Adaptive Facades and Examination of Adaptive Facade Systems According To Working Mechanisms on Examples

Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 63 - 82, 30.06.2024

İrem Nur Taş Filiz Şenkal Sezer

Abstract

The building envelope, as an interface capable of controlling the energy flow between the internal and external environments, plays a crucial role in improving the performance of buildings. Traditional facade systems are generally designed to be static, and as such, they are insufficient in addressing changing environmental conditions and user expectations. In contrast, adaptive facades (AF) are more flexible in terms of climate conditions, allowing for responses to temporary changes in the physical environment. Besides ensuring indoor comfort conditions, they can also positively impact the improvement of outdoor comfort in addressing various issues such as preventing urban heat islands and reducing air pollution. Despite all these advantages, adaptive facades, which are becoming more widely used internationally, have fewer application examples in Türkiye, and there is a lack of sufficient studies on this topic. This article aims to examine the concept of adaptive facades in detail, provide an overview of current literature, and evaluate the performance of various adaptive facade systems through international examples based on their working mechanisms. Within the scope of the study, a literature analysis was conducted by reviewing existing and up-to-date national and international literature on adaptive architecture and adaptive facades. As a result of the analysis, adaptive facades were classified into five main categories based on their working mechanisms: Hydraulic, Pneumatic, Motor-based, Material-based, and Energy-producing systems. Ten example buildings, with two examples from each system, were introduced and comparatively analyzed in terms of their adaptive facade characteristics. The literature analysis and comparisons revealed that the five adaptive systems have different advantages and disadvantages. Some systems offer high precision, fast response, efficiency, low cost, or environmental benefits, while others pose challenges in terms of installation and maintenance costs, energy consumption, and user intervention. This study aims to highlight the importance of selecting appropriate systems by considering the advantages and disadvantages of each system to improve the performance of adaptive facades.

Keywords

Adaptive facade, building envelope, double-skin facade, energy efficiency, user comfort

Adaptif Cepheler ve Çalışma Mekânizmalarına Göre Adaptif Cephe Sistemlerinin Örnekler Üzerinden İncelenmesi

Abstract

Yapı kabuğu iç ve dış ortam arasındaki enerji akışını kontrol edebilen arayüzler olarak binaların performansının iyileştirilmesinde önemli bir role sahiptir. Geleneksel cephe sistemleri genellikle statik olarak tasarlanmakta olup değişen çevresel koşulları ve kullanıcı beklentilerini karşılamada kısmen yetersiz kalmaktadır. Buna karşılık, adaptif cepheler (AF), iklim koşulları konusunda daha esnek olup, fiziksel çevre kontrolü bağlamında geçici değişikliklere yanıt verme olanağına sahiptir. İç mekân konfor koşullarını sağlamanın yanı sıra kentsel ısı adalarının önlenmesi, hava kirliliğinin azaltılması gibi çeşitli sorunların çözümünde dış mekân konforunun iyileştirilmelisini de olumlu yönde etkileyebilmektedir. Tüm bu avantajlara rağmen uluslararası ölçekte kullanımı yaygınlaşmaya başlayan ancak Türkiye’de daha az uygulama örneğine sahip adaptif cephelerle ilgili yeterli sayıda çalışma yer almamaktadır. Bu makalenin amacı adaptif cephe kavramını detaylı bir şekilde incelemek, güncel literatür özeti sunmak, çalışma mekânizmalarına göre çeşitli adaptif cephe sistemlerini uluslararası örnekler üzerinden inceleyerek adaptif cephe sistemlerinin performansını ortaya koymaktır. Çalışma kapsamında, öncelikle adaptif mimari ve adaptif cephe kavramlarına ilişkin mevcut ve güncel ulusal ve uluslararası literatür taranarak bir literatür analizi yapılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda, adaptif cepheler çalışma mekânizmalarına göre; Hidrolik, Pnömatik, Motor tabanlı, Malzeme tabanlı ve Enerji üreten sistemler olmak üzere beş ana başlıkta sınıflandırılmıştır. Sistemler ve her bir sisteme ait ikişer olmak üzere seçilen 10 örnek bina tanıtılarak adaptif cephe özellikleri bağlamında karşılaştırılmalı incelenmiştir. Yapılan literatür analizi ve karşılaştırmalar değerlendirildiğinde, 5 adaptif sistemin farklı avantaj ve dezavantajlara sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Bazı sistemler yüksek hassasiyet, hızlı tepki, verimlilik, düşük maliyet veya çevresel katkılar sunarken, bazıları kurulum ve bakım maliyetleri, enerji tüketimi ve kullanıcı müdahalesi gibi konularda çeşitli zorluklar içermektedir. Bu çalışma, adaptif cephelerin performansını iyileştirmek için her bir sistemin avantaj ve dezavantajlarını dikkate alarak uygun sistem seçiminin önemini vurgulamayı hedeflemektedir.

Keywords

Adaptif cephe, yapı kabuğu, çift cidarlı cephe, enerji verimliliği, kullanıcı konforu

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