myanmar and South Africa v. Israel Cases

Abstract

This study examines and compares the applications brought before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) alleging violations of the 1948 Genocide Convention in The Gambia v. Myanmar and South Africa v. Israel. To this end, the parties’ jurisdiction, standing to sue, and legal arguments under Article 2 of the Convention, as well as the ICJ’s provisional measures decisions on these claims, are first presented. It then addresses the similarities and differences between the two applications. The most prominent common feature of the two cases being compared is that, despite the applicant states being geographically distant or not directly affected by the events politically, they have legitimized their standing to bring the case based on the erga omnes partes nature of the prohibition of genocide, which concerns the entire international community. Accordingly, at the provisional measures stage, the ICJ in both cases accepted prima facie its jurisdiction and the applicants’ standing, and further held that the Rohingya and the Palestinians in Gaza constitute protected groups within the meaning of the Convention. Nevertheless, the concept of erga omnes partes raises some questions regarding its potential impact on the increasing workload of the ICJ and the politicization of law. Moreover, at later stages on the merits, the most contentious issue in both cases is likely to be the proof of specific intent. The Court’s demanding standard of proof -requiring that genocidal intent be the ‘only reasonable inference’ drawn from indirect evidence-will pose a critical challenge for the applicants, particularly in the face of respondents’ efforts to justify their conduct by reference to alternative purposes such as self-defence or counterinsurgency.

Keywords

• International Court of Justice
• Genocide Convention
• Erga Omnes Partes
• Protected Group
• Specific Intent

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